This presentation gives a detailed description of the physiology of Neural Regulation of Respiration in Human. The role played by the Medullary and Pontine Centers in respiration is highlighted. A detailed diagram and the reflexes involved in controlling Respiration are described for the understanding of the student. Standard reference books have been used to describe the topic.
2. SCHEME
โข TYPES OF RESPIRATION
โข INNERVATION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
โข MEDULLARY CENTRES
โข PONTINE CENTRES
โข INSPIRATORY SIGNAL
โข INSPIRATORY โOFF SWITCHโ
โข OTHER NEURAL SIGNALS CONTROLLING
RESPIRATION
3. TYPES OF RESPIRATION
I SPONTANEOUS OR AUTOMATIC โ
CONTROL BY NEURON GROUPS IN MEDULLA & PONS
II VOLUNTARY CONTROL BY HIGHER CENTRES-
- UNDER THE CONTROL OF CEREBRAL CORTEX
(by passes the medullary & pontine centres)
- LIMBIC CONTROL SYSTEMS (emotional & painful stimuli)
IMPULSES FROM NON CHEMICAL RECEPTORS
(stretch, pulmonary congestion, irritant & proprioceptors)
4. INNERVATION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RECIPROCAL
INNERVATION:
Motor neurons to
expiratory neurons
are inhibited when
inspiratory neurons
are active & vice versa.
INSPIRATORY NEURONS
EXPIRATORY NEURONS
- VE -VE
6. DIAGRAM OF RESPIRATORY CENTRES
Pneumotaxic centre
4 th Ventricle
? Apneustic centre
Dorsal respiratory group
Ventral Respiratory group
7. MEDULLARY CENTRES
DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP (DRG)
Location:
Bilaterally mostly in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius( NTS) &
lesser in Reticular system. Afferents of X th & IX th nerve
RHYTHMIC DISCHARGE:
Repititive burstโs of inspriratory neuronal potentials
Signals relayed from - Peripheral chemoreceptors
- Baroreceptors
- Other Lung receptors
8. INSPIRATORY โRAMPโ SIGNAL
RATE OF INCREASE OF โRAMPโ SIGNAL
Signal to diaphragm is not an instantaneous burst
Steady increase in action potential forming a ramp
2 qualities of the โRAMPโ
-RATE OF INCREASE OF โRAMPโ SIGNAL
- LIMITING POINT OF THE โRAMPโ
earlier ramp ceases โ Frequency of respiration
9. PONTINE CENTRES
PNEUMOTAXIC CENTRE
Dorsal in Nucleus
Parabrachialis of upper pons.
Functions
LIMITS INSPIRATION
Increases rate of Respiration
โ INSPIRATORY OFF SWITCHโ
(IOS)
? APNEUSTIC CENTRE
Lower pons
Functions
Inhibits the IOS
Results in deeper prolonged
inspiration โAPNEUSISโ
Seen in lower animals
11. VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP
5 mm anterolateral to the DRG rostrally in nucleus
Ambiguus & nucleus Retroambiguus.
Functions:
- Inactive in normal respiration
- Signals spill over from DRG during increase in
pulmonary ventilation
- Expiratory neurons active during heavy respiration
13. OTHER INFLUENCES ON RESPIRATORY CENTRES
I HERING-BREUER INFLATION REFLEX:
Stretch Receptors Vagi DRG
Feedback signal (Like Pneumotaxic centre)
โSWITCH OFFโ Respiratory rate
Tidal Volume must be thrice the normal for this reflex to work
II HERING BREUER DEFLATION REFLEX
14. OTHER NEURAL SIGNALS CONTROLLING
RESPIRATION
Higher centres โ Cortex to respiratory neurons via
corticospinal tract. โOndineโs curse.โ
Limbic System- Emotion influencing respiration.
J receptors โ Congestion in lung leading to dyspnoea.
Irritant Receptors โ Coughing, sneezing leading to
hyperpnoea and dyspnoea.
15. OTHER NEURAL SIGNALS CONTROLLING
RESPIRATION
โข Proprioceptors
Influences the level and timing of respiratory activity.
โข Chest wall stretch receptors
Tendon organs of the muscles have an inhibiting
effect on inspiration.
โข Baroceptors
Increased BP reflexly inhibits respiration
โข Thermoreceptors
Increased temperature increases respiration.
16. REFERENCES
โข GUYTON & HALL, TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL
PHYSIOLOGY
โข GANONGโS, REVIEW OF MEDICAL
PHYSIOLOGY