Wayne Berkeley was a renowned Carnival costume designer in Trinidad and Tobago who suffered two strokes. The first in 2000 resulted in right-sided weakness and expressive aphasia due to damage to the left hemisphere of his brain. He recovered some mobility over a year. In 2011 he had additional strokes causing small vessel ischemia throughout his brain and lacunar infarcts in strategic areas affecting movement and speech. He passed away from complications of a third stroke. The document provides medical analysis of Wayne's condition based on knowledge gained from an online neuroscience course.
Running head THE CEREBELLUM 1THE CEREBELLUM5The Cer.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: THE CEREBELLUM
1
THE CEREBELLUM
5
The Cerebellum
Name
Institution
The Cerebellum
Functions of the Cerebellum
The cerebellum is also known as the “little brain” which is found or located at the back of the brain. It underlies the temporal and occipital lobes. Although this part of the brain contains over fifty percent of the neurons held in the brain, it only accounts for ten percent volume of the brain. The cerebellum has been historically known as a motor structure; however it does not initiate motor functions; rather it modifies the commands given by the descending pathways. This helps to make the movements’ to be more accurate and adaptive (Knierim, 2014).
The cerebellum has the following functions.
a. The cerebellum plays an important function in making adjustments to posture to ensure or maintain balance. It receives input from proprioceptors and vestibular receptors and modulates the commands to the motor neurons so as to compensate for the changes upon muscles due to load and shifts in the position of the body. What this does is to help maintain posture and balance.
b. The cerebellum also plays a key role in coordinating voluntary movements. Movements in the human body occur when different muscle groups act together in a temporally coordinated function. Amongst its main functions is to ensure coordination in the force and timing of these muscle groups so as to produce or have fluid body or limb movements’.
c. The cerebellum also plays a key role in motor learning, for example, learning to swing a baseball bat to hit baseball. It fine tunes and adapts motor programs to increase accuracy through a process of trial and error.
d. Finally, the cerebellum also plays a key role in certain aspects of cognitive functions like language. This means that though well known for its motor functions; the cerebellum has other functions that have not yet been exhaustively understood.
Disorders of the Cerebellum
Damage to the cerebellum is characterized by motor disturbances. This is because the cerebellum plays a vital role in motor coordination. Below is a number of disorders that affect the cerebellum.
a. Cerebellar ataxia: - there are two forms of this disorder the first is when a patient experiences disturbances in gait or posture. The patient suffers from lesions in the vestibulocerebellum that causes the patient to have abnormal gait that may resemble an inebriated individual. The reason for a patient having a wide gait is so that he can maintain balance when he stands still. The second form of this disorder is when a patient is unable to coordinate an activity and its timing of the different muscle groups. Instead patients suffering from this condition perform such activities in turn and are unable to do the same together at once.
b. Dysdiadochokinesia: - the patient is unable to perform movements’ alternately such as supinating and pronating the forearms and hands. For example turning the palms of both hands together. A Pat.
Re-thinking about the brain [based on the case of Nico-with half a brain]Sumitava Mukherjee
This is a presentation about Nico, a kid with half of his brain removed (from the book Half a Brain is Enough by Antonio M. Battro )
I also raise deeper issues based on this case which touch on mind-brain issues.
[Informal presentation at CBCS]
1 SSaammppllee,, SSaarraahh Communication Studies 10.docxhoney725342
1
SSaammppllee,, SSaarraahh
Communication Studies 105
(Day and Time)
SAMPLE OUTLINE
DESCRIPTIVE SPEECH
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
INTRODUCTION:
Attention Getter: When my grandmother passed away six years ago on my fourteenth
birthday, I was determined to understand exactly what was responsible for taking her young,
exuberant life away from her. The disease responsible for this was Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis, also known as ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease. Named after baseball great Lou Gehrig,
who was diagnosed with the disease in 1939, ALS is a disorder that is considered rare, even
though more and more occurrences are being reported every year. ALS is known for its
inconsistency and the harsh toll that it takes on the body, and is feared by both patients and
medical professionals alike.
Central Idea (Thesis): Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a rare but extremely devastating
disease that affects every patient differently.
Credibility Statement: I witnessed my grandma's deterioration from this disease, and can tell
you first hand that ALS is a horrible disease that does not have a single definitive aspect.
