Germanwings Flight 9525 (4U9525/GWI18G)[5][a] was a scheduled international passenger flight operated by Germanwings—a low-cost airline owned by Lufthansa—from Barcelona–El Prat Airport, Spain, to Düsseldorf Airport, Germany. On 24 March 2015 the aircraft, an Airbus A320-200, crashed 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of Nice, in the French Alps, after a constant descent that began one minute after the last routine contact with air traffic control and shortly after the plane had reached its assigned cruise altitude. The French prosecutor, the French and German authorities and a spokesperson for Germanwings have all stated that the crash was intentional.[6][7][8][9] All 144 passengers and six crew members were killed.
Aon WorldAware situation report terrorism in parisGraeme Cross
On Friday, November 13, 2015, Paris, France was left in a state of shock following a wave of terrorist-related attacks carried out by operatives loyal to the violent extremist group known as the Islamic State (IS). In all, the French government has reported six, highly-coordinated attacks conducted at multiple locations across the city. Five attackers were killed after they detonated explosive laden vests (SVEST); one has been detained; another is currently being sought by Belgium authorities. Officials have since confirmed that the acetone peroxide explosives, known as TATP, used in the vests is a common and unstable explosive compound that has been used during other attacks on European soil. The death toll has reached a staggering 132 people with over 350 more wounded, some critical. Friday’s wave of terror was the single deadliest assault on French soil since World War II.
Aon WorldAware situation report terrorism in parisGraeme Cross
On Friday, November 13, 2015, Paris, France was left in a state of shock following a wave of terrorist-related attacks carried out by operatives loyal to the violent extremist group known as the Islamic State (IS). In all, the French government has reported six, highly-coordinated attacks conducted at multiple locations across the city. Five attackers were killed after they detonated explosive laden vests (SVEST); one has been detained; another is currently being sought by Belgium authorities. Officials have since confirmed that the acetone peroxide explosives, known as TATP, used in the vests is a common and unstable explosive compound that has been used during other attacks on European soil. The death toll has reached a staggering 132 people with over 350 more wounded, some critical. Friday’s wave of terror was the single deadliest assault on French soil since World War II.
El Erminauta II, es una obra que intenta explorar variadas vetas del pensamiento humano, pretendiendo responder a muchas preguntas existenciales, lógicas y un tanto olvidadas por parte del ser humano moderno, sumido éste, desde hace tiempo, en un universo multimedial y de información, al alcance de un solo clic, lo cual, no permite que aquél se cuestione, ni a si mismo, ni al mundo que lo circunda, ni al universo que lo contempla. Ese universo Causal que ha creado al hombre a imagen y semejanza de su mas íntima esencia, requiere que sus hijos, o mas bien, los efectos de aquella gran causa primigenia, se comiencen a mirar hacia su universo interior, a dejar las superficialidades de la vida, a evitar las pasiones que a veces nos dominan, dándole mas énfasis en las virtudes que a veces duermen dentro de nosotros, a la espera de que las despertemos a un mundo que las necesita, y a gritos. El mundo necesita virtudes, de personas dispuestas a ofrecerlas en la medida de sus posibilidades, y a oscurecer aquellas pasiones hasta relegarlas en lo mas profundo de nuestro ser. El mundo necesita que nos encontremos con nuestro Dios interior, con el verdadero Ser que nos dará las únicas respuestas a nuestras necesidades. Ningún otro ente nos dará las respuestas tan eficazmente como nuestro propio yo. La espiritualidad no es pensando hacia el fuera, sino, todo lo contrario, hacia nuestro propio ser, hacia dentro de nuestra psiquis, para comprendernos, mejorarnos, pulirnos, como un artista que pule su mas amada creación. Somos los artistas o artífices de nosotros mismos, a cada momento, somos los únicos que podemos pulir el mármol, de manera tal, de que la escultura final, sea casi perfecta. Debemos ser los creadores de nosotros mismos, debemos ser la propia Causa de nosotros mismos, y no meros efectos viviendo una vida externalizada.
Este libro brinda una humilde perspectiva de la vida, con un fuerte contenido relativo al autoconocimiento, a la introspección, a los sentimientos, a la empatía, a la conciencia, a la libertad, a la razón pura, al fanatismo, a la Física de partículas en relación a nuestras preguntas existenciales, a la iglesia, a la humildad, al libre albedrío, a la adversidad, a la seguridad en nuestras vidas reales y virtuales, a la exobiología (extraterrestres desde una óptica racionalista), a Internet, a los números, a la Fe, a la psicología, a la soberanía tecnológica y un largo etcétera.
