This document defines key terms related to cultural competence in nursing such as culture, cultural awareness, cultural competence, cultural sensitivity, transcultural nursing, and ethnocentrism. It also describes Campinha-Bacote's model of cultural competence, which views it as an ongoing process involving cultural awareness, knowledge, skills, encounters, and desire. The document instructs students to reflect on an example of culturally competent or incompetent nursing care.

1. Nashat
Abualhaija

2. • Upon completion of the educational journey, the students
will be able to define:
1) Culture
2) Cultural Awareness
3) Cultural Competence
4) Cultural Sensitivity
5) Transcultural Nursing
6) Culturally Diverse Nursing Care
7) Ethnocentrism

3. • The student will be able to discuss components of
Compinha-Bacote’s Model of Cultural Competence

4. • The student will be to reflect on an incidence of culturally
competent or culturally incompetent nursing care.

5. • Culture:
“Culture is learned, patterned behavioral response
acquired over time that include implicit versus explicit
beliefs, attitudes, vales, customs, taboos, arts, and life
ways accepted by a community of individuals. Culture is
primarily learned and transmitted in the family and other
social organizations, is shared by the majority of the
groups, includes an individualized worldview, guides
decision making, and facilitates self-worth and self-
esteem” (Geiger et al., 2007)

6. • Cultural Awareness:
“is being knowledgeable about one’s own thoughts, feelings,
and sensations, as well as the ability to reflect in how these can
effect one’s interactions with others” (Geiger et al., 2007).
• Cultural Competence:
“the attitudes, knowledge and skills necessary for providing
quality care to diverse populations. It is a set of congruent
behaviors, knowledge, attitudes and policies that come
together in a system, organization or among professionals
that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations.
Competence: implies having the capacity to function
effectively as an individual or an organization within the
context of cultural beliefs, practices, and needs presented
by patients and their communities” (The California
Endowment, 2003).

7. • Cultural Sensitivity:
“is experienced when neutral language, both verbal and
nonverbal, is used in a way that reflects sensitivity and
appreciation for the diversity of another. It is conveyed
when words, phrases, categorizations, etc. are intentionally
avoided, especially when referring to any individual who
may interpret them as impolite of offensive” (Giger et al.,
2007).
• Transcultural Nursing:
“A humanistic and scientific area of formal study and
practice in nursing which is focused upon differences and
similarities among cultures with respect to human care,
health, and illness based upon the people's cultural values,
beliefs, and practices, and to use this knowledge to provide
cultural specific or culturally congruent nursing care to
people” (www.culturaldiversity.org).

8. • Cultural Diverse nursing Care:
“an optimal mode of health care delivery, refers to the variability of
nursing approaches needed to provide culturally appropriate care that
incorporates an individuals cultural values, beliefs, and practices
including sensitivity to the environment from which the individual comes
and to which the individual may ultimately return. (Leininger, 1985).
• Ethnocentrism:
“Ethnocentrism the perception that one's own way is best when
viewing the world” (Geiger & Davidhizar, 1991).

9. • Dr. Compinha-Bacote developed the “The Process of Cultural Competence in the
Delivery of Healthcare Services” model back in 1991.
• This model which has its underpinnings from the tenets of Leninger’s
transcultural nursing theory .
• It views cultural competence as “a going process in which the health care
provider continuously strives to achieve the ability to work within the cultural
context of the client (individual, family, community)” (Campinha-Bacote, 2002, p.
181).
• It requires that heath care providers see themselves as becoming culturally
competent rather than being culturally competent.
• This process requires the amalgamation of five basic constructs:
1. Cultural Awareness,
2. Cultural Knowledge,
3. Cultural Skill,
4. Cultural Encounter,
5. Cultural Desire
• This model is represented by the acronyms ‘ASKED’ (Awareness, Skill,
Knowledge, Encounters, and Desire).

10. • Reflect on an incidence of culturally competent or
culturally incompetent nursing care.

11. • Campinha-Bacote, J. (2002, July ). The Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of
Healthcare services: A Model of Care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), 181-184.
• www.culturaldiversity.org
• Giger, J., Davidhizar, R., Purnell, L., Harden, T., Philips, J., & Strickland, O. (2007, April 6).
American academy of Nursing Expert Panel Report: Developing Cultural Competence to Eliminate
Health Disparities in Ethnic Minorities and Other Vulnerable populations. Journal of Transcultural
Nursing, 18(2), 95-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659606298618.
• Geiger, J.N. & Davidhizar, R.E. (1991). Transcultural nursing: assessment in intervention. St. Louis:
Mosby-Year Book.
• Leininger, M. (1985). Qualitative research methods in nursing. New York: Grune & Straton.
• The California Endowment. (n.d.). A Manger’s Guide to Cultural Competence Education for Health
Care Professionals. , v-42.