Preview: Today I would like to tell you what ALS is, the various symptoms associated with it,
the progression of the disease, and possible treatment options.
BODY:
I. ALS is a disease of the nervous system that gradually destroys voluntary motor neurons,
the neurons responsible for contracting skeletal muscles, eventually causing complete
muscle atrophy.
A. ALS affects two major parts of the brain, including the cerebrum and the brain
stem.
1. ALS attacks motor neurons in these areas, causing the patient to lose
control of different muscles one group at a time.
2. Mary Dodson Wade, author of the book ALS-Lou Gehrig's Disease,
explains that the disease progresses and eventually leaves the body
unable to function. (Wade 42).
a. This is due to the fact that there are no motor neurons to send
messages between the brain, spinal cord, and the muscles.
2
b. However, sensory neurons are left unaffected, meaning that the
patient is completely alert when his or her body is ceasing to
function.
B. According to Wade, ALS occurs most often in persons between the ages of forty
and seventy. (Wade, 47).
1. The average age when disease becomes apparent is 55 years old.
2. There are some cases of patients in their early twenties, and also of
people in their eighties.
C. There are three different types of ALS.
1. Sporadic ALS, which occurs randomly, is the most common form,
comprising 90% of all cases.
2. Familial ALS, which is inherited, is not nearly as common, making up 5-
10% of all cases.
3. Guamanian ALS, which is found in small places of the Pacific (Guam), is
very rare.
(Internal Summary/Preview: Now that I have defined ALS, I would like to describe
some of the symptoms that can be associated with the disease.)
II. The symptoms that a ...
Introduction - How to write an essay - LibGuides at University of .... Essay introduction writing - How to Write an Essay Introduction (with .... 002 Essay Introduction Example ~ Thatsnotus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Running head THE CEREBELLUM 1THE CEREBELLUM5The Cer.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: THE CEREBELLUM
1
THE CEREBELLUM
5
The Cerebellum
Name
Institution
The Cerebellum
Functions of the Cerebellum
The cerebellum is also known as the “little brain” which is found or located at the back of the brain. It underlies the temporal and occipital lobes. Although this part of the brain contains over fifty percent of the neurons held in the brain, it only accounts for ten percent volume of the brain. The cerebellum has been historically known as a motor structure; however it does not initiate motor functions; rather it modifies the commands given by the descending pathways. This helps to make the movements’ to be more accurate and adaptive (Knierim, 2014).
The cerebellum has the following functions.
a. The cerebellum plays an important function in making adjustments to posture to ensure or maintain balance. It receives input from proprioceptors and vestibular receptors and modulates the commands to the motor neurons so as to compensate for the changes upon muscles due to load and shifts in the position of the body. What this does is to help maintain posture and balance.
b. The cerebellum also plays a key role in coordinating voluntary movements. Movements in the human body occur when different muscle groups act together in a temporally coordinated function. Amongst its main functions is to ensure coordination in the force and timing of these muscle groups so as to produce or have fluid body or limb movements’.
c. The cerebellum also plays a key role in motor learning, for example, learning to swing a baseball bat to hit baseball. It fine tunes and adapts motor programs to increase accuracy through a process of trial and error.
d. Finally, the cerebellum also plays a key role in certain aspects of cognitive functions like language. This means that though well known for its motor functions; the cerebellum has other functions that have not yet been exhaustively understood.
Disorders of the Cerebellum
Damage to the cerebellum is characterized by motor disturbances. This is because the cerebellum plays a vital role in motor coordination. Below is a number of disorders that affect the cerebellum.
a. Cerebellar ataxia: - there are two forms of this disorder the first is when a patient experiences disturbances in gait or posture. The patient suffers from lesions in the vestibulocerebellum that causes the patient to have abnormal gait that may resemble an inebriated individual. The reason for a patient having a wide gait is so that he can maintain balance when he stands still. The second form of this disorder is when a patient is unable to coordinate an activity and its timing of the different muscle groups. Instead patients suffering from this condition perform such activities in turn and are unable to do the same together at once.
b. Dysdiadochokinesia: - the patient is unable to perform movements’ alternately such as supinating and pronating the forearms and hands. For example turning the palms of both hands together. A Pat.
Re-thinking about the brain [based on the case of Nico-with half a brain]Sumitava Mukherjee
This is a presentation about Nico, a kid with half of his brain removed (from the book Half a Brain is Enough by Antonio M. Battro )
I also raise deeper issues based on this case which touch on mind-brain issues.