Un libro que, no solamente lo transportará más allá del conocimiento común y corriente, sino que, con su ayuda, podrá descorrer el velo sobre variados interrogantes, que hasta el día de hoy le parecían difíciles de desvelar.
This document reflects relevant online activity related to the crash of Germanwings 9525 which occurred on March 24, 2015. It covers the initial 6 hours of online activity with a 12-hour refresh. It is based purely on external analysis of the incident and communications activities undertaken in the public domain.
Unit 1 Exam Name _________________________
Math 331 VB
Spring 2015
DIRECTIONS: I grade on both the work AND the final answer, so show as much work as possible within
each question. This is the only way I can give partial credit if you happen to make a mistake. TI-89’s are wonderful
calculators, but they don’t show me if you know anything about calculus! Show all work on the exam itself, you should
not use any outside paper, notes, etc.
1) Calculate the limits of the following functions (use the given graph of the function f for part A and B).
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
a) (3 points)
2
lim
x
xf
b) (3 points)
1
lim
x
xf
c) (6 points)
289
17
lim
289x
x
x
d) (6 points)
2
2
9 2
lim
8 6x
x
x x
e) (6 points)
0
1 1
7 7
lim
x
x
x
2) (8 pts) Find the average rate of change for each function over the given interval.
a)
2 3y x x , between 2 and 3x x
b)
2 3y x x , between 2 and 2.5x x
c) Based on your answers to parts (a) and (b) estimate the instantaneous rate of change at x = 2.
3) (7 points) Verify the derivative of the function
9
1
( )
x
f x
at 4x is 1 , using either form of the definition of derivative
0
lim
h
f x h f x
h
OR
lim
x a
f x f a
x a
.
4) (7 points) Sketch the graph of the derivative for the function shown below, right next to it.
2
3
f x
2 4 6
-2
-2 -4 -6
x
5) (7 points) Write the equation of the tangent line to
2( ) 6 3f x x at x = 2.
6) (6 points each) Calculate the derivative of each of the following (use the shortcut rules from Chapter 4 and don’t worry about
simplifying too much):
a)
9 9( ) xf x x
b)
2
4
5
x x
g x
x
c)
3
2 4
( ) 8
3
h x x
x
d)
42
ln
( )
x
x
l x
e)
2 4 1( ) 3 xm x x e
7) (7 points) The height of an object after t seconds is given by 29 27 2tH t t .
Use calculus to determine the maximum height reached by the object.
8) (10 pts) An actuary has determined that in a certain population, the number of people surviving ( )P x , to age x years is given
by ( ) 400 101P x x .
a) Calculate (75)P and explain the meaning of this answer (or provide a label for the answer.)
b) Calculate '(75)P and explain the meaning of this answer (or provide a label for the answer.)
The iconic plane could fly from London to New York in just three
hours but was retired from service because it became unprofitable
A decade ago to the day, Concorde completed its last ever
commercial passenger flight.
Within the space of five minutes, three flights landed at Heathrow
Airport, br ...
