New York is a state in the northeastern U.S., known for its large population, economic significance, and historical immigration hub, particularly New York City. The state has a rich history as a site of Dutch and British colonization, the American Revolutionary War, and major immigration through Ellis Island. New York has evolved into a global cultural and financial center, with significant contributions to commerce, art, and international diplomacy.

1. New York is a state in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. New
York is the 27th-most extensive, the fourth-most populous, and the seventh-most densely
populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to
the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime
border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with
the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the north and Ontario to the west and north. The state of
New York is often referred to as New York State or the State of New York to distinguish it
from New York City, the state's largest city.
With a Census-estimated population of over 8.4 million in 2013,[8]
New York State's economic
hub, New York City, is the most populous city in the United States. It is thenucleus of the
premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States[9][10][11]
—the New York City
Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous urban agglomerationsin the world.[12]
New York
City is also known for being the location of Ellis Island, the largest historical gateway
for immigration in the history of the United States. A global power city,[13]
New York City exerts
a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology,
education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters,[14]
New York City
is an important center for international diplomacy[15]
and has been described as the cultural and
financial capital of the world,[16][17][18][19][20]
as well as the world's most economically powerful city.[21]
[20][22]
New York City alone makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York State. Two-
thirds of the state's population live in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% live
on Long Island.[23][24][25][26]
Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th
century Duke of York, future King James II of England.
The earliest Europeans in New York were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who came
down from settlements at Montreal for trade and proselytizing. New York was inhabited by
various tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian speaking Native Americans at the
time Dutch settlers moved into the region in the early 17th century. In 1609, the region was
first claimed by Henry Hudson for the Dutch. They built Fort Nassau in 1614 at the confluence
of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers, where the present-day capital of Albany later developed.
The Dutch soon also settled New Amsterdam and parts of the Hudson River Valley,
establishing the colony of New Netherland based on trade and profitmaking. It was a
multicultural community from the earliest days and the center of trade and immigration.
The British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony,
the Province of New York, were quite similar to those of the present-day state. Both the Dutch
and the British imported African slaves as laborers to the city and colony; African Americans
were integral to the rise of the city. New York had the second-highest population of slaves
after Charleston, SC.
About one-third of the battles of the U.S. Revolutionary War took place in New York. The state
constitution was enacted in 1777. New York became the 11th state to ratify the United States
Constitution, on July 26, 1788. Slavery was extensive in New York City and some agricultural

2. areas. The state passed a law for the gradual abolition of slavery soon after the Revolutionary
War, but the last slave in New York was not freed until 1827.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 History
o 1.1 17th century
o 1.2 American Revolution
o 1.3 19th century
o 1.4 Immigration
o 1.5 September 11, 2001 attacks
o 1.6 Hurricane Sandy, 2012
• 2 Geography
o 2.1 Climate
o 2.2 State parks
o 2.3 National parks
o 2.4 Regions
o 2.5 Administrative divisions
 2.5.1 Most populous counties
• 3 Major cities
o 3.1 Metropolitan areas
• 4 Demographics
o 4.1 Population
o 4.2 Racial and ancestral makeup
o 4.3 Languages
o 4.4 Religion
o 4.5 LGBT
• 5 Economy
• 6 Transportation
• 7 Government, elections, and politics
o 7.1 Government
o 7.2 Elections
 7.2.1 Federal representation
o 7.3 Politics
• 8 Education
• 9 Sports
• 10 See also
• 11 References
• 12 Further reading
• 13 External links
History
Main article: History of New York
17th century
See also: Province of New York
Henry Hudson's 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area.
Sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered
the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year.[27]
After his return to the Netherlands,

3. word of his findings quickly spread and Dutch merchants began to explore the coast in search
for profitable fur trade.
During the 17th century, Dutch trading posts established for the trade of pelts from
the Lenape, Iroquois, and other indigenous peoples were founded in the colony of New
Netherland. The first of these trading posts were Fort Nassau (1614, near present-
day Albany); Fort Orange (1624, on the Hudson River just south of the current city of Albany
and created to replace Fort Nassau), developing into settlement Beverwijck(1647), and into
what became Albany; Fort Amsterdam (1625, to develop into the town New Amsterdam which
is present-day New York City); and Esopus, (1653, now Kingston). The success of
the patroonship ofRensselaerswyck (1630), which surrounded Albany and lasted until the mid-
19th century, was also a key factor in the early success of the colony. The English captured
the colony during the Second Anglo-Dutch War and governed it as the Province of New York.
The city of New York was recaptured by the Dutch in 1673 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War
(1672–1674) and renamed New Orange,returned to the English under the terms of the Treaty
of Westminster a year later.[28]
American Revolution
The Sons of Liberty were organized in New York City during the 1760s, largely in response to
the oppressive Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament in 1765. The Stamp Act
Congress met in the city on October 19 of that year, composed of representatives from across
the Thirteen Colonies who set the stage for the Continental Congress to follow. The Stamp Act
Congress resulted in the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which was the first written
expression by representatives of the Americans of many of the rights and complaints later
expressed in the United States Declaration of Independence, including the right
torepresentative government. At the same time, with strong trading, business and personal
ties to Britain among many New York residents, many were Loyalists.
New York in 1777

4. The Capture of Fort Ticonderoga provided the cannon and gunpowder necessary to force
a British withdrawal from the Siege of Boston in 1775.
New York endorsed the Declaration of Independence on July 9, 1776.[29]
The New York State
constitution was framed by a convention which assembled at White Plains on July 10, 1776,
and after repeated adjournments and changes of location, terminated its labors at Kingston on
Sunday evening, April 20, 1777, when the new constitutiondrafted by John Jay was adopted
with but one dissenting vote. It was not submitted to the people for ratification. On July 30,
1777, George Clinton was inaugurated as the firstGovernor of New York at Kingston.
The first major battle of the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared—
and the largest battle of the entire war—was fought in New York at the Battle of Long
Island (a.k.a. Battle of Brooklyn) in August 1776. With the British victory, they occupied New
York City, making it their military and political base of operations in North America for the
duration of the conflict, and consequently the focus of General George
Washington's intelligence network.
On the notorious British prison ships of Wallabout Bay, more American combatants died of
intentional neglect than were killed in combat in every battle of the war, combined. Both sides
of combatants lost more soldiers to disease than to outright wounds.
The first of two major British armies were captured by the Continental Army at the Battle of
Saratoga in 1777, a success that influenced France to ally with the revolutionaries.
British general John Burgoynesurrenders at Saratoga in 1777.
In an attempt to retain their sovereignty and remain an independent nation positioned between
the new United States and British North America, four of the Iroquois Nations fought on the
side of the British; only the Oneida and their dependents, the Tuscarora, allied themselves
with the Americans.[30]
In retaliation for attacks on the frontier led by Joseph Brant and Loyalist
Mohawk and related forces, the Sullivan Expedition of 1778 and 1779 destroyed nearly 50
Iroquois villages, adjacent croplands and winter stores, forcing many refugees to British-held
Niagara.[31]
As allies of the British, the Iroquois were forced out of New York, although they had not been
part of treaty negotiations. They resettled in Canada after the war and were given land grants
by the Crown. In the treaty settlement, the British ceded most Indian lands to the new United
States. Because New York made treaty with the Iroquois without getting Congressional
approval, some of the land purchases have been subject to land claim suits since the late 20th

