Neha assudani B.Sc. Interior Design ( Residential Design Portfolio)

INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN
PORTFOLIO
Neha Assudani
I year Diploma, B.Sc. Interior Design
Dezyne E’cole College, India
www.dezyneecole.com

Project report on
Residential Design
Submitted to
Dezyne E’cole college
towards the partial fulfillment for
the award of Diploma in
Interior Design as
Technical Knowledge Development of
Residential Space Planning
included with the
Bachelor Degree program of Interior Design
By
Neha Assudani
Dezyne E’cole College
Civil lines, Ajmer, India
www.dezyneecole.com
2014-2017

The Project of Ms. Neha Assudani has been checked and has been graded as
Thanking You
Principal
(Seal & Signature)
Dezyne E’cole College
Civil Lines, Ajmer
www.dezyneecole.com

The Project “Residential Space Planning” Has Enlightened Me About Various Aspects Of
Planning A Residential Building.
I Give My Sincere Thanks To Dezyne E’cole College And To My Mentors Who Gave Me The
Opportunity To Know About The Various Aspects Of Residential Space Planning And Helped Me
In Preparing The Project.
Neha Assudani
B.SC – Interior Design
Acknowledgment

INTRODUCTION
To Be Creative Is Part Of The Human Psyche. It Is One Of Those Traits That Set Us Apart From Other Animal Species,
And We Have Practiced It For Millennia. Even When Our Prime Need Was To Find Food And Shelter, We Felt A Desire
To Leave Our Mark On The Environments That We Inhabited. Whether This Was To Satisfy Some Deep Spiritual Calling
Or A Method Of Passing On Vital Knowledge To Follow Group Members, Or Whether It Was Simply A Way For An
Individual To Satisfy An Urge To Leave His Mark For Future Generation, We Will Never Know. For Just As Long, People
Have Turned Inquisitive Minds To Ways Of Solving Problems And Dealing With The Issues That Have Faced Them In
The Struggle To Survive, Problems Such As How To Work More Efficiently, How To Live More Comfortably And How To
Be Safe From Danger.
Today, These Primitive And Fundamental Indicators Of Human Nature May Be Expressed In More Sophisticated And
Developed Ways, But The Primal Simplicity Of Our Human Desire To Make A ‘Better’ And More Comfortable World
For Ourselves Is Evidenced Through, Amongst Other Things, How We Organize The Spaces. That We Inhabit, And The
Aesthetic That We Make For Them. As We Have Become More Affluent And Blessed With More Leisure Time, Style
Has Become More Important To Us And Is Something With Which We Want To Imbue Our Homes. But ‘Style’ Is A Very
Personal Notion, So Why Should Anyone Look To Employ Someone Else, An Interior Designer, To Tell Them What Is
Right? Why, For That Matter, Should You As A Designer Presume To Impose Your Ideas Upon A Space That Isn’t Your
Own?

The Answer Is This: Interior Design Is About So Much More Than ‘What Looks Right’. It Is About Taking A Holistic
View Of The Way That Individuals Use And Enjoy That Spaces That They Inhabit. It Is About Finding And Creating A
Cohesive Answer To Set Of Problems And Dressing The Solution So As To Unify And Strengthen Our Experience Of The
Space. Many People Understand This And That They Do Not Have The Necessary Skills To Tackle The Job Themselves.
And So There Is The Need For Professional Interior Designers.
Good Interior Design Adds A New Dimension To A Space. It Can Increase Our Efficiency In The Day We Go About Our
Daily Lives And It Adds Depth, Understanding And Meaning To The Built Environment. Thoughtful And Well Crafted
Design Makes A Space Easier To Understand And Experiencing Such A Space Lifts The Spirit, Too. It Is, Therefore, Not
Just About The Aesthetic It Is A Practical And Philosophical Design.
Beautiful Spaces Betray A Logical And Rational Questioning of The Status Quo And Can Be An Honest Attempt To Find
New And Exciting Way To Lead Our Lives. Planners Are often Asked To Make Estimates of Space Needs Before Having
An Opportunity To Make Policies Or Detailed Plans For Operations. Here The Interior Designer Studies About The
Space And Its Surrounding Influences On It , Like Orientation of The Space ,Daylighting, Ventilation, HVAC ,Lighting,
Landscaping All Depending On The Personality of The Space. These Then Lead To Development of The Structural
Features of The Building As It Influences The Utilization of The Space.