Leonard Favre Speech at Middle East Corporate Aviation Summit (MECAS 2015) - Al Bateen Executive Airport Abu Dhabi (Aeropodium conference - www.aeropodium.com)
El Erminauta II, es una obra que intenta explorar variadas vetas del pensamiento humano, pretendiendo responder a muchas preguntas existenciales, lógicas y un tanto olvidadas por parte del ser humano moderno, sumido éste, desde hace tiempo, en un universo multimedial y de información, al alcance de un solo clic, lo cual, no permite que aquél se cuestione, ni a si mismo, ni al mundo que lo circunda, ni al universo que lo contempla. Ese universo Causal que ha creado al hombre a imagen y semejanza de su mas íntima esencia, requiere que sus hijos, o mas bien, los efectos de aquella gran causa primigenia, se comiencen a mirar hacia su universo interior, a dejar las superficialidades de la vida, a evitar las pasiones que a veces nos dominan, dándole mas énfasis en las virtudes que a veces duermen dentro de nosotros, a la espera de que las despertemos a un mundo que las necesita, y a gritos. El mundo necesita virtudes, de personas dispuestas a ofrecerlas en la medida de sus posibilidades, y a oscurecer aquellas pasiones hasta relegarlas en lo mas profundo de nuestro ser. El mundo necesita que nos encontremos con nuestro Dios interior, con el verdadero Ser que nos dará las únicas respuestas a nuestras necesidades. Ningún otro ente nos dará las respuestas tan eficazmente como nuestro propio yo. La espiritualidad no es pensando hacia el fuera, sino, todo lo contrario, hacia nuestro propio ser, hacia dentro de nuestra psiquis, para comprendernos, mejorarnos, pulirnos, como un artista que pule su mas amada creación. Somos los artistas o artífices de nosotros mismos, a cada momento, somos los únicos que podemos pulir el mármol, de manera tal, de que la escultura final, sea casi perfecta. Debemos ser los creadores de nosotros mismos, debemos ser la propia Causa de nosotros mismos, y no meros efectos viviendo una vida externalizada.
Este libro brinda una humilde perspectiva de la vida, con un fuerte contenido relativo al autoconocimiento, a la introspección, a los sentimientos, a la empatía, a la conciencia, a la libertad, a la razón pura, al fanatismo, a la Física de partículas en relación a nuestras preguntas existenciales, a la iglesia, a la humildad, al libre albedrío, a la adversidad, a la seguridad en nuestras vidas reales y virtuales, a la exobiología (extraterrestres desde una óptica racionalista), a Internet, a los números, a la Fe, a la psicología, a la soberanía tecnológica y un largo etcétera.
Un libro que, no solamente lo transportará más allá del conocimiento común y corriente, sino que, con su ayuda, podrá descorrer el velo sobre variados interrogantes, que hasta el día de hoy le parecían difíciles de desvelar.
This document reflects relevant online activity related to the crash of Germanwings 9525 which occurred on March 24, 2015. It covers the initial 6 hours of online activity with a 12-hour refresh. It is based purely on external analysis of the incident and communications activities undertaken in the public domain.
Unit 1 Exam Name _________________________
Math 331 VB
Spring 2015
DIRECTIONS: I grade on both the work AND the final answer, so show as much work as possible within
each question. This is the only way I can give partial credit if you happen to make a mistake. TI-89’s are wonderful
calculators, but they don’t show me if you know anything about calculus! Show all work on the exam itself, you should
not use any outside paper, notes, etc.
1) Calculate the limits of the following functions (use the given graph of the function f for part A and B).
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
a) (3 points)
2
lim
x
xf
b) (3 points)
1
lim
x
xf
c) (6 points)
289
17
lim
289x
x
x
d) (6 points)
2
2
9 2
lim
8 6x
x
x x
e) (6 points)
0
1 1
7 7
lim
x
x
x
2) (8 pts) Find the average rate of change for each function over the given interval.
a)
2 3y x x , between 2 and 3x x
b)
2 3y x x , between 2 and 2.5x x
c) Based on your answers to parts (a) and (b) estimate the instantaneous rate of change at x = 2.
3) (7 points) Verify the derivative of the function
9
1
( )
x
f x
at 4x is 1 , using either form of the definition of derivative
0
lim
h
f x h f x
h
OR
lim
x a
f x f a
x a
.
4) (7 points) Sketch the graph of the derivative for the function shown below, right next to it.
2
3
f x
2 4 6
-2
-2 -4 -6
x
5) (7 points) Write the equation of the tangent line to
2( ) 6 3f x x at x = 2.
6) (6 points each) Calculate the derivative of each of the following (use the shortcut rules from Chapter 4 and don’t worry about
simplifying too much):
a)
9 9( ) xf x x
b)
2
4
5
x x
g x
x
c)
3
2 4
( ) 8
3
h x x
x
d)
42
ln
( )
x
x
l x
e)
2 4 1( ) 3 xm x x e
7) (7 points) The height of an object after t seconds is given by 29 27 2tH t t .
Use calculus to determine the maximum height reached by the object.
8) (10 pts) An actuary has determined that in a certain population, the number of people surviving ( )P x , to age x years is given
by ( ) 400 101P x x .
a) Calculate (75)P and explain the meaning of this answer (or provide a label for the answer.)
b) Calculate '(75)P and explain the meaning of this answer (or provide a label for the answer.)