5. century by the federally recognized tribes. New York put up more than 5 million acres
(20,000 km2
) of former Iroquois territory for sale in the years after the Revolutionary War,
leading to rapid development in upstate and western New York.[32]
As per the Treaty of Paris,
the last vestige of British authority in the former Thirteen Colonies—their troops in New York
City—departed in 1783, which was long afterward celebrated as Evacuation Day.[33]
1800 map of New York from Low's Encyclopaedia
New York City was the national capital under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual
Union, the first government. That organization was found to be insufficient, and prominent
New Yorker Alexander Hamilton advocated a new government that would include an
executive, national courts, and the power to tax. Hamilton led the Annapolis Convention
(1786) that called for the Philadelphia Convention, which drafted the United States
Constitution, in which he also took part. The new government was to be a
strong federal national government to replace the relatively weaker confederation of individual
states. Following heated debate, which included the publication of the now quintessential
constitutional interpretation—The Federalist Papers—as a series of installments in New York
City newspapers, New York was the 11th state to ratify the United States Constitution, on July
26, 1788.[34]
New York remained the national capital under the new constitution until 1790, and
was the site of the inauguration of President George Washington, the drafting of United States
Bill of Rights, and the first session of the United States Supreme Court. Hamilton's revival of
the heavily indebted United States economy after the war and the creation of a national bank
significantly contributed to New York City becoming the financial center of the new nation.
19th century
Erie Canal at Lockport, New York, in 1839

6. Transportation in western New York was difficult before canals were built in the early part of
the 19th century. The Hudson and Mohawk Rivers could be navigated only as far as Central
New York. While the Saint Lawrence River could be navigated to Lake Ontario, the way
westward to the other Great Lakes was blocked by Niagara Falls, and so the only route to
western New York was over land.
Governor DeWitt Clinton strongly advocated building a canal connecting the Hudson River
with Lake Erie, and thus all of the Great Lakes. Work commenced in 1817, and theErie
Canal was finished in 1825. Packet boats traveled up and down the canal with sightseers and
visitors on board.[35]
The canal was used even more extensively for commercial transport, as
commodities were shipped from the Midwest, and finished goods transported along the canals
in return from industries along the Mohawk Valley and New York City. It was considered an
engineering marvel which opened up vast areas of New York to commerce and settlement. It
enabled Great Lakes port cities such asBuffalo and Rochester to grow and prosper. It also
connected the burgeoning agricultural production of the Midwest and shipping on the Great
Lakes, with the port of New York City. Improving transportation, it enabled additional
population migration to territories west of New York. The construction of railroads through the
state superseded the canal.
New York City and upstate textile mills did extensive business with the South during the
antebellum years. Nearly half of New York exports were related to cotton, and Southern
planters and businessmen were so frequent in New York as to have favorite hotels. At the
same time, activism for abolitionism was strong in the city and upstate, where many
communities also supported the Underground Railroad. In the early days of the American Civil
War, the mayor of New York recommended that the city secede so its trade would not be
damaged, but ultimately the city supported the war.[36]
During the Civil War, New York state
provided more than 370,000 soldiers to the Union armies. Over 53,000 New Yorkers died in
service, roughly one of every seven who served.[37]
Immigration
Further information: Ellis Island
Castle Garden when it served as New York's first immigrant depot. Over 8 million immigrants passed
through these doors.

7. Ellis Island in 1905
Scenes at the Immigration Depot and a nearby dock on Ellis Island
Since the early 19th century, New York City has been the largest port of entry for immigration
into the United States. Immigration has built the city and nation. In the United States,
the federal government did not assume direct jurisdiction for immigration until 1890. Prior to
this time, the matter was delegated to the individual states, then via contract between the
states and the federal government. Most immigrants to New York would disembark at the
bustling docks along the Hudson and East Rivers, in the eventual Lower Manhattan. On May
4, 1847 the New York State Legislature created the Board of Commissioners of Immigration to
regulate immigration.[38]
The first permanent immigration depot in New York was established in 1855 at Castle Garden;
a converted War of 1812 era fort located at the Battery at the tip of Manhattan. Today it stands
within Battery Park. The first immigrants to arrive at the new depot were aboard three ships
that had just been released from quarantine. Castle Garden served as New York's immigrant
depot until it closed on April 18, 1890 when the federal government assumed control over
immigration. During that period, more than 8 million immigrants passed through its doors (two
out of every three U.S. immigrants).[39]
When the federal government assumed control, it established the Bureau of Immigration,
which chose the three-acre Ellis Island in Upper New York Harbor for an entry depot. Already
federally controlled, the island had served as an ammunition depot. It was chosen due its
relative isolation with proximity to New York City and the rail lines of Jersey City, New Jersey,
via a short ferry ride. While the island was being developed and expanded via land
reclamation, the federal government operated a temporary depot at the Barge Office at the
Battery.[40]

8. Ellis Island opened on January 1, 1892, and operated as a central immigration center until
the National Origins Act was passed in 1924, reducing immigration. After that date, the only
immigrants to pass through were displaced persons or war refugees. The island ceased all
immigration processing on November 12, 1954 when the last person detained on the
island, Norwegian seaman Arne Peterssen, was released. He had overstayed his shore leave
and left on the 10:15 a.m. Manhattan-bound ferry to return to his ship.
More than 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1954. In the
21st century, more than 100 million Americans across the United States can trace their
ancestry to these immigrants.
Ellis Island was the subject of a contentious and long-running border and jurisdictional dispute
between New York State and the State of New Jersey, as both claimed it. The issue was
settled in 1998 by the U.S. Supreme Court which ruled that the original 3.3 acre island was
New York State territory and that the balance of the 27.5 acres (11 ha) added after 1834 by
landfill was in New Jersey.[41]
The island was added to the National Park Service system in
May 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson and is still owned by the Federal government as
part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. Ellis Island was opened to the public as a
museum of immigration in 1990.[42]
September 11, 2001 attacks
United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower of the former World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan on
September 11, 2001.
Main article: September 11 attacks
On September 11, 2001, two of four hijacked planes were flown into the former Twin Towers
of the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan. The towers collapsed. 7 World Trade
Center also collapsed due to damage from fires. The other buildings of the World Trade
Center complex were damaged beyond repair and soon after demolished. The collapse of the
Twin Towers caused extensive damage and resulted in the deaths of 2,606 people, in addition
to those on the planes. Since September 11, most of Lower Manhattan has been restored. In
the years since, many rescue workers and residents of the area have developed several life-
threatening illnesses, and some have already died.[43]
A memorial at the site was opened to the public on September 11, 2011. A permanent
museum later opened at the site on March 21, 2014. When completed that year, the new One