[Informal presentation at CBCS]
1 SSaammppllee,, SSaarraahh Communication Studies 10.docxhoney725342
1
SSaammppllee,, SSaarraahh
Communication Studies 105
(Day and Time)
SAMPLE OUTLINE
DESCRIPTIVE SPEECH
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
INTRODUCTION:
Attention Getter: When my grandmother passed away six years ago on my fourteenth
birthday, I was determined to understand exactly what was responsible for taking her young,
exuberant life away from her. The disease responsible for this was Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis, also known as ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease. Named after baseball great Lou Gehrig,
who was diagnosed with the disease in 1939, ALS is a disorder that is considered rare, even
though more and more occurrences are being reported every year. ALS is known for its
inconsistency and the harsh toll that it takes on the body, and is feared by both patients and
medical professionals alike.
Central Idea (Thesis): Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a rare but extremely devastating
disease that affects every patient differently.
Credibility Statement: I witnessed my grandma's deterioration from this disease, and can tell
you first hand that ALS is a horrible disease that does not have a single definitive aspect.
Preview: Today I would like to tell you what ALS is, the various symptoms associated with it,
the progression of the disease, and possible treatment options.
BODY:
I. ALS is a disease of the nervous system that gradually destroys voluntary motor neurons,
the neurons responsible for contracting skeletal muscles, eventually causing complete
muscle atrophy.
A. ALS affects two major parts of the brain, including the cerebrum and the brain
stem.
1. ALS attacks motor neurons in these areas, causing the patient to lose
control of different muscles one group at a time.
2. Mary Dodson Wade, author of the book ALS-Lou Gehrig's Disease,
explains that the disease progresses and eventually leaves the body
unable to function. (Wade 42).
a. This is due to the fact that there are no motor neurons to send
messages between the brain, spinal cord, and the muscles.
2
b. However, sensory neurons are left unaffected, meaning that the
patient is completely alert when his or her body is ceasing to
function.
B. According to Wade, ALS occurs most often in persons between the ages of forty
and seventy. (Wade, 47).
1. The average age when disease becomes apparent is 55 years old.
2. There are some cases of patients in their early twenties, and also of
people in their eighties.
C. There are three different types of ALS.
1. Sporadic ALS, which occurs randomly, is the most common form,
comprising 90% of all cases.
2. Familial ALS, which is inherited, is not nearly as common, making up 5-
10% of all cases.
3. Guamanian ALS, which is found in small places of the Pacific (Guam), is
very rare.
(Internal Summary/Preview: Now that I have defined ALS, I would like to describe
some of the symptoms that can be associated with the disease.)
II. The symptoms that a ...
Introduction - How to write an essay - LibGuides at University of .... Essay introduction writing - How to Write an Essay Introduction (with .... 002 Essay Introduction Example ~ Thatsnotus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
3. I have decided to do my project on my brother-in-law, Wayne Berkeley.
Sadly, Wayne passed away, just over three (3) years ago, but it is only
now, having done this course, offered by the University of Chicago
and Coursera, and facilitated by Prof. Peggy Mason, that I am able to
fully comprehend what took place in his body and what caused him
to experience the disabilities that he did.
We live in Trinidad & Tobago – a small twin island country, situated in
the southern Caribbean. Our country has become famous for the
cultural festival of ‘Carnival’ which takes place annually and has
attracted many people worldwide.
Wayne, who was right-handed, was a designer by profession. He
received numerous awards for his works of art, more specifically for
his Carnival costumes, which were worn during the parades and
competitions.
We shall take a deeper look into what happened to Wayne,
neurologically.
4.
5. The National Library and Information System Authority
(NALIS) remembers Wayne Berkeley for his outstanding
contribution to Trinidad and Tobago Carnival.
The national community will miss the high standard of work
with which Wayne has been associated. His Carnival
designs represent the glory and spirit of Trinidad and
Tobago Carnival.
We thank him for choosing NALIS to house his drawings of
costume designs. The collection spans the period 1966 to
2000. It comprises 58 collections of work with over 1000
pieces.