The iconic plane could fly from London to New York in just three
hours but was retired from service because it became unprofitable
A decade ago to the day, Concorde completed its last ever
commercial passenger flight.
Within the space of five minutes, three flights landed at Heathrow
Airport, br ...
Leonard Favre Speech at Middle East Corporate Aviation Summit (MECAS 2015) - Al Bateen Executive Airport Abu Dhabi (Aeropodium conference - www.aeropodium.com)
Root cause analysis of The Concorde (Air France Flight 4590) crash, that occurred in Paris in 2000. This document will be updated.
Air France Flight 4590 was a Concorde flight operated by Air France which was scheduled to fly from Charles de Gaulle Airport near Paris, to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City. On 25 July 2000, it crashed into a hotel in Gonesse, France. All one hundred passengers and nine crew members on board the flight died. On the ground, four people were killed and one critically injured.
Selena to Be Celebrated This Weekend With Parties All Around Dallas
It's sort of hard to explain Selena's importance to those who didn't grow up in predominantl
Injuries in blast, building collapse in New York's East Village
New York (CNN) Inspectors from New York's gas utility were at a building in Manhattan's E
And now for the Jeremy Clarkson and Piers Morgan show
Although he has spent the past five years lurching from crisis to ridiculous crisis, like a bootcut
Robert Bowdrie "Bowe" Bergdahl (born March 28, 1986) is a United States Army soldier who was held captive by the Taliban-aligned Haqqani network in Afghanistan from June 2009 until his release in May 2014.[3][4][5][6] The circumstances under which Bergdahl went missing and how he was captured by the Taliban have since become a subject of intense media scrutiny.
Amanda Knox would not be extraditable to Italy should Italy seek her extradition because she was retried for the same acts, the same facts, and the same conduct," Bassiouni wr…
Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation - Final Version - 5.23...John Andrews
SlideShare Description for "Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation"
Title: Chatty Kathy: Enhancing Physical Activity Among Older Adults
Description:
Discover how Chatty Kathy, an innovative project developed at the UNC Bootcamp, aims to tackle the challenge of low physical activity among older adults. Our AI-driven solution uses peer interaction to boost and sustain exercise levels, significantly improving health outcomes. This presentation covers our problem statement, the rationale behind Chatty Kathy, synthetic data and persona creation, model performance metrics, a visual demonstration of the project, and potential future developments. Join us for an insightful Q&A session to explore the potential of this groundbreaking project.
Project Team: Jay Requarth, Jana Avery, John Andrews, Dr. Dick Davis II, Nee Buntoum, Nam Yeongjin & Mat Nicholas
Techniques to optimize the pagerank algorithm usually fall in two categories. One is to try reducing the work per iteration, and the other is to try reducing the number of iterations. These goals are often at odds with one another. Skipping computation on vertices which have already converged has the potential to save iteration time. Skipping in-identical vertices, with the same in-links, helps reduce duplicate computations and thus could help reduce iteration time. Road networks often have chains which can be short-circuited before pagerank computation to improve performance. Final ranks of chain nodes can be easily calculated. This could reduce both the iteration time, and the number of iterations. If a graph has no dangling nodes, pagerank of each strongly connected component can be computed in topological order. This could help reduce the iteration time, no. of iterations, and also enable multi-iteration concurrency in pagerank computation. The combination of all of the above methods is the STICD algorithm. [sticd] For dynamic graphs, unchanged components whose ranks are unaffected can be skipped altogether.
Adjusting primitives for graph : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Graph algorithms, like PageRank Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) is an adjacency-list based graph representation that is
Multiply with different modes (map)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector multiply.
2. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector multiply.
Sum with different storage types (reduce)
1. Performance of vector element sum using float vs bfloat16 as the storage type.
Sum with different modes (reduce)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector element sum.
2. Performance of memcpy vs in-place based CUDA based vector element sum.
3. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (memcpy).
4. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Sum with in-place strategies of CUDA mode (reduce)
1. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Opendatabay - Open Data Marketplace.pptxOpendatabay
Opendatabay.com unlocks the power of data for everyone. Open Data Marketplace fosters a collaborative hub for data enthusiasts to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets.