9. World Trade Center, formerly known as the Freedom Tower, was the tallest building in the
Western Hemisphere, at 1,776 feet.[44]
Other skyscrapers are under construction at the site.
Flooding on Avenue C in Lower Manhattan, caused by Hurricane Sandyon October 29, 2012.[45]
Hurricane Sandy, 2012
Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York
On October 29 and 30, 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused extensive destruction of the state's
shorelines, ravaging portions of New York City and Long Island with record-highstorm surge,
with severe flooding and high winds causing power outages for hundreds of thousands of New
Yorkers, and leading to gasoline shortages and disruption of mass transit systems. The storm
and its profound effects have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and
other coastal barriers around the shorelines of New York City and Long Island to minimize the
risk from another such future event. This is considered highly probably due to global warming
and rise in sea levels.[46]
Geography
Main article: Geography of New York
New York terrain.
Map of the Hudson and Mohawkrivers.

10. New York covers 54,555 square miles (141,300 km2
) and ranks as the 27th largest state by
size.[3]
The Great Appalachian Valley dominates eastern New York and contains the Lake
Champlain Valley as its northern half and the Hudson Valley as its southern half within the
state. The rugged Adirondack Mountains, with vast tracts of wilderness, lie west of the Lake
Champlain Valley. The Hudson River begins near Lake Tear of the Clouds and flows south
through the eastern part of the state without draining LakesGeorge or Champlain. Lake
George empties at its north end into Lake Champlain, whose northern end extends into
Canada, where it drains into the Richelieu River and then ultimately the Saint Lawrence River.
Four of New York City's five boroughs are situated on three islands at the mouth of the
Hudson River: Manhattan Island; Staten Island; and Long Island, which
contains Brooklyn and Queens on its western end.
Most of the southern part of the state is on the Allegheny Plateau, which rises from the
southeast to the Catskill Mountains. The western section of the state is drained by
theAllegheny River and rivers of the Susquehanna and Delaware systems. The Delaware
River Basin Compact, signed in 1961 by New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and
the federal government, regulates the utilization of water of the Delaware system. The highest
elevation in New York is Mount Marcy in the Adirondacks.[47]
New York's borders touch (clockwise from the west) two Great Lakes (Erie and Ontario, which
are connected by the Niagara River); the provinces of Ontario and Quebec inCanada; Lake
Champlain; three New England states (Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut); the
Atlantic Ocean, and two Mid-Atlantic states, New Jersey andPennsylvania. In addition, Rhode
Island shares a water border with New York. New York is the only state that touches both the
Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean, and is the second-largest of the original Thirteen
Colonies.
In contrast with New York City's urban atmosphere, the vast majority of the state's geographic
area is dominated by farms, forests, rivers, mountains, and lakes. New York'sAdirondack
Park is the largest state park in the United States. It is larger than the Yellowstone, Yosemite,
Grand Canyon, Glacier and Olympic National Parks combined.[48]
New York established the
first state park in the United States at Niagara Falls in 1885. Niagara Falls, on the Niagara
River as it flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, is a popular attraction.
Upstate and downstate are often used informally to distinguish New York City or its greater
metropolitan area from the rest of New York State. The placement of a boundary between the
two is a matter of great contention.[49]
Unofficial and loosely defined regions of Upstate New
York include the Southern Tier, which often includes the counties along the border with
Pennsylvania,[50]
and the North Country, which can mean anything from the strip along the
Canadian border to everything north of the Mohawk River.[51]
Climate
Main article: Climate of New York

11. Lake-effect snow is a major contributor to snowfall totals in western New York.
In general, New York has a humid continental climate, though under the Köppen climate
classification, New York City has a humid subtropical climate.[52]
Weather in New York is
heavily influenced by two continental air masses: a warm, humid one from the southwest and
a cold, dry one from the northwest.
The winters are long and cold in the Plateau Divisions of the state. In the majority of winter
seasons, a temperature of −13 °F (−25 °C) or lower can be expected in the northern highlands
(Northern Plateau) and 5 °F (−15 °C) or colder in the southwestern and east-central highlands
(Southern Plateau). The summer climate is cool in the Adirondacks, Catskills and higher
elevations of the Southern Plateau.
The New York City/Long Island area and lower portions of the Hudson Valley have rather
warm summers by comparison, with some periods of high, uncomfortable humidity. The
remainder of New York State enjoys pleasantly warm summers, marred by only occasional,
brief intervals of sultry conditions. Summer daytime temperatures usually range from the upper
70s to mid-80s °F (25 to 30 °C), over much of the state.
New York ranks 46th among the 50 states in the amount of greenhouse gasses generated per
person. This relative efficiency is primarily due to the dense, compact settlement in the New
York City metropolitan area, and the state population's high rate of mass transit use in this
area and between major cities.[53]
(Fahrenheit)
Monthly
normal high
and low
temperature
s for
various
New York
cities (°F)[54]
City
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Albany
max
min
31
13
34
16
44
25
57
36
70
46
78
55
82
60
80
58
71
50
60
39
48
31
36
20

