This document discusses the significance of nematodes in international trade of agricultural commodities. It begins by outlining the aims of plant quarantine to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests and regulate noxious weeds. It then provides examples of how nematodes have spread internationally through trade pathways. The document discusses India's Plant Quarantine Order of 2003 and amendments, which aims to facilitate trade while managing pest risks. It also outlines definitions, procedures, and the roles of various organizations in ensuring phytosanitary compliance for imports and exports.

1. Significance of Nematodes in
International Trade of
Agricultural Commodities
by
Vikas Bamel

2. Aims of Plant Quarantine
1. To prevent introduction and spread of QPs and
RNQPs
2. To prevent the economic losses to useful plant
resources (agrihorticultural and forestry)
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To meet above aims PQ carries out inspection of plants
(crops) and plant products (including seeds, scion,
rootstocks, bulbs, fruits, vegetables, food grains, feed
stocks, dried hay, spices, wood etc.) and prohibit or
restrict international or domestic movement

3. Quarantine Pest
• A pest of potential economic importance to the
area endangered
• Not yet present there
• Present but not widely distributed, and
• Being officially controlled
(Definition of FAO)

4. Glaring Examples of International
Spread of Nematodes
• Potato cyst nematodes Peru World over
• Soybean cyst nematode Japan USA
• Stem & Bulb nematode Europe World over
• White tip nematode-rice ? Most Asia
• Pine wilt nematode USA Japan
• Burrowing nematode Sri Lanka India

5. Destructive Insects and Pests
Act, 1914
Amended through notifications
from time to time

6. •Plants, Fruits and Seeds (Regulations of Import
into India) Order 1984 or in short PFS Order 1984
• Revised to accommodate provisions of New Policy on
Seed Development of GOI 1988 and the New order was
called as PFS Order 1989
• Revised to meet the requirements of WTO agreement
on application of SPS measures. The present order is
called Plant Quarantine ( Regulations of Import into
India) Order 2003 or in short PQ Order 2003
DIP Act 1914
Revisions/ Amendments

7. PQ Order 2003- Definitions
• Germplasm: A collection of seed or planting
material representing individual plant species/
variety that may be held in a repository or
collected from wild and to be utilised for crop
improvement.
• Plant: Any plant or part thereof whether dead or
living and includes herbs, shrubs, trees, saplings,
cuttings, grafts, buds, suckers, rhizomes, corms,
cormlets, tissue cultures, transgenics and
germplasm

8. Definitions …….contd
Import: Bringing into any part or place of territory of
Republic of India any kind of seed or plant /plant product
from a place outside India either by sea, land, air or across
any custom frontier
Point of entry:Any seaport, airport, land border checkpost
or rail station, river port, container freight station as
envisaged under schedule I which is increased from 59 in
PFS order 1989 to 130 in PQ Order 2003
• For all germplasm- New Delhi
• Seeds & Planting material- Delhi, Kolkota, Chennai,
Mumbai, Amritsar airports only

9. SOME NEW FEATURES OF PQ ORDER 2003
• Restriction imposed on import of packing material of
plant origin unless treated as per prescribed standards
• Provisions included in regulating imports of
- Soil, peat, sphagnum moss
- Germplasm, GMOs, transgenic material for research
- Live insects, microbial cultures and biocontrol agents
- Import of timber, wood logs etc.
• Prohibition on import of consignments with 31 alien weeds
• Notified ports of entry and increased from 59 to 130

10. Amendments in PQ Order 2003
1. Revising quarantine pest list
2. Incorporation of ISPM-15
3. Recognition of irradiation treatments
4. Pest-free areas and cold treatments for fruit flies
5. Revision of crops under schedule V (392 crops)
and Schedule VI (347 crops)

11. Plant Quarantine Order 2003
• Quarantine pests listed = 600 species
• Quarantine Weeds notified = 31 species
• Quarantine nematodes = 15 species
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Inadvertently introduced pests = 30
Domestic plant quarantine against = 9
Insect pests-4, Nematodes-1, Fungi-2, Viruses-2

12. Min. of Agric.
DAC DARE
Plant Protection Division ICAR
NBPGR
Dir. Pl. Prot. Quar. & Storage
Pl. Prot. Adviser to GOI
Jt. Dir. (Incharge PQ)
New Delhi
NPQS
Mumbai Kolkota Chennai Amritsar
Plant Quarantine
Delhi & Hyderabad
RPQS PQS