Interior Decorators On The Other Hand Generally Work With Existing Spaces That Do Not Require Physical Alteration.
Through The Use of Color ,Light And Surface Finish , They Will Transform The Look of The Space, Perhaps Making It
Suitable To Function In A Different Way From That For Which It Was Originally Designed , But With Very Little Or No
Change To The Structure of The Building. The Scope of The Projects Undertaken Will Vary From The Purely Decorative
. To Ones Where A Great Deal of Structural Change Is Required To Meet The Brief. An Interior Designer Will
Completely Handle The Space Planning And Creation of Decorative Scheme At The Same Time As Considering Major
Structural Changes. Lets Understand The Work of An Interior Designer.

1. Interior Design As A Skill Branch:
Building Engineering Was A Pioneer Design Field Out Of Which Many Specialties Like Architecture, Civil
Engineering And Interior Designing Have Separated . All These Skills Deal With Buildings Using Many Common
Materials And Techniques . Interior Design As A Result Has Certain Affinity To Architecture . In Recent Years
Many Other Design Skills Like Urban Design, Town Planning, Mass Or Public Housing, Landscape Architecture
Etc. Have Merged From Architecture . In Future Many Other Skills May Also Emerge From Interior Design.
2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer . However Buildings
Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated Several Times . Architects Or Building
Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or
Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled ‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And
Outside . The Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But Undertake
Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-smiths, Guilders, Glass
Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors, Mural Makers Were Associated With The
Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All These Services Were Handled By A Person , The Interior
Decorator Interior Decoration Was A Service For The Building But Always Was Distinct From The Architect From
The Architecture Or Building Engineering. Interior Decorator Was Neither A Variant, Nor Subservient To The
Architect.

3. Interior Decorator To Interior Designer:- Interior Decorator Worked As A Facilitator, Scheduling And
Coordinating The Activities While Supervising The Quality Of Various Vendors. The Interior Decorator
Now Even Offered Comprehensive Design Solutions With Alternative To Their Clients. Interior
Decoration Became A Well- Documented Strategy, Serving Two Basic Purpose.
• It Helped Creation Of A Functional System By Coordinating Skills, Materials And Objects Sourced
From Different Agencies.
• It Showed The User Of Client, In Advance, The Solution, In A Respective Form A Surrogate.
Once The First Objective Was Achieved Without Being Continuously Present On The Site It Was Possible
For The Interior In Charge Person To Devote More Tome And Attention To The Second Objective. The
Interior Decorator Began To Play A Very Active Role Of A Professional Interior Designer Rather Than
Being Simply A Site Bound Interior Contractor.
4. Design Studio:- The Interior Designer Now Operated From A Design Office Or Studio, Usually Located
In An Urban Area. The Studio Was Used For Creating Drawings, Sketches, Other Presentations, Models,
Prototypes, Dummies, Cartoon (Replicas Of Artwork In Full Size), Samples Etc. It Contained Samples Of
Materials And Catalogues. The Studio Was A Fixed Location Facility Where Interior Designer Was Able To
Meet Clients, Suppliers And Crafts- Persons.

5. Design+ Execution Practice:- Schematic Documentation Of Design Has Been Very Difficult. And The
Most Irritating Aspect Of Business. Amateur Interior Designers ( Formally Untrained Hobbyists) Lack The
Capacity To Document Their Design Intentions, So Prefer To Work On The Site, Providing Oral
Instructions To Contractor Or Their Workers. Many Interior Designers, Even Today Where Practicable
Would Like To Execute Their Work By Themselves. The Tradition Of Combining Design+ Execution
Persists For Many Reasons.
• Interior Components Require Complex Details And Materials For Their Sensorial Qualities. These Are
Difficult To Present Through Formal Design Documentation, And Must Be Effected Only Through
Personal Involvement.
• Interior Designing Involves Improvisation. The Coordinated Effect Can Be Achieved Only When
Components Or Systems Are Substantially Produced By The Designers Themselves.
• Amateur Or Untrained Interior Designers Do Not Have Such Proficiencies.
6. Forms Of Interior Design Practices:-today Many Different Forms Of Interior Design Practices Exist
Ranging From:
PURE DESIGN (Design Only).
Design + supply.
Design + supply + execution.