12. Binghamto
n
max
min
28
15
31
17
41
25
53
35
66
46
73
54
78
59
76
57
68
50
57
40
44
31
33
21
Buffalo
max
min
31
18
33
19
42
26
54
36
66
48
75
57
80
62
78
60
70
53
59
43
47
34
36
24
Lake Placid
max
min
27
5
32
8
40
16
54
29
66
39
74
48
78
53
76
51
69
44
56
34
44
25
32
12
Long Beach
max
min
39
23
40
24
48
31
58
40
69
49
77
60
83
66
82
64
75
57
64
45
54
36
44
28
New York
City
max
min
38
26
41
28
50
35
61
44
71
54
79
63
84
69
82
68
75
60
64
50
53
41
43
32
Rochester
max
min
31
17
33
17
43
25
55
35
68
46
77
55
81
60
79
59
71
51
60
41
47
33
36
23
Syracuse
max
min
31
14
34
16
43
24
56
35
68
46
77
55
82
60
80
59
71
51
60
40
47
32
36
21
(Celsius)
Monthly
normal high
and low
temperature
s for
various
New York
cities (°C)
City
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Albany
max
min
−1
−11
1
−9
7
−4
14
2
21
8
26
13
28
16
27
14
22
10
16
4
9
−1
2
−7
Binghamto
n
max
min
−2
−9
−1
−8
5
−4
12
2
19
8
23
12
26
15
24
14
20
10
14
4
7
−1
1
−6
Buffalo
max
min
−1
−8
1
−7
6
−3
12
2
19
9
24
14
27
17
26
16
21
12
15
6
8
1
2
−4

13. Lake Placid
max
min
−3
−15
0
−13
4
−9
12
−2
19
4
23
9
26
12
24
11
21
7
13
1
7
−4
0
−11
Long Beach
max
min
4
−5
4
−4
9
−1
14
4
21
9
25
16
28
19
28
18
24
14
18
7
12
2
7
−2
New York
City
max
min
3
−3
5
−2
10
2
16
7
22
12
26
17
29
21
28
20
24
16
18
10
12
5
6
0
Rochester
max
min
−1
−8
1
−8
6
−4
13
2
20
8
25
13
27
16
26
15
22
11
16
5
8
1
2
−5
Syracuse
max
min
−1
−10
1
−9
6
−4
13
2
20
8
25
13
28
16
27
15
22
11
16
4
8
0
2
−6
Converted from Fahrenheit data (above)
State parks
See also: List of New York state parks and New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and
Historic Preservation
Two major parks in the state are theAdirondack Park and Catskill Park.
New York has many state parks and two major forest preserves. Adirondack Park, roughly the
size of the state of Vermont and the largest state park in the United States,[55]
was established
in 1892 and given state constitutional protection to remain "forever wild" in 1894. The park is
larger than Yellowstone, Everglades, Glacier, and Grand Canyonnational parks combined.
[55]
The thinking that led to the creation of the Park first appeared in George Perkins
Marsh's Man and Nature, published in 1864.
The Catskill Park was protected in legislation passed in 1885,[56]
which declared that its land
was to be conserved and never put up for sale or lease. Consisting of 700,000 acres
(2,800 km2
) of land,[56]
the park is a habitat for bobcats, minks, and fishers. There are some 400
black bears living in the region.[57]
The state operates numerous campgrounds, and there are
over 300 miles (480 km) of multi-use trails in the Park.

14. The Montauk Point State Park boasts the 1797 Montauk Lighthouse, commissioned
under President George Washington, which is a major tourist attraction on the easternmost tip
of Long Island. Hither Hills park offers camping and is a popular destination with surfcasting
sport fishermen.
National parks
The Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor is a symbol of the United States and its ideals of
freedom, democracy, and opportunity.[58]
African Burial Ground National Monument
General Shuyler's house at Saratoga National Historical Park.
The State of New York is well represented in the National Park System with 22 national parks,
which received 16,349,381 visitors in 2011. In addition, there are 4 National Heritage Areas,
27 National Natural Landmarks, 262 National Historic Landmarks and 5,379 listings on
the National Register of Historic Places.
• African Burial Ground National Monument in Lower Manhattan (New York City) is the
only National Monument dedicated to Americans of African ancestry. It preserves a site
containing the remains of more than 400 Africans buried during the late 17th and 18th
centuries in a portion of what was the largest colonial-era cemetery for people of African
descent, both free and enslaved, with an estimated tens of thousands of remains interred.

15. The site's excavation and study were called "the most important historic urban
archeological project in the United States."[59]
• Fire Island National Seashore is a United States National Seashore that protects a 26-
mile (42 km) section of Fire Island, an approximately 30-mile (48 km) long barrier
island separated from Long Island by the Great South Bay. The island is part of New York
State's Suffolk County.
• Gateway National Recreation Area is more than 26,000 acres (10,522 ha) of water,
marshes, and shoreline at the entrance to New York Harbor, the majority of which lies
within New York. Including areas on Long Island and in New Jersey, it covers more area
than that of two Manhattan Islands.
• General Grant National Memorial is the final resting place of President Ulysses S.
Grant and is the largest mausoleum in North America.
• Hamilton Grange National Memorial preserves the home of Alexander Hamilton,
Caribbean immigrant and orphan who rose to be a United States founding father and
indispensable partner to George Washington.
• Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, established in 1945, preserves
the Springwood estate in Hyde Park, New York. Springwood was the birthplace, lifelong
home, and burial place of the 32nd President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt.
• Niagara Falls National Heritage Area was designated by Congress in 2008; it stretches
from the western boundary of Wheatfield, New York to the mouth of the Niagara River on
Lake Ontario, including the communities of Niagara Falls, Youngstown, and Lewiston. It
includes Niagara Falls State Park and Colonial Niagara Historic District. It is managed in
collaboration with the state.
• Saratoga National Historical Park preserves the site of the Battles of Saratoga, the first
significant American military victory of the American Revolutionary War. In 1777,
American forces defeated a major British Army, which led France to recognize the
independence of the United States, and enter the war as a decisive military ally of the
struggling Americans.
• Statue of Liberty National Monument includes Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty.
The statue, designed by Frédéric Bartholdi, was a gift from France to the United States to
mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence; it was dedicated in
New York Harbor on October 28, 1886. It has since become an icon of the United States
and the concepts of democracy and freedom.

16. • Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is the birthplace and childhood
home of President Theodore Roosevelt, the only US President born in New York City.
Niagara Falls in the Niagara Falls National Heritage Area
Regions
Main article: List of regions of the United States § New York
Economic regions of New York
Due to its long history, the state of New York has several overlapping (and often conflicting)
definitions of regions within the state. This is further exacerbated by the colloquial use of such
regional labels. The New York State Department of Economic Development provides two
distinct definitions of these regions. It divides the state into ten economic regions,[60]
which
approximately correspond to terminology used by residents:
1. Western New York
2. Finger Lakes
3. Southern Tier
4. Central New York
5. North Country
6. Mohawk Valley
7. Capital District
8. Hudson Valley
9. New York City
10. Long Island

17. Tourism regions of New York
The Department of Economic Development also groups the counties into eleven regions for
tourism purposes:[61]
1. Chautauqua–Allegheny
2. Niagara Frontier
3. Finger Lakes
4. Thousand Islands
5. Central Region (formerly Central-Leatherstocking)
6. Adirondack Mountains
7. Capital District
8. Catskill Mountains
9. Hudson Valley
10. New York City
11. Long Island
Administrative divisions
Map of the counties in New York
Main article: Administrative divisions of New York
New York is divided into 62 counties. Aside from the five counties of New York City, each of
these counties is subdivided into towns and cities. Towns can contain incorporatedvillages or
unincorporated hamlets. New York City is divided into five boroughs, each coterminous with a
county.
Most populous counties
Main article: List of counties in New York

18. These are the ten counties with the largest populations as of 2010:[62]
1. Kings County (Brooklyn): 2,504,700
2. Queens County (Queens): 2,230,722
3. New York County (Manhattan): 1,585,873
4. Suffolk County: 1,493,350
5. Bronx County (the Bronx): 1,385,108
6. Nassau County: 1,339,532
7. Westchester County: 949,113
8. Erie County: 919,040
9. Monroe County: 744,344
10.Richmond County (Staten Island): 468,730
Major cities
Main article: List of cities in New York
Further information: List of towns in New York, List of villages in New York and List of census-
designated places in New York
There are 62 cities in New York. The largest city in the state and the most populous city in the
United States is New York City, which comprises five counties (boroughs): Bronx, New York
(Manhattan), Queens, Kings (Brooklyn), and Richmond (Staten Island). New York City is home
to more than two-fifths of the state's population. Albany, the sixth-largest city, is the state
capital. The smallest city is Sherrill, New York, in Oneida County. Hempstead is the town with
the largest population. If it were a city, it would be the second largest in the state, with over
700,000 residents.
• V
• T
• E
Largest cities or to
http://www.citypopulation
Rank Name
New York City
1 New York City multiple
2 Buffalo Erie
3 Rochester Monroe
4 Yonkers Westchest
5 Syracuse Onondaga
6 Albany Albany
7 New Rochelle Westchest
8 Mount Vernon Westchest
9 Schenectady Schenecta
10 Utica Oneida

19. Buffalo
Metropolitan areas
Main article: New York statistical areas
The following are the top ten metropolitan areas in the state as of the 2010 Census:[63]
1. New York City and the Hudson Valley (19,567,410 in NY/NJ/PA, 13,038,826 in NY)
2. Buffalo-Niagara Falls (1,135,509)
3. Rochester (1,079,671)
4. Albany and the Capital District (870,716)
5. Syracuse (662,577)
6. Utica-Rome (299,397)
7. Binghamton (251,725)
8. Kingston (182,493)
9. Glens Falls (128,923)
10.Watertown-Fort Drum (116,229)
Downstate New York (New York City, Long Island, and the southern portion of the Hudson
Valley) can be considered to form the central core of the Northeast megalopolis, an urbanized
region stretching from New Hampshire to Virginia.
The major cities of the state developed along the key transportation and trade routes of the
early 19th century, including the Erie Canal and railroads paralleling it. Today, the New York
Thruway acts as a modern counterpart to commercial water routes.[64]
Demographics
Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1790 340,120 —
1800 589,051 73.2%
1810 959,049 62.8%
1820 1,372,812 43.1%

20. 1830 1,918,608 39.8%
1840 2,428,921 26.6%
1850 3,097,394 27.5%
1860 3,880,735 25.3%
1870 4,382,759 12.9%
1880 5,082,871 16.0%
1890 6,003,174 18.1%
1900 7,268,894 21.1%
1910 9,113,614 25.4%
1920 10,385,227 14.0%
1930 12,588,066 21.2%
1940 13,479,142 7.1%
1950 14,830,192 10.0%
1960 16,782,304 13.2%
1970 18,236,967 8.7%
1980 17,558,072 −3.7%
1990 17,990,455 2.5%
2000 18,976,457 5.5%
2010 19,378,102 2.1%
Est. 2014 19,746,227 1.9%
Sources:
1910–2010 1790–1900[65]
2014 Estimate[4]
Main article: Demographics of New York

21. Population
New York population distribution map
The distribution of change in population growth is uneven in New York State; the New York
City metropolitan area is growing considerably, along with Saratoga County, while most
ofWestern New York is nearly stagnant. According to immigration statistics, the state is a
leading recipient of migrants from around the globe. Between 2000 and 2005, immigration
failed to surpass emigration, a trend that has been reversing since 2006. New York State lost
two House seats in the 2011 congressional reapportionment, secondary to relatively slow
growth when compared to the rest of the United States. In 2000 and 2005, more people
moved from New York to Florida than from any one state to another.[66]
However, New York
State has the second largest international immigrant population in the country among the
American states, at 4.2 million as of 2008; most reside in and around New York City, due to its
size, high profile, vibrant economy, and cosmopolitan culture.
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of New York was 19,746,227
on July 1, 2014, a 1.9% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[4]
Despite the open
land in the state, New York's population is very urban, with 92% of residents living in an urban
area,[67]
predominantly in the New York City metropolitan area.
Two-thirds of New York State's population resides in New York City Metropolitan Area. New
York City is the most populous city in the United States,[68]
with an estimated record high of
8,336,697 residents as of 2012,[8]
incorporating more immigration into the city than emigration
since the 2010 United States Census.[69]
More people live in New York City than in the next two
most populous U.S. cities (Los Angeles[70]
and Chicago[71]
) combined, which, according to the
United States Census Bureau, is estimated to total 6,572,655. Long Islandalone accounted for
a Census-estimated 7,740,208 residents in 2013, representing 39.4% of New York State's
population.[23][24][25][26]
Racial and ancestral makeup

22. The Manhattan Chinatown (紐約華埠). The Chinese population constitutes the fastest-growing
nationality in New York State.[72][73][74][75]
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the 2010 racial makeup of New York State was as
follows by self-identification:[76]
• White American – 65.7%
• Black or African American – 15.9%
• Asian American – 7.3% (3.0% Chinese, 1.6% Indian, 0.7% Korean, 0.5% Filipino, 0.3% Pakistani, 0.3%
Bangladeshi, 0.2% Japanese, 0.1% Vietnamese)
• Multiracial Americans – 3.0%
• Native American/American Indian – 0.6%
• Some other race - 7.5%
New York Racial Breakdown of Population
[hide]Racial
composition
1950[77]
1970[77]
1990[77]
2000[78]
2010[79]
White 93.5% 86.8% 74.4% 67.9% 65.8%
Black 6.2% 11.9% 15.9% 15.9% 15.9%
Asian 0.2% 0.7% 3.9% 5.5% 7.3%
Native 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.6%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander
– – – 0.1% 0.1%
Other race – 0.4% 5.5% 7.1% 7.4%