First ever open hub for data enthusiasts to collaborate and innovate. A platform to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets. Through robust quality control and innovative technologies like blockchain verification, opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of datasets, empowering users to make data-driven decisions with confidence. Leverage cutting-edge AI technologies to enhance the data exploration, analysis, and discovery experience.
From intelligent search and recommendations to automated data productisation and quotation, Opendatabay AI-driven features streamline the data workflow. Finding the data you need shouldn't be a complex. Opendatabay simplifies the data acquisition process with an intuitive interface and robust search tools. Effortlessly explore, discover, and access the data you need, allowing you to focus on extracting valuable insights. Opendatabay breaks new ground with a dedicated, AI-generated, synthetic datasets.
Leverage these privacy-preserving datasets for training and testing AI models without compromising sensitive information. Opendatabay prioritizes transparency by providing detailed metadata, provenance information, and usage guidelines for each dataset, ensuring users have a comprehensive understanding of the data they're working with. By leveraging a powerful combination of distributed ledger technology and rigorous third-party audits Opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of every dataset. Security is at the core of Opendatabay. Marketplace implements stringent security measures, including encryption, access controls, and regular vulnerability assessments, to safeguard your data and protect your privacy.
Levelwise PageRank with Loop-Based Dead End Handling Strategy : SHORT REPORT ...Subhajit Sahu
Abstract — Levelwise PageRank is an alternative method of PageRank computation which decomposes the input graph into a directed acyclic block-graph of strongly connected components, and processes them in topological order, one level at a time. This enables calculation for ranks in a distributed fashion without per-iteration communication, unlike the standard method where all vertices are processed in each iteration. It however comes with a precondition of the absence of dead ends in the input graph. Here, the native non-distributed performance of Levelwise PageRank was compared against Monolithic PageRank on a CPU as well as a GPU. To ensure a fair comparison, Monolithic PageRank was also performed on a graph where vertices were split by components. Results indicate that Levelwise PageRank is about as fast as Monolithic PageRank on the CPU, but quite a bit slower on the GPU. Slowdown on the GPU is likely caused by a large submission of small workloads, and expected to be non-issue when the computation is performed on massive graphs.
1. Flight 9525 took off from Runway 07R at Barcelona–El Prat Airport at
10:01:12 CET (09:01.12 UTC) and was due to arrive at Düsseldorf Airport by 11:39 CET
(10:39 UTC).[2][10]
The flight's scheduled departure time was 09:35 CET (08:35 UTC).[11]
The Directorate General for Civil Aviation (DGAC), the French civil aviation authority, declared
the aircraft in distress after the aircraft's descent and loss of radio contact.[12][13]
According to the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA;
English: Bureau of Investigations and Analyses),[14]
at 10:30 CET, pilots confirmed instructions
from French air traffic control.
At 10:31.02 CET, after crossing the French coast near Toulon, the aircraft made a slight
course correction, left its assigned cruising altitude and without approval began a rapid
descent. Radar observed an average descent rate of approximately 17.8 metres per second
(3,500 feet per minute). Attempts by French air traffic control to contact the flight on the
assigned radio frequency radio link were not answered.[15]
A French military Mirage jet was
scrambled from the Orange air base[16]
to intercept the plane.[17]
According to BEA, radar
contact was lost at 10:40.47 CET; at the time, the aircraft was flying at an altitude of 6,175 ft
(1,882 m).[18]
The aircraft crashed within the territory of the remote commune of Prads-Haute-Bléone, 100
kilometres (62 mi) north-west of Nice.[19][20][21][22]
The crash is the deadliest air disaster in France since the crash of Inex-Adria Aviopromet
Flight 1308 in 1981, in which 180 people died, and the third-deadliest in France behind Flight
1308 and Turkish Airlines Flight 981.[23]
This was the first major crash of a civil airliner in
France since the crash of Air France Flight 4590 on takeoff from Charles de Gaulle Airport in
2000.[24]
The crash is also the first loss of a Lufthansa-owned airliner during the cruising phase
of flight.[25]
Cause of crash[edit]