7. Interior Design and other Design Professions:- Interior design like any other design profession, is an
interdependent profession. Interior designers work in conjunction with other design professionals, who need
interior design contribution in their work, such as Architects, Building Engineers, Landscape designers , Furniture
and Product designers, Exhibition and Event managers. Interior designers also use expertise of other professionals
for their work. These include Environmental Engineers, Ecologists, Furnishing experts, Textile designers, Painters,
Sculptors, and an array of crafts persons.
8. Specialization in Interior Design:- Interior designers like other professionals also face a dilemma, should they
specialize or be a generalist? To become a specialist one needs to limit the work to projects of particular nature.
But it is very difficult to get projects to suit a predefined field of specialization. In reality, as and when
opportunities arise, a designer preferences project that builds up the specific sphere of experience. The refined
capability can then be used for handling similar but complex jobs.
Acute specialization in a particular field also leads to generalization, as one handles only one or few types of
projects. Interior designers by handling only specific projects achieve an expertise in the field, but gradually lose
the capacity to handle other projects. Whereas a generalist , by handling all sorts of projects, perhaps gains a
wider experience, economics of scale (turnover), but at compromised quality.
Some degree of specialization is becoming apparent in Interior Design. Some of the major fields to have distinct
identities within the ambit of Interior

Designers Beyond Their Role Of Furnishers Are Also Ideal As Maintenance, Persons And Operators Of Buildings.
Large Organizations (Hotels, Guest Houses, Corporate Head Offices, Museums, Showrooms, Departmental
Stores) Have Estates, Substantially Consisting Of Buildings, Furniture, Furnishings, Plants, Equipment, Utilities,
Gardens And Landscaped Lands. Interior Design Turning Today Includes Design Drafting And Presentation
Technologies In Digital Media. Interior Designers With Competence In Computerized Drafting (AUTOCAD) 3D
Modelling, Animation, Walk Through, Rendering, Etc. Find Employment In Many Other Design Fields. Interior
Design Training Consists Of Colour, Rendering, Graphics And Presentation Techniques, Preparing Them For The
Diversion To Graphics Related Fields, Like Artworks, Advertising, Cinematography, Exhibitions, Publicity, Etc.

RESIDENTIAL DESIGN
Design should be planned according to our clients need. It has to be functional so that the
client can utilize each and every space without any hardwork he/she can enjoy his/her time
spent their and express himself/herself. Design should work according to the client and not he.

Here Are Some Of The Steps To Be Followed Are Google Maps
Locate Your Site On The Google Maps
It is a very important resource of information. It provides detailed information about the facilities
available around our site. It helps us to get information in a short span of time.

SITE CONTOURS
Contours maps provide valuable info about the topography of the area , whether it is flat, undulating or
mountainous the nature of the ground surface of an area can be understood by studying a contour map.

SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS
Savitri College
Road
Proposed Site
Residential Zone
Ajmer Hospital
 Distance from Railway Station-2.5 km
 Distance from Bus Stop-1 km
Savitri College
Proposed
Site
Residential Zone
Ajmer Hospital
R.T.D.C
R.T.D.C
SPECIFICATIONS:-
R.T.D.C
Location Of The Site , Site Analysis , Site And Its Surrounding Are First Undertaken.
Site Analysis Is The Process Of Surveying Or Studying The Existing Environment And How It Will Influence The Structural
Design And Layout On The Site. Site Analysis Must Be Completed First Before Design Development Commences.

ACCESSIBILITY TO THE SITE
The main entrances and the main road abutting the site is very important for any kind of project
NORTH
Entrance Of My Site Is North Facing

The Connectivity To The Main Roads And Other Sub-roads
The Distance From The Major Landmarks Such As
• Shopping centers:-1.2 km
• Railway stations :-2.5 km
• Bus stand:-1 km
• Dimensions of the site :-50’x54’
• Area of the site:-2700 sq.ft

MAJOR LANDMARKS
After spotting the major landmarks , analyze the site. It is essential to know as to what kind of impact.
Savitri College
Proposed
Site
Residential Zone
Ajmer Hospital
R.T.D.C
R.T.D.C

ORIENTATION OF THE SITE
First Of All We Need To Pay Attention To
The Direction Of The Sun And Its
Movement In The Four Directions.
If We Ay Attention To The Diagram Of
Sun’s Movement We See The Sun Rises
From East And The Color Of The Sun’s
Light At That Time Is Tender Yellow, The
Whole South Direction Is Completely
Lighted Up Throughout The Day And Is
The Most Hot Direction But At The Same
Time The Cool Wind Blows From East-
east Because Of Which The House Will
Have More Sunlight And Air.
NORTH
SOUTH
WEST EAST
WINTER SUN
SUMMER SUN
INTENSE SUN
Preferred Zone
For Building
Orientation
Acceptable
QUADRANT Of
Windows
orientation
TOTAL SHADE