We invite you to view the Wayne Berkeley Collection online at
www.nalis.gov.tt
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Wayne Berkeley, designer by profession, and someone who had travelled
the world, was for all intents and purposes, a healthy 5 ft 10 ins tall
individual . . . . or so we thought. On February 17th, 2000 Wayne
suffered what was described by his doctors as a ‘massive’ stroke to his
left cerebral hemisphere, severely affecting his Right side. It was
devastating to the family, as well as to his employees, to his patrons,
and to the whole country in general. Of course it was even more
devastating to Wayne, especially with this taking place at the peak of
production for the ‘new millenium’s (year 2000) Carnival Band.
Wayne was Right handed.
For the first three (3) days after the initial onset, Wayne was unable to
speak, walk, and was barely able to sit up in bed. His mouth was twisted,
and he was unable to write. He could not mouth his words, and had little
control over his tongue. We were told that we needed to ‘wait and see’
what improvement, if any would take place over the next week.
11.
12. After 5 days, we began to see improvement in mobility, although very slight.
Wayne was able to say a few words, ones which did not necessitate much
movement of his tongue. He was able to sit propped up in bed, but could not
fully support his upper body.
While the actual radiology reports from the year 2000 are no longer available
for input, we were told that Wayne had suffered a very bad stroke to the LEFT
side of his brain, due to a blood clot in his Left Carotid artery. This artery
also showed atherosclerosis. As a result his RIGHT side was severely
affected. His speech was also greatly affected. After a two-week period,
Wayne recovered a small amount of ability on his right side, but was unable
to use either is Right leg, or his Right arm. He was bound to a wheelchair for
several months, but set his mind to recovery, and never let up with his
physio or speech therapy. After almost a year of undaunted perseverance,
Wayne was able to walk (albeit with a limp), drive, and speak to the point
where those who knew him were able to easily understand what he said.
He pursued his designing using his LEFT arm, as the left side of his body had
been relatively unaffected.
13. While his CT Scan and MRI reports are no longer available, from what we have
learnt, I can conclude that:
1. Blood clot in the Left Carotid Artery would have cut off the blood supply to
that side of his brain. Since it had taken more than ½ hour to get to the
hospital, that part of the brain would have been starved of Oxygen and may
neurons would have died.
2. Given the impairment, I can conclude that he would have had damage to the
Forebrain, Left hemisphere. Areas affected would most likely have been –
Motor Cortex, given his inability to carry out Voluntary Movement in his
Right arm and Right leg and Face, as well as Broca’s area, given that he
showed signs of Expressive aphasia.
3. There were no indications of any Brain stem damage, or damage to the Basal
Ganglia at that time.
4. There also appeared not to be any damage to the Spinal Cord.
5. Atherosclerosis occurs when substances such as fat, cholesterol and other
substances build up in the walls of arteries and form structures called
plaques which in turn cause hardening of the arteries. Atherosclerosis is a
big contributor to arterial blockage, and therefore strokes
14. For almost 10 years, Wayne was able to live a relatively good life, using his
left arm for design, almost as good as his right had been, and while not
being able to have full use of his Right arm, was actually able to use his right
hand for some drawings.
On May 22nd of 2011, Wayne suffered what appeared to be another stroke.
While he was able to speak, comprehend, and did not appear to be in any
discomfort, except the inability to urinate, but he had generalized weakness
in his body and he was unable to stand. During the next few days, though,
he apparently suffered a series of new strokes, but recovered enough to be
discharged to home.
During the period he was at home, he became bedridden, and was eventually
unable to speak. He was declared non-compos mentus on June 7th, 2011 and
passed away on June 10th, 2011.
His CT Reports are as follows:
15. Bilateral peri-ventricular white matter low attenuation
consistent with small vessel ischemia, more extensive on the
right side.
Chronic left lacunar infarct adjacent to the body of the left
lateral ventricle and involving the anterior limb of the left
internal capsule.
Sub-centimeter lacunar infarct involving the left lentiform
nucleus
Chronic right lacunar infarct also seen in the right lentiform
nucleus.
There was no mass effect, mid-line shift or space occupying
lesion.
16. Bilateral peri-ventricular areas of low attenuation
consistent with chronic microangiopathic ischemia.
More focal hypodense areas noted in the following
areas:
Superior Right parietal lobe measuring 16mm X 26mm
Left Cerebellar hemisphere, measuring 25mm X 24mm
Left Corona radiata, measuring 5mm X 25mm
Anterior limb of Left internal capsule measuring 14mm
Anterior limb of Right internal capsule measuring
16mm.