The French prosecutor, the French and German authorities and a spokesperson for
Germanwings have all stated that the crash was intentional.[6][7][8][9]
During the descent, the
pilots did not respond to questions from air traffic control, and did not transmit any distress
call. Marseille prosecutor Brice Robin said that contact from the Marseille air traffic control
tower was audible on the cockpit voice recorder multiple times.[26]
Lufthansa CEO Carsten
Spohr stated that the pilot left the cabin for a toilet break and entered his code to open the
cockpit door, but the co-pilot disabled access from the cockpit controls.[27]
The pilot then
proceeded to bang on the door, with no response from the co-pilot.[14][28][29]
Reuters reported
that German aviation law permits pilots to leave the cockpit while the aircraft is
cruising.[30]
Evidence showed the autopilot was abruptly switched from cruising altitude to 100
feet (30 m), which is the lowest setting for the autopilot.[31]
Crash site[edit]
2. The crash site is within the Massif des Trois-Évêchés, and is close to Mount Cimet, where Air
France Flight 178 crashed in 1953.[32][33]
Police and Sécurité Civile sent helicopters to locate the wreckage.[34][35]
A picture from the
accident site was released, with the report that the aircraft had disintegrated, the largest piece
of wreckage being "the size of a car".[36]
A helicopter landed near the site of the crash and
confirmed that there were no survivors.[37]
The search and rescue team reported that the debris
field is two square kilometres (500 acres) in size.[21]
The plane appears not to have deviated
from its heading during the descent.[38]
The DGAC has set up temporary flight restrictions in the area surrounding the crash site. The
prohibited area was first set on 24 March at 11:47 GMT (12:47 CET); a circle of 3 nautical
miles (5.6 km) radius centred at 44°16′50″N 6°26′25″E from FL000 up to FL140.[39]
At 13:38
GMT (14:38 CET), a second larger area was added to cover a radius of 10 nautical miles
(19 km; 12 mi) centred at 44°16′48″N 6°26′24″E from FL000 to FL100.[40]
Entry into the
airspace is forbidden, except for state flights or for rescue missions.[41]
Rescue efforts were
suspended overnight by the French authorities to ensure the safety of the rescuers.[42]
Aircraft[edit]
The aircraft involved was a 24-year-old Airbus A320-211,[b]
serial number 147, registered as D-
AIPX. It first flew on 29 November 1990.[43]
The aircraft had accumulated about 58,300 flight
hours on 46,700 flights.[44]
The original Design Service Goal (DSG) of the aircraft was 60,000
hours or 48,000 flights. In 2012, an optional Extended Service Goal (ESG1) was approved,
extending the service life to 120,000 hours or 60,000 flights, provided that a required package
of service and inspections was performed before the DSG was reached.[45]
Crew and passengers[edit]
People on board by nationality[46]
Nationality No.
Germany[c]
70[48]
Spain 51[49]
Argentina 3[50]
Kazakhstan 3[51]
United Kingdom[d]
3[54]
3. People on board by nationality[46]
Nationality No.
United States 3[55]
Australia 2[56]
Colombia 2[57]
Iran 2[58]
Japan 2[59]
Mexico 2[60]
Morocco 2[61]
Venezuela 2[62]
Belgium 1[63]
Chile 1[64]
Denmark 1[65]
Israel 1[66]
Netherlands 1[67]
Turkey 1[68]
Total number of victims 150
Number of victims with dual citizenships 5
4. There were 144 passengers and six crew members on board, most of them German and
Spanish nationals[46]
but from at least 18 nations in total. The early count was confused by dual
citizenship.[69]
Crew[edit]
German media identified the pilot in command as Captain Patrick
Sondenheimer.[70]
Germanwings announced that the captain had 10 years of flying experience
(6000 flight hours)[19]
with Germanwings and Lufthansa flying A320s, as well as Condor.[70][71]
The First Officer was named as Andreas Lubitz, 27.[72][73][74]
Lufthansa commented that Lubitz
took time out from his pilot training in 2009;[7]
an acquaintance of Lubitz stated that this was
due to having suffered from burnout and depression.[75]
He had 630 flight hours of experience
before the crash.[76]
Passengers[edit]
Amongst the passengers were 16 schoolchildren and two teachers from the Joseph-König-
Gymnasium of Haltern am See, North Rhine-Westphalia. They were on their way home from a
student exchange with the Giola Institute in Llinars del Vallès, Barcelona.[77]
Haltern's
mayor, Bodo Klimpel, has described it as "the darkest day in the history of our city."[78]
The Deutsche Oper am Rhein confirmed that bass-baritone Oleg Bryjak was among the
passengers,[79]
as was German contralto Maria Radner.[80]
Members of theSwedish
football team Dalkurd FF were booked to be on the flight but changed at the last moment.[56]
Investigation[edit]