ORIENTATION OF THE SITE
NORTH
SOUTH
WESTEAST
In every plan orientation is must to be paid
attention to. If the building is properly
oriented the each part of the building is
well lighted up and has proper ventilation.
This reduces the use of artificial lighting in
buildings.
With the help of orientation we can decide
where to place the windows and doors in
our plan and can decide which room has to
be placed where according to the sunlight
and ventilation required by them.
Appropriate orientation is east-West
orientation.
But according to my plan I had taken the
North-South orientation.

CLIMATOLOGY FACTORS
Climate Can Be Sub-divided Into Two
Major Divisions
1. Macro Climate
2. Micro Climate
We Have To Study The Micro
Climate And Macro Climate Structure
Climatology Is The Branch Which Deals
With The Climate And Changes
Throughout The Year Of The Weather.
Macro Climate Of India:
Location Of India In The World Is
“Northeast” Direction .
Longitude Of India 88° To 90°
Latitude Of India 8° To 37°
The Whole India Has A Tropical
Monsoon Climate, Since The Greater
Part Of The Country Lies Within The
Tropics.
map
23 ½ ° N 23 ½ ° N

MACRO CLIMATE
Climate And Temperature Of Ajmer:
• Ajmer Has A Typical Desert Climate And
Hot And Arid.
• Summers Are Hot With Maximum
Temperature Near 40°c While The
Minimum Is Nearly 28°c.
• Winters Are Chilly With Minimum
Temperature Of 5°c.
• Longitude Of Ajmer 74°42’ North.
• Latitude Of Ajmer 26°27’ East.

MICRO CLIMATE
Setting And Site Layout Followed By
Landscaping Can Improve The
Microclimate Around A Building, Taking
Advantage Of Existing Topographical
Feature, Adjacent Buildings And
Vegetation For Solar Protection. Good
Site Layout Can Also Take Grater
Advantage Of Local Breezes By The
Formation Of Air Funnels And Also Aid
Natural Ventilation By Staggering Oh
The Building Layout.
The Presence Of Water And Vegetation
On The Site Can Also Be Used For
Natural Cooling. Good Site Layout Can
Reduce Cooling Loads Appreciably By
Optimizing Natural Solar Protection And
Local Breezes.
Elements Of Site Design That Can Be
Used For Efficient Natural Cooling
Include Landscaping, Orientation To Sun
And Wind, Building Shape And Planning
And Natural Ventilation.

SUSTAINABILITY FACTORS
For any design to be efficient, we need to focus on following parameters:
• Energy Efficiency
• Water Efficiency
• Material Efficiency

DAYLIGHT
Energy efficiency
Daylighting Of A Building Can Increase Productivity And Decrease Sick Time.
General Benefits:-
• Improve The Quality Of Light In A Space.
• Reduce The Amount Of Electricity.
• Provides Tremendous Psychological Benefit To Building Occupants.
• Fluctuating Light Levels Influence Even Our Hormones Level And Biological Rhythm.
• Daylight Have Psychological Effect And Physiological.
• Reduce Use Of Artificial Lights.
• Tall Windows Should Be Placed In North Direction.
• Wide Windows Should Be Placed In East, South And West Direction.

N
N
Tall windows are given in North side so as
to receive maximum light into the room
and makes room lighted up naturally as
no sunrays enter from north direction.
Wide windows are given in South and
West side to receive only sunlight and not
the glare of sun. And wide window also
provides a better view.
Energy efficiency

Top View
Time:10:00 AM
Isometric View
Time:10:00 AM
Time:12:00 PM
Time:12:00 PM Time:14:00 PM
Time:14:00 PM
Daylight through skylight
Energy efficiency

Perforated Corners
If the corners are perforated the room look big in size because corners are
dissolved.
Energy efficiency

VENTILATION
Energy efficiency
Ventilation May Be Defined As Supply Of Fresh Outside Air Into An Enclosed Space Or The Removal
Of Inside Air From The Enclosed Space. Ventilation is done through two ways wind effect and stack
effect.
Ventilation Is Necessary For Following Reasons:-
• Creation Of Air Movement.
• Prevention Of Undue Accumulation Of Carbon Dioxide.
• Proper Growth Of Hormones And Biological Rhythm.
For proper ventilation their must have 10 times air exchange in one hour. Cross Ventilation take
place till 45ft without any mechanical means.