13. International Plant Protection
Convention (IPPC)
• International cooperation is essential for effective
enforcement of PQ
• Member countries cooperate in conducting export PQ
services
• Issuing Phytosanitary certificate as per FAO guidelines
• Exchanging information on outbreaks of pests
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Most countries are either signatories of Rome convention or
follow its mandate

14. The Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement
• The SPS Agreement was part of WTO (1995)
• SPS measures are defined as any measure applied
within the territory of the Member State to protect
plants/ animals/ humans from the risks of pests,
disease carrying/ causing organisms and humans or
animals from risks arising from contaminants, toxins,
additives or disease causing organisms in food,
beverages or feedstuff.
Major elements of SPS agreement
1. Transparency in acts to avoid unfair trading practices
2. Reduction of arbitrariness
3. Measures to provide appropriate protection

15. Pest Risk Analysis (PRA)
• Identification of pest for its categorization
• Definition of the PRA area
• Distribution of the pest and official country program
within the PRA area
• Potential of the pest for its establishment and spread
in the PRA area
• Economic impact in the PRA area
• Endangered area

16. PATHWAYS FOR MOVEMENT
OF PESTS
• Natural pathways
- Hurricanes, Wind, Rains, Running water
- Living vectors other than man
• Man made pathways
– Exchange of plants & planting material for research
as well as for trade
– Inter-state movement
– Germplasm collection, evaluation

17. Components of PQ programs
• To prevent introduction of pests of PQ and
economic importance
• To reduce pest risk to an acceptable level
• To contain, suppress and eradicate the
recently introduced pest in a area
• To provide assistance to exporters of plants
/plant products in meeting PQ requirements

18. Requirements of Quarantine Programs:
Common Features
• Embargo- Specify prohibitions on certain crops/ regions
• Grant exceptions to prohibitions for scientific uses
• Require import permits
• Require Phytosanitary certificates from exporting
country as per FAO guidelines
• Inspection and treatment prior to export
• Prescribe treatments on arrival
• Prescribe post-entry quarantine isolation growing

19. GLOBAL TRADE OF AGRICULTURAL
COMMODITIES
• BULK QUANTITY > 2 KG
– For planting/ propagation viz., Custom seed
production, commercial planting
– For consumption- as grains, fresh vegetables & fruits,
oil extraction, other uses
• SMALL QUANTITY AS GERMPLASM
– For research/ experimental purposes viz., breeding
HYV, pest resistant lines, improving quality traits,
etc.
ALL ARE POTENTIAL SOURCE AS PATHWAYS
FOR INTRODUCING EXOTIC NEMATODE PESTS

20. Global Agricultural Production
Crop World MT India MT (% of world)
Rice/ paddy 608496300 124400000 (20.4 %)
Wheat 624093300 72060000 (11.5 %)
Maize 705293200 14000000 (02.0 %)
Barley 155114600 1370000 (01.0 %)
Sorghum 60224960 6500000 (10.8 %)
Potatoes 328865900 25000000 (07.6 %)
Vegetables 855074400 37740000 (04.4 %)
Fruits 497437200 46971300 (09.4 %)
Mangoes 26286260 10800000 (41.0 %)

21. Global Agricultural Production
Crop World MT India MT (% of world)
Pulses 61310170 14600000 (23.8 %)
Soybean 206409500 7000000 (03.4 %)
Onion 53591280 5500000 (10.2 %)
Garlic 14048050 500000 (03.5 %)
Peanut 36057280 7500000 (20.8 %)
Peas (dry) 12144580 800000 (06.6 %)
Pigeon pea 3244785 2430000 (74.8 %)
Lentil 3842233 1100000 (28.6 %)
Sesame seed 3157062 800000 (25.3 %)

22. India’s Foreign Trade
• Exports: As %age of GDP has gone up from
9.4% in 2001-2002 to 10.3% in 2002-2003
• Imports: As %age of GDP has gone up from
12% in 2001-2002 to 12.8% in 2002-2003
• Trade deficit: As %age of GDP has come down
from 2.6% in 2001-2002 to 2.5% in 2002-2003
• In world trade India’s share increased
from 0.7% in 2000 to 0.8% in 2003
• Currently India is 31 st leading exporter in world
24 th leading importer in world

23. India’s trade (exports and imports) during 2000-2004
(Rupees in Crores)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year Exports Growth Imports Growth Trade deficit
rate (%) rate (%)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2000-01 2035712 7.60 230873 7.30 -27302
2001-02 209018 2.70 245200 6.20 -36182
2002-03 255137 22.06 297206 21.21 -42069
2003-04 291582 14.28 353976 19.10 -62394
__________________________________________________________
Source: Economic Division, Department of Commerce based on DGCI&S data for imports and exports