The French national civil aviation enquiries bureau, Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la
Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA), opened an investigation into the crash, joined by its
German counterpart, the Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation (BFU). On 24
March, the BEA sent seven investigators to the crash site, accompanied by representatives
from Airbus and CFM International. The BEA held a press conference on 25 March from 16:00
to 16:45 UTC.[81][82]
The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) was recovered by rescue workers and was examined by the
investigation team.[83][84]
The recorder was damaged in the crash, but was still in a usable
condition.[38]
The BEA released photos of the CVR[85]
and was able to extract a voice
recording.[86]
On 26 March, Marseille prosecutor Brice Robin said it appeared that co-pilot Lubitz, a 27-year-
old German, crashed the jet deliberately.[6][87]
When investigators asked Germanwings if another member of the flight crew must be present
in the cockpit when one of the pilots leaves, they replied that the company has no such
requirement, nor do European regulations.[88]
5. Marseille prosecutor Robin said that the co-pilot Lubitz's responses, initially courteous in the
first part of the trip, became "curt" when the captain began the mid-flight briefing on the
planned landing. Lubitz is thought to have manually set the plane on the descent that drove it
into the mountain.[89]
German prosecutors later announced that police had begun searching Lubitz's home for
evidence,[90]
including religious ties, although Marseille prosecutor Robin responded to a
reporter's question about Lubitz's religious background by stating, "I don't think that's where
the answer to this lies".[91]
On 26 March 2015, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation announced it would assist in the
crash investigation at the request of the French government.[92][93]
Response[edit]
Political[edit]
French Minister of the Interior Bernard Cazeneuve remarked that due to the "violence of the
impact" there was "little hope" that any survivors would be found.[94]
Prime Minister Manuel
Valls said he had dispatched Interior Minister Cazeneuve to the scene and set-up a ministerial
crisis cell to co-ordinate the response to the incident.[95]
King Philip VI of Spain, in Paris for a state visit to France at the time of the crash, announced
his decision to cut his visit short and return to Spain.[46]
German Chancellor Angela Merkel announced that she would travel to the crash site on 25
March together with Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia Hannelore
Kraft.[96][97]
Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier flew over the crash site on 24 March,
describing it as "a picture of horror".[95]
Merkel, French Prime Minister Valls, and Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy visited the
recovery operations base at Seyne-les-Alpes on 25 March.[98]
United States President Barack Obama (appearing at the White House with
Afghan President Ashraf Ghani, who also expressed his sympathies) called the crash "an
awful tragedy" and offered U.S. assistance to investigate it.[99]
Commercial[edit]
Several Germanwings flights were cancelled on 24–25 March, which the pilots' union says
was due to grief at the loss of their colleagues.[100][101]
Lufthansa Chief Executive Carsten Spohr visited the crash location on 25 March, and
afterwards said that this is "the darkest day for Lufthansa in its 60-year history".[102]
Shortly after the crash, Germanwings changed their website and social media branding
to greyscale images. Lufthansa, Swiss, and Austrian also did the same thing.
6. On 25 March, Germanwings retired the flight number 4U9525, changing it to 4U9441. The
outbound flight number was also changed: from 4U9524 to 4U9440. The flight numbers for the
later Düsseldorf to Barcelona flight remain unchanged.[103]
Following the accident, many airlines have announced they now require at least two people to
be on the flightdeck at all times during flight for safety reasons.[104][105][106][107]
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![Flight 9525 took off from Runway 07R at Barcelona–El Prat Airport at
10:01:12 CET (09:01.12 UTC) and was due to arrive at Düsseldorf Airport by 11:39 CET
(10:39 UTC).[2][10]
The flight's scheduled departure time was 09:35 CET (08:35 UTC).[11]
The Directorate General for Civil Aviation (DGAC), the French civil aviation authority, declared
the aircraft in distress after the aircraft's descent and loss of radio contact.[12][13]
According to the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA;
English: Bureau of Investigations and Analyses),[14]
at 10:30 CET, pilots confirmed instructions
from French air traffic control.