VENTILATION DUE TO WIND EFFECT
Energy efficiency

VENTILATION DUE TO STACK EFFECT
Inlet Inlet
Outlet Outlet
Outlet Outlet
Inlet Inlet
Energy efficiency

WIND PRESSURE AND SUCTION ZONE
(a) a>30 (b) a<30 (c) Flat Roof
Suction
Zone
Pressure Zone Pressure Zone Pressure Zone
Suction Zone
Energy efficiency

RAINWATER HARVESTING
Rain Water Harvesting : It Is Also Another Important Factor Of Building Envelope.
Landscaping, Water Body, Heat Insulated Material, Cavity Wall Are Use To Control Air
And Heat. Rainwater Harvesting Is A Technique Used For Collecting, Storing And Using
Rainwater For Landscape Irrigation And Other Uses.
Water Efficiency
Rain water Tank
Soil absorbs rain water from the tank
and ground water table increases.
Rain water
Soil
Concrete flooring

LANDSCAPING
Material efficiency
Landscaping can improve the microclimate in both summer and winter,
providing shading, evaporate cooling and wind channeling in summer, or
shelter in winter. Vegetation absorbs large amounts of solar radiation in
summer helping to keep the air and ground beneath cool while
evapotranspiration can further reduce temperatures.

BRICK AND STONE
Material efficiency
A knowledge about building material help
us to design better houses . Presenting my
learning skill in subsequent slides.

BRICK AND STONE
Material efficiency
1
2 3
Constructionof brick units
bondedtogether with
mortar is termed as brick
masonry.
Brick bonding: on account
of their uniform size and
shape, the bricks can be
arrangedin a variety of
patternsgiving rise to
differenttypes of bonds
Different types of brick
bonding are as follows:
1.English bond: This bond
consists of alternate course
of headers and stretchers.
2.Flemish bond: In this
arrangementof bonding
brick work, each course
consists of alternate headers
and stretchers.
3.Header bond: In this
arrangementof bonding,all
the bricks are laid as
headers.

BRICK AND STONE
Material efficiency
4
5
76
stretchers.
6.Herring -bone bond: In
this bricks are laid in course
inclined at 45: in two
directionsfrom center.
7.Zig – zag bond: This is
similar to herring – bon bond
with the only difference that in
the case the bricks are laid in a
zig-zagfashion. This is
commonly adoptedin brick
paved flooring.
4. Stretcher bond: In this
type of bonding, all the bricks
are laid as stretchers. This
bond is also known as running
bond.
5.Diagonal bond :In this
bondthe bricks are placed end
to end in such a way that
extreme corners of the series
remain in contact with

BRICK AND STONE
Material efficiency

SITE SERVICES
Study of services on site is also very important they are
• Water supply
• Electricity lines
• Drainage lines
I have included them in later project

Parts Of A Building
1. Foundation:- It Is The Lowest Part Of The Structure Below The Ground Level Which Is In Direct
Contact With The Ground And Transmits All The Dead, Live And The Other Loads To The Soil On
Which The Structure Rests.
2. Plinth:- The Portion Of The Building Between The Ground Surrounding The Building And The Top Of
The Floor Immediately Above The Ground Is Known As Plinth.
3. Walls:- Walls Are Provided To Enclose Or Divide The Floor Space In Desired Pattern. Walls Provide
Privacy, Security And Give Protection Against Sun, Rain, Cold And Other Adverse Effects Of Weather.
4. Column:- It May Be Defined As An Isolated Vertical Load Bearing Member The Width Of Which Is
Neither Less Than Its Thickness Nor More Than Four Times Its Thickness.

Parts Of A Building
5. Floors:- Floors Are Flat Supporting Elements Of A Building. They Divide A Building Into Different
Levels Thereby Creating More Accommodation On A Given Plot Of Land.
6. Doors, Windows & Ventilators:- A Door May Be Defined As A Barrier Secured In An Opening Left In A
Wall To Provide Usual Means Of Access To A Building, Room Or Passage. A Window May Be Defined
As An Opening Left In A Wall For The Purpose Of Providing Daylight, Vision And Ventilation.
7. Stair:- A Stair May Be Defined As A Structure Comprising Of A Number Of Steps Connecting One
Floor To Another. The Stair Must Be Constructed In Such A Manner That It Is Safe And Comfortable
To Use And It Should Be So Located As To Permit Easy Communication.