23. New York Racial Breakdown of Population
[hide]Racial
composition
1950[77]
1970[77]
1990[77]
2000[78]
2010[79]
Two or more races – – – 3.1% 3.0%
In 2004, the major ancestry groups in New York State by self-identification were Hispanic and
Latino Americans (17.6%), African
American (15.8%), Italian (14.4%), Irish(12.9%), German (11.1%) and English (6%).
[80]
According to a 2010 estimate, 21.7% of the population is foreign-born.[76]
New York population ethnicity map
The state's most populous racial group, non-Hispanic white, has declined as a proportion of
the state population from 94.6% in 1940 to 58.3% in 2010.[76][81]
As of 2011, 55.6% of New
York's population younger than age 1 were minorities.[82]
New York's robustly
increasing Jewish population, the largest outside of Israel,[83]
was the highest among states
both by percentage and absolute number in 2012.[84]
It is driven by the high reproductive rate
of Orthodox Jewish families,[85]
particularly in Brooklyn and communities of the Hudson Valley.
New York is home to the largest African-American population and the second largest Asian-
American population in the United States. New York's Black population declined between
2000 and 2010 as some people migrated to the South.[86]
In addition it is home to the
largest Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Jamaican American populations in the continental
United States. The New York City neighborhood of Harlem has historically been a major
cultural capital for African-Americans of sub-Saharan descent, and Bedford-Stuyvesant in
Brooklyn has the largest such population in the United States.
Queens, also in New York City, is home to the state's largest Asian-American population and
is the most ethnically diverse county in the United States; it is the most ethnically diverse
urban area in the world.[87][88]
Queens is home to the
largest Andean (Colombian,Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian) populations in the United
States.

24. The Chinese population constitutes the fastest-growing nationality in New York State;
multiple satellites of the original Manhattan Chinatown (紐約華埠), in Brooklyn (布鲁克林華埠),
and around Flushing, Queens (法拉盛華埠), are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves, while
also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County (拿騷縣),[89]
on Long Island (長
島).[90]
New York State has become the top destination for new Chinese immigrants, and large-
scale Chinese immigration continues into the state.[72][73][74][75][91]
Long Island, including Queens
and Nassau County, is also home to severalLittle Indias and a large Koreatown (롱 아일랜드
코리아타운), with large and growing attendant populations of Indian Americans and Korean
Americans, respectively. Brooklyn has been a destination for West Indianimmigrants of African
descent, as well as Asian Indian immigrants.
In the 2000 Census, Italian Americans in New York were the largest in any state; they made
up the largest self-identified ancestral group in Staten Island and Long Island, followed
by Irish-Americans. Albany and theMohawk Valley also have populations with high numbers of
ethnic Irish and ethnic Italian, reflecting 19th and early 20th-century immigration.
In Buffalo and western New York, German-Americans comprise the largest ancestry. In
the North Country of New York, French Canadians represent the leading ethnicity, given the
area's proximity to Quebec. Americans of English ancestry are present throughout all of
upstate New York, reflecting early colonial and later immigrants.
6.5% of New York's population were under five years of age, 24.7% under 18, and 12.9%
were 65 or older. Females made up 51.8% of the state's population.
Languages
In 2010, the most common American English dialects spoken in New York, besides General
American English, were the New York City area dialect (including New York Latino
English and North Jersey English),Hudson Valley English (including the Western New England
accent around Albany), and Inland Northern American English in Buffalo and western New
York State. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York City,[92][93]
making it the most
linguistically diverse city in the world.[94]
As of 2010, 70.72% (12,788,233) of New York residents aged five and older reported speaking
only English at home, while 14.44% (2,611,903) spoke Spanish, 2.61%
(472,955) Chinese (which includes Cantoneseand Mandarin), 1.20% (216,468) Russian,
1.18% (213,785) Italian, 0.79% (142,169) French Creole, 0.75% (135,789) French, 0.67%
(121,917) Yiddish, 0.63% (114,574) Korean, and Polish was spoken by 0.53% (95,413) of the
population over the age of five. In total, 29.28% (5,295,016) of New York's population aged
five and older reported speaking a language other than English.[2]

25. Most common non-English languages spoken in New York
Language
Percentage of population
(as of 2010)[2]
Spanish 14.44%
Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin) 2.61%
Russian 1.20%
Italian 1.18%
French Creole 0.79%
French 0.75%
Yiddish 0.67%
Korean 0.63%
Polish 0.53%
Bengali 0.43%
Religion

26. Brooklyn's growing Orthodox Jewish (‫)יהודי‬ community is the largest in the United States, with
approximately 600,000 individuals.[95]
In 2000, Catholics comprised more than 40% of the population in New York; Protestants were
30% of the population, Jews 8.4%, Muslims 3.5%, Buddhists 1%, and 13% claimed no
religious affiliation (irreligious, agnostics, and atheists).
In 2010, the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) reported that the largest
denominations were the Catholic Church with 6,286,916; Orthodox Judaism with
588,500;Islam with 392,953; and the United Methodist Church with 328,315 adherents.[96]
LGBT
Roughly 3.8 percent of the state's adult population self-identifies as lesbian, gay, bisexual,
or transgender. This constitutes a total LGBT adult population of 570,388 individuals.[97]
In
2010, the number of same-sex couple households stood at roughly 48,932.[98]
New York was
the fifth state to license same-sex marriages, after New Hampshire. Michael Bloomberg,
the Mayor of New York City, stated that "same-sex marriages in New York City have
generated an estimated $259 million in economic impact and $16 million in City revenues" in
the first year after the enactment of the Marriage Equality Act".[99]
Same-sex marriages in New
York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days
thereafter.[100]
Economy
Main article: Economy of New York
See also: New York locations by per capita income

27. The New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by totalmarket capitalization of its
listed companies.[101]
Midtown Manhattan in New York City, the largest central business district in the United States
A dairy farm in Brunswick
New York's gross state product in 2010 was $1.16 trillion, ranking third in size behind the
larger states of California and Texas.[102]
If New York State were an independent nation, it
would rank as the 15th largest economy in the world.
Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City has been
called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world,[21]