At 10:31.02 CET, after crossing the French coast near Toulon, the aircraft made a slight
course correction, left its assigned cruising altitude and without approval began a rapid
descent. Radar observed an average descent rate of approximately 17.8 metres per second
(3,500 feet per minute). Attempts by French air traffic control to contact the flight on the
assigned radio frequency radio link were not answered.[15]
A French military Mirage jet was
scrambled from the Orange air base[16]
to intercept the plane.[17]
According to BEA, radar
contact was lost at 10:40.47 CET; at the time, the aircraft was flying at an altitude of 6,175 ft
(1,882 m).[18]
The aircraft crashed within the territory of the remote commune of Prads-Haute-Bléone, 100
kilometres (62 mi) north-west of Nice.[19][20][21][22]
The crash is the deadliest air disaster in France since the crash of Inex-Adria Aviopromet
Flight 1308 in 1981, in which 180 people died, and the third-deadliest in France behind Flight
1308 and Turkish Airlines Flight 981.[23]
This was the first major crash of a civil airliner in
France since the crash of Air France Flight 4590 on takeoff from Charles de Gaulle Airport in
2000.[24]
The crash is also the first loss of a Lufthansa-owned airliner during the cruising phase
of flight.[25]
Cause of crash[edit]
The French prosecutor, the French and German authorities and a spokesperson for
Germanwings have all stated that the crash was intentional.[6][7][8][9]
During the descent, the
pilots did not respond to questions from air traffic control, and did not transmit any distress
call. Marseille prosecutor Brice Robin said that contact from the Marseille air traffic control
tower was audible on the cockpit voice recorder multiple times.[26]
Lufthansa CEO Carsten
Spohr stated that the pilot left the cabin for a toilet break and entered his code to open the
cockpit door, but the co-pilot disabled access from the cockpit controls.[27]
The pilot then
proceeded to bang on the door, with no response from the co-pilot.[14][28][29]
Reuters reported
that German aviation law permits pilots to leave the cockpit while the aircraft is
cruising.[30]
Evidence showed the autopilot was abruptly switched from cruising altitude to 100
feet (30 m), which is the lowest setting for the autopilot.[31]
Crash site[edit]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/whoisandreaslubitz-150326210159-conversion-gate01/85/Germanwings-Flight-9525-1-320.jpg)
![The crash site is within the Massif des Trois-Évêchés, and is close to Mount Cimet, where Air
France Flight 178 crashed in 1953.[32][33]
Police and Sécurité Civile sent helicopters to locate the wreckage.[34][35]
A picture from the
accident site was released, with the report that the aircraft had disintegrated, the largest piece
of wreckage being "the size of a car".[36]
A helicopter landed near the site of the crash and
confirmed that there were no survivors.[37]
The search and rescue team reported that the debris
field is two square kilometres (500 acres) in size.[21]
The plane appears not to have deviated
from its heading during the descent.[38]
The DGAC has set up temporary flight restrictions in the area surrounding the crash site. The
prohibited area was first set on 24 March at 11:47 GMT (12:47 CET); a circle of 3 nautical
miles (5.6 km) radius centred at 44°16′50″N 6°26′25″E from FL000 up to FL140.[39]
At 13:38
GMT (14:38 CET), a second larger area was added to cover a radius of 10 nautical miles
(19 km; 12 mi) centred at 44°16′48″N 6°26′24″E from FL000 to FL100.[40]
Entry into the
airspace is forbidden, except for state flights or for rescue missions.[41]
Rescue efforts were
suspended overnight by the French authorities to ensure the safety of the rescuers.[42]
Aircraft[edit]
The aircraft involved was a 24-year-old Airbus A320-211,[b]
serial number 147, registered as D-
AIPX. It first flew on 29 November 1990.[43]
The aircraft had accumulated about 58,300 flight
hours on 46,700 flights.[44]
The original Design Service Goal (DSG) of the aircraft was 60,000
hours or 48,000 flights. In 2012, an optional Extended Service Goal (ESG1) was approved,
extending the service life to 120,000 hours or 60,000 flights, provided that a required package
of service and inspections was performed before the DSG was reached.[45]
Crew and passengers[edit]
People on board by nationality[46]
Nationality No.
Germany[c]
70[48]
Spain 51[49]
Argentina 3[50]
Kazakhstan 3[51]
United Kingdom[d]
3[54]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)