Parts Of A Building
8. Roof:- It Is The Uppermost Component Of A Building And Its Main Function Is To Cover The Space
Below And Protect It From Rain, Snow, Sun, Wind.
9. Building Finishes:- A Building Is Considered Incomplete Till Such Time The Surface Of Its Component
Is Given Appropriate Treatment. Building Finishes Include Plastering, Pointing, White/Color Washing,
Painting, Varnishing, Distempering. The Building Finishes Not Only Protect The Surface From Adverse
Effect Of Weather But Also Provide Decorative Effect.
10. Building Services:- Building Services Include Services Like Water Supply, Drainage, Sanitation,
Lighting, Electricity, Accoustics, Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, Fire Detection And Fire
Control.

BUILDING BYELAWS
Building Bye Laws Consist Of Certain Rules And Regulation Framed By A Municipal Or Town Planning
Or Urban Development Board To Control The Development Of Area Under Its Jurisdiction.
• All Mandatory Plan Regulation Regarding Use, Land Use, Coverage, Set-back And Open Space.
The Minimum Set Backs To Be Leave In A Building Should Be From Front Is 10’ From Both The
Side And Back 3’ To 5’.
• Number Of Stories And Number Of Dwelling Units.
• Parking Standards, Lighting And Ventilation Of Room.
• Distances From Electric Lines And Structural Safety Requirement.
• Size And Height Of Room And Other Requirement Of The Building.
• Fire Protection Requirements Like Fire Proof Door, Emergency Alarm System, Fire Pump, Fire Lift
And Fire Resistance Materials.
• Building Services Which Include Electrical Installations, Air Conditioning, Heating And Plumbing
System Etc.
To Follow Building Bye Laws, We Can Make A Building Which Has Proper Ventilation, Good
Daylighting, Air Circulation, Open Space And Many Other Advantage.

Drawing Specification
Plot Size-300
Sq.Yards(54’x50’)
Plot Area-34’x45’
Set Back -10’ and 3’
Main door-15’
Pillar size-1’6” and 2’
Wall-9”
Parking area-17’x15’
Inside Plot
Set Backs
Pillar
Wall
Main entrance
Set Back
Main entrance
BUILDING BYELAWS
After reading and learning
about building byelaws, I had
left 10’ from the front and from
both the sides and from back 3’
as set back in my plan.
Ventilation and daylighting has
been given the major
importance so that less artificial
sources are used and building
becomes sustainable. Height of
the room is taken as per
standard height i.e. 10’

PLANNING METHODOLOGY
To Plan Any Building We Need To Focus Is Main Things They Are
•Anthropometrics
•Ergonomics
•Space Planning

SPACE PLANNING
Every Human Being Has A Different Personality That Consists Of One Or More Characteristics. Their
Personalities React Differently In Different Environment Or With Different People. Consider A Space
As A Person. Every Space Has Its Own Personality With Several Special Characteristics That Differ By
Projects. These Characters Cause A Space To Interact With Other Spaces In A Certain Manner. These
Characteristics Can Be Categorized As Six Expression Of Human Behavior.
• Leading
• Grouping
• Loner
• Servant
• Watcher
• Outreaching

PRINCIPLE OF PLANNING
LEADING/FOLLOWING:-
LEADING RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURAL BANK THEATRE
Living Room Principal Office Waiting Office Lobby
LEADING
FO
FO
FO
FO

GROUPING :- People Gather For A Certain Purpose, Same Objective , Interest Or Goal. By
Imitating This Characteristics The Spaces That Carry The Same “GROUPING”
Character Gather As A Group These Spaces Are Related To Each Other
For Example – A Living Room Will Prefer A Kitchen To Be Next To It Because
Will Discussing Or Doing Any Other Leisure Activity A Person Love To Eat Food
Or Drink Coffee/Tea. So This Space Needs To Be Next To The Living Room. The
Kitchen Is Generally Known As The Worker Space.
GRGR
GR

A Space That Serves Other Spaces Needs To Be Adjacent To Them But Prefers Not
To Appeal Visually Which Is In Reality , Servant Needs To Be Near To A Master
While Stay Out Of The Site. As Depicted In A Figure A Toilet Space Play The Role Of
A Servant With The Master