28. [20][103][104][105]
and Manhattan is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market
capitalization, theNew York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ, respectively.[101][106]
Many of the
world's largest media conglomerates are also based in the city.
Silicon Alley, centered in New York City, has evolved into a metonym for the sphere
encompassing the New York metropolitan region's high technology and entrepreneurship
ecosystem; in the first half of 2014, New York State generated nearly $1.8 billion in venture
capital investment.[107]
High techindustries including digital media, biotechnology, software
development, game design, and other fields in information technology are growing, bolstered
by New York City's position at the terminus of several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines,
[108]
its intellectual capital, as well as its growing outdoor wireless connectivity.[109]
In December
2014, New York State announced a $50 million venture-capital fund to encourage enterprises
working in biotechnology andadvanced materials; according to Governor Andrew Cuomo,
the seed money would facilitate entrepreneurs in bringing their research into the marketplace.
[110]
Creative industries such as new media, advertising, fashion, design and architecture account
for a growing share of employment, with New York City possessing a strong competitive
advantage in these industries.[111]
Manhattan contained approximately 520 million square feet (48.1 million m²) of office space in
2013,[112]
making it the largest office market in the United States,[113]
whileMidtown Manhattan is
the largest central business district in the nation.[114]
Lower Manhattan is the third largest central business district in the United States and is home
to the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway,
representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when
measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by totalmarket capitalization of
their listed companies in 2013.[101]
Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled
approximately $40 billion in 2012,[115]
while in 2013, senior New York City bank officers who
manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually.[116]
New York exports a wide variety of goods such as foodstuffs, commodities, minerals,
computers and electronics, cut diamonds, and automobile parts. In 2007, the state exported a
total of $71.1 billion worth of goods, with the five largest foreign export markets being Canada
(US$15 billion), United Kingdom (US$6 billion), Switzerland (US$5.9 billion), Israel (US$4.9
billion), and Hong Kong (US$3.4 billion). New York's largest imports are oil, gold, aluminum,
natural gas, electricity, rough diamonds, and lumber.
Albany, Saratoga County, and the Hudson Valley are major centers
of nanotechnology and integrated microchip circuit manufacturing, while the Rochester area is
important in the field of photographic processing and imaging. The state also has a
large manufacturing sector that includes printing and the production of garments, furs, railroad
equipment and bus line vehicles; many of these industries are concentrated in Upstate
regions.

29. New York is a major agricultural producer, ranking among the top five states for agricultural
products such as dairy, apples, cherries, cabbage, potatoes, onions, and maple syrup. The
state is the largest producer of cabbage in the U.S. The state has about a quarter of its land in
farms and produced $3.4 billion in agricultural products in 2001. The south shore of Lake
Ontario provides the right mix of soils and microclimate for many apple, cherry, plum, pear
and peach orchards. Apples are also grown in the Hudson Valley and near Lake Champlain.
New York is the nation's third-largest grape-producing state, and second-largest wine
producer by volume, behind California. The south shore of Lake Erie and the southernFinger
Lakes hillsides have many vineyards. In addition, the North Fork of Long Island developed
vineyards, production and visitors' facilities in the last three decades of the 20th century. In
2004, New York's wine and grape industry brought $6 billion into the state economy.
The state has 30,000 acres (120 km2
) of vineyards, 212 wineries, and produced 200 million
bottles of wine in 2004. A moderately sized saltwater commercial fishery is located along the
Atlantic side of Long Island. The principal catches by value are clams, lobsters, squid, and
flounder.
Transportation
Main article: Transportation in New York
The Thaddeus Kosciusko Bridgecarries I-87 over the Mohawk River.
The New York City Subway serves more than 5 million rides on a given weekday.

30. New York has one of the most extensive and one of the oldest transportation infrastructures in
the country. Engineering difficulties because of the terrain of the state and the unique issues of
the city brought on by urban crowding have had to be overcome perennially. Population
expansion of the state has followed the path of the early waterways, first the Hudson
River and Mohawk River, then the Erie Canal. In the 19th century, railroads were constructed
along the river valleys, followed by the New York State Thruway in the 20th century. The New
York State Department of Transportation has been criticized for lack of road maintenance in
some areas, and for collection of tolls past the payback for construction. Until 2006, tolls were
collected on the Thruway within Buffalo. They were dropped late in 2006 during the campaign
for governor (both candidates called for their removal).
In addition to New York City's famous mass transit subway, four suburban commuter railroad
systems enter and leave the city: the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, Port
Authority Trans-Hudson, and five of New Jersey Transit's rail lines. Many other cities have
urban and regional public transportation. In Buffalo, the Niagara Frontier Transportation
Authority runs the Buffalo Metro Rail light-rail system; in Rochester, the Rochester
Subway operated from 1927 until 1956, but fell into disuse as state and federal investment
went to highways.
License plate introduced on April 1, 2010 for vehicles registered in New York State.
Former License plate design introduced in 2001
The New York State Department of Motor Vehicles (NYSDMV or DMV) is the governmental
agency responsible for registering and inspecting automobiles and other motor vehicles, as
well as licensing drivers in the State of New York. As of 2008, the NYSDMV has 11,284,546
drivers licenses on file[117]
and 10,697,644 vehicle registrations in force.[118]
All gasoline-powered
vehicles registered in New York State are required to have an emissions inspection every 12
months, in order to ensure environmental controls are working to prevent air pollution. Diesel-
powered vehicles with a Gross Weight Rating over 8 500 lb that are registered in the NY
Metropolitan Area must get an annual emissions inspection. All vehicles registered in NYS
must get an annual safety inspection.
Portions of the transportation system are intermodal, allowing travelers to switch easily from
one mode of transportation to another. One of the most notable examples is AirTrain

31. JFK which allows rail passengers to travel directly to terminals at John F. Kennedy
International Airport.
In May 2009, the New York City Department of Transportation under the control of
Transportation Commissioner Janette Sadik-Khanbanned cars from Times Square, in order to
improve traffic flow and reduce air pollution, and to reduce pedestrian accidents in an area of
high numbers of tourists.[119]
On February 11, 2010, Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that
the pedestrian plazas would remain permanent.[120]
Government, elections, and politics
Government
Main article: Government of New York
Andrew Cuomo (D), currentGovernor of New York.
The Government of New York is the governmental structure of the State of New York as
established by the New York State Constitution. It is composed of three
branches: executive,legislative and judicial.
The New York State Legislature is bicameral and consists of the New York State Senate and
the New York State Assembly. The Assembly consists of 150 members; the Senate varies in
its number of members, but currently has 63. The Legislature is empowered to make laws,
subject to the Governor's power to veto a bill. However, the veto may be overridden by the
Legislature if there is a two-thirds majority in favor of overriding in each House. The permanent
laws of a general nature are codified in the Consolidated Laws.
The Governor is the State's chief executive and is assisted by the Lieutenant Governor. Both
are elected on the same ticket. Additional elected officers include the Secretary of State,
the Attorney General, and the Comptroller. There are also several state government
departments.
The highest court of appeal in the Unified Court System is the Court of Appeals whereas the
primary felony trial courts are the Supreme Court and the county courts (outside of New York
City). The Supreme Court also acts as the intermediate appellate court for many cases, and
the local courts handle a variety of other matters including small claims, traffic ticketcases and

32. local zoning matters, and are the starting point for all criminal cases. The New York City
Courts make up the largest local court system.
Front page of the New York State Register
The state is divided into counties, cities, towns, and villages, which are all municipal
corporations with their own government, as well as various corporate entities that serve single
purposes that are also local governments, such as school, fire districts, and New York state
public-benefit corporations, frequently known as authorities or development corporations. It
also has 10 Indian reservations. Each municipal corporation is granted varying home
rule powers as provided by the New York Constitution.
Elections
Main articles: Elections in New York and Political party strength in New York
In the last few decades, New York State has generally supported candidates belonging to
the Democratic Party in national elections. Democratic presidential candidate Barack
Obama won New York State by 25 percentage points in 2008, a bigger margin than John
Kerry in 2004. New York City is a major Democratic stronghold with liberal politics. Many of
the state's other urban areas, such as Albany, Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse are also
Democratic. Rural upstate New York, however, is generally more conservative than the cities
and tends to favor Republicans. Heavily populated suburban areas downstate, such as
Westchester County and Long Island, have swung between the major parties over the past 25
years, but more often than not support Democrats.
New York City is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States for both
major parties. Four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in
Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for
the 2000 presidential campaigns of both George W. Bush andAl Gore.[121]
New York State Presidential Election Results

33. Year Democratic Republican
2012 63.35% 4,485,877 35.17% 2,490,496
2008 62.88% 4,804,945 36.03% 2,752,771
2004 58.37% 4,314,280 40.08% 2,962,567
2000 60.21% 4,107,907 35.23% 2,403,374
1996 59.47% 3,756,177 30.61% 1,933,492
1992 49.73% 3,444,450 33.88% 2,346,649
1988 51.62% 3,347,882 47.52% 3,081,871
1984 45.83% 3,119,609 53.84% 3,664,763
1980 43.99% 2,728,372 46.66% 2,893,831
1976 51.95% 3,389,558 47.52% 3,100,791
1972 41.21% 2,951,084 58.54% 4,192,778
1968 49.76% 3,378,470 44.30% 3,007,932
1964 68.56% 4,913,156 31.31% 2,243,559
1960 52.53% 3,830,085 47.27% 3,446,419
Federal representation
See also: Current United States congressional delegation from New York and New York's
congressional districts

34. The State of New York sends 27 members to the House of Representatives[122]
in addition to its
two United States Senators. As of the 2000 census and the redistricting for the 2002 elections,
the state had 29 members in the House, but the representation was reduced to 27 in 2013 due
to the state's slower overall population growth relative to the overall national population
growth.[123]
From 2016 New York will have 29 electoral votes in national presidential elections
(a drop from its peak of 47 votes from 1933 to 1953).
New York is represented by Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand in the United States
Senate and has the nation's third equal highest number of congressional districts, equal with
Florida and behind California's 53 and Texas's 36.
Politics
Main articles: Politics of New York and Law of New York
The state has a strong imbalance of payments with the federal government. New York State
receives 82 cents in services for every $1 it sends in taxes to the federal government in
Washington.[124]
The state ranks near the bottom, in 42nd place, in federal spending per tax
dollar.[125]
Education
Main article: Education in New York
System Administration Building of the State University of New York in Albany
The University of the State of New York oversees all public primary, middle-level, and
secondary education in the state, while the New York City Department of Education manages
the public school system in New York City. In 1894, reflecting general racial discrimination, the
state passed a law that allowed communities to set up separate schools for children of African-
American descent. But the Free African School had been set up in New York City in the early
19th century. In 1900, the state passed another law requiring integrated schools.[126]
At the post-secondary level, the statewide public university system is the State University of
New York commonly referred to as SUNY. New York City also has its own City University of
New York, which is funded by the city. The SUNY system consists of 64 community colleges,

35. technical colleges, undergraduate colleges, and doctoral-granting institutions including several
universities. Many were founded in the 19th century as Normal Schools for the training of
teachers, when public education was expanded. The four SUNY university centers, offering a
wide array of academic programs, are the University at Albany, Binghamton University,
the University at Buffalo, and Stony Brook University.
Notable private universities include the New York Institute of Technology, New York
University, and Fordham University, the oldest Catholic institution in the Northeast. New York
state is home to both Columbia University in New York City and Cornell
University in Ithaca. Syracuse University is located in the city of Syracuse in Central New
York. West Point, the service academy of the U.S. Army, is located just south of Newburgh, on
the west bank of the Hudson River.
During the 2007–2008 school year, New York spent more per pupil on public education than
any other state.[127]
Sports
Main article: Sports in New York
New York hosted the 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid. The 1980 Games are
known for the USA–USSR hockey game dubbed the "Miracle on Ice" in which a group of
American college students and amateurs defeated the heavily favored Soviet national ice
hockey team 4–3 and went on to win the gold medal against Finland. Along with St.
Moritz, Switzerland and Innsbruck, Austria, Lake Placid is one of the three cities to have
hosted the Winter Olympic Games twice. New York City bid to host the 2012 Summer
Olympics but lost to London.
New York is the home of one National Football League team, the Buffalo Bills (based in the
suburb of Orchard Park). Although the New York Giants and New York Jets represent the New
York metropolitan area and were previously located in New York City, they play in MetLife
Stadium, located in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The Meadowlands stadium hosted Super
Bowl XLVIII in 2014, in which New York and New Jersey will share hosting duties. There was
much controversy over several proposals for a new New York Jets football stadium. The
owners of the New York Jets were willing to split the $1.5 billion cost of building a new football
stadium over Manhattan's West Side rail yards, but the proposal never came to fruition.
New York also has two Major League Baseball teams, the New York Yankees (based in the
Bronx) and the New York Mets (based in Queens). New York is home to three National
Hockey League franchises: theNew York Rangers in Manhattan, the New York
Islanders on Long Island and the Buffalo Sabres in Buffalo. New York has two National
Basketball Association teams, the New York Knicks in Manhattan, and theBrooklyn
Nets in Brooklyn. There are a variety of minor league teams that can be found throughout the
State of New York, such as the Long Island Ducks. New York is the home of a Major League

36. Soccer franchise,New York City FC. Although the New York Red Bulls represent the New York
metropolitan area, they play in Red Bull Arena in Harrison, New Jersey.
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