24. Agricultural Commodities: Trade Barriers
Several Measures Control the Imports and Exports
of Agricultural Commodities
1. Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs)
– QPs and RNQPs
– Pesticide residues
– Mycotoxins and other contaminants
2. Tariffs like Excise duty, Import duty
Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) and IPPC are
developing scientifically acceptable harmonized
sanitary and phytosanitary measures

25. Nematodes as QPs and RNQPs
1. Aphelenchoides arachidis = Peanut testa nematode
2. A. besseyi = White tip nematode
3. A. fragariae = Bud and leaf nematode
4. A. ritzemabosi = Foliar nematode
5. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus = Pine wood
nematode and its vector Monochamus alternatus
in Japan and M. carolinensis in North America
6. Ditylenchus destructor = Potato rot nematode
7. D. Dipsaci = Stem and bulb nematode

26. Nematodes as QP and RNQPs
8. Globodera rostochiensis & G. pallida = Potato cyst
nematodes
9. Heterodera glycines = Soybean cyst nematode
10. Heterodera goettingiana = Pea cyst nematode
11. Heterodera humuli = Hop cyst nematode
12. Heterodera schachtti = Sugarbeet cyst nematode
13. Globodera tabacum = Tobacco cyst nematode
14. Radopholus citrophilus = Citrus burrowing
nematode
15. Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus = Coconut reed ring
nematode and its vector Rhyncophorus palmarum

27. Import of major agricultural commodities
(Value in US $ Million)
Agricultural commodity Imports during April to March Growth (%)
2002-2003 2003-2004
Cereals and preparations 24.50 19.18 -21.73
Rice 0.23 0.04 -83.92
Wheat 0.00 0.05 --
Other cereals 0.14 0.42 205.81
Preparations 24.13 18.66 -22.66
Cashew nuts 255.45 298.53 16.87
Fruits and nuts 132.61 177.47 33.83
Pulses 565.57 489.90 -13.38
Tea 25.89 14.04 -45.77
Spices 121.18 126.64 4.51
Oil seeds 2.37 3.02 --
Jute raw 27.85 10.80 -61.22

28. Major Markets of Indian Agricultural Exports
• Floriculture & Seeds: USA-21%, Philippines-15%, Japan-11%,
Netherlands-9%, Germany-6%, Others-38%
• Processed fruits & Vegetables: USA-14%, Saudi Arab-11%,
Bangladesh-11%, UK-6%, UAE-6%, others-52%
• Other processed foods: USA-21%, Philippines-15%, Japan-11%,
Netherlands-9%, Germany-6%, Others-38%
• SA-19%, Indonesia-12%,UAE-7%,UK-6%, Malaysia--6%, Others-
51%
• Fresh fruits & Vegetables: UAE-18%, Malaysia-11%, Sri Lanka-
8%, Bangladesh-11%, UK-7%, Others-45%
• Cereals: Philippines-15%, Bangladesh-15%, Saudi Arab-14%, South
Africa-9%, Indonesia-9%, Others-38%

29. Nematodes as NTMs in Exports from India
Anguina tritici
Aphelenchoides besseyi
Ditylenchus angustus
Globodera pallida, G. rostochiensis
Heterodera avenae, H. Cajani, Heterodera zeae
Meloidogyne incognita, M javanica
Rotylenchulus reniformis
Radopholus similis
Tylenchulus semipenetrans

30. National Bureau of Plant Genetic
Resources
For germplasm/research material/transgenic
planting material
Nodal agency for
• issue of import permit
• quarantine processing
• issue of Phytosanitary Certificate

31. Significant Interceptions in Germplasm
(not yet reported from India)
Nematode intercepted Host plant Country from
Cyst nematode Sugarbeet Germany, Italy
Stem & Bulb nematode Onion , Garlic France, USA
Flower bulbs Netherlands
Hop cyst nematode Hops (plants) Australia
Red ring nematode Coconut (husk) Guyana
Yam nematode Yam tubers USA

32. Nematological Research Areas to
Promote Agricultural Exports
• Identification and mapping of PFA
• Standardizing sampling and detection methods for
issuance of Phytosanitary Certificate
• Nematode management in organic farming system
• Strategic research for nematode disinfestations
– HWT, VHT
– Electron beam irradiation
– Other physical methods

33. Plant quarantine is a filter
and
not a barrier

34. Thank you