17. Stroke of 2000 -From what we have learnt from this course, it is clear that a blood clot
in the carotid artery would have resulted in diminished blood supply to the brain, and if
an area of the brain is starved of Oxygen for more than say 5 minutes, the neurons in
the area die.
In this case there was damage to the LEFT side of the brain, indicating that the motor
cortex would have been damaged – the area which controls motor functions on the Right
side of the body.
The physically noted affected areas for Wayne were:
◦ Voluntary movement on the Right side of the body, specifically, the arm, leg, and
face.
◦ Speech was also affected, an indication that there was damage to Broca’s area
resulting in expressive (Broca’s) aphasia. He was unable to speak for the first three (3)
days.
◦ His comprehension was fully intact, indicating no damage to Wernicke’s area.
◦ After the initial improvement with speech therapy, Wayne never regained any
further improvement in his ability to speak, but it was quite evident that his disability
had a lot to do with his control, or lack thereof, of his tongue. While he was able to
say the word, his enunciation was impaired.
18. STROKES – 2011
Small vessel ischemia more extensive on the right side, indicating new
areas of the brain being affected. Small vessel ischemia can come about
as a result of high blood pressure, high cholesterol or diabetes.
Lacunar infarct involving the anterior limb of the left internal capsule.
The internal capsule is a white matter structure that carries information
past the basal ganglia, and which separates the caudate nucleus and the
thalamus from the lentiform nucleus. The internal capsule contains both
ascending and descending axons and is a major route by which the
cerebral cortex is connected with the brain stem and spinal cord.
Damage to these areas will interrupt communication.
Lacunar infarct involving the left lentiform nucleus.
The lentiform nucleus is a large cone-shaped mass of gray matter within
the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia we have seen is responsible for
directing sensory and motor related functions throughout the body and
for the smooth coordination of voluntary movement.
19. Lacunar infarcts occur when one of the penetrating arteries which
provides blood to the brain’s deep structures is occluded. These
arteries are small and are uniquely vulnerable. In a lacunar stroke,
brain cells in a relatively small area are damaged or killed by lack of
Oxygen. The small area is called a lacune. While only a small area of
the brain is affected, it can cause significant disability.
Focal hypodense area in the left cerebellar hemisphere.
The cerebellum receives much sensory input form many areas like the
joint, muscles, skin, vestibular system, as well as the visual system
of the body, and is involved with motor learning and motor
execution. It is responsible for proper gait, balance in walking as
well as learning new motor skills. Damage to the cerebellum
resulted in unsteady gait and the inability to coordinate movement.
Wayne was not able to stand steadily during this time. His walking,
though assisted, was ‘wobbly’.
During the last week of his life, Wayne suffered extensive memory
loss.
20. Wayne Berkeley|Mas designer extraordinaire dies at age 70
Friday, June 10, 2011 Posted by Santiwah
Labels: Carnival
Today we have to report the passing of one of Trinidad and
Tobago's greatest and legendary Mas designer Mr. Wayne
Berkeley. 'Newsday' reported that Mr. Berkeley died at 7:35 pm
yesterday at the family home located at Clifford Street in
Belmont, Trinidad.
Mr. Berkeley who had suffered a stroke in 2000 died from
complications suffered from a third stroke. Mr. Berkeley won
nine Band-of-the-Year titles in 1973, 1974, 1980, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992,
1993 and 1994.
He also designed for other bands after he suffered his first
stroke. Trinizagada extends our sincerest condolences to the
Berkeley family. Mr. Berkeley, one of our greatest carnival
designers will be missed!
21. I have attempted to display what I have learnt from this course
using the example of my brother-in-law, whose disabilities I was
quite close to. I would never have been able to comprehend the
complex nature of his illness had I not done this course.
While I had no reports from his first stroke, I was fully aware of
what he had to go through, as well as what progress he made
over the years of physiotherapy. Because of having done this
course, I believe I can interpret, to a fairly accurate degree most
of what took place in his brain, utilizing what was learnt here. I
refer to Week 3 Lectures on topics of Pathways in the Nervous
system. Week 4 - Blood Supply, Strokes, Mass effects . Week 8 –
Cerebellar, Cerebellar Learning and Basal Ganglia. Week 10 –
Memory. Week 4 - A slide which I have stored on every electronic
medium I own. This I have reproduced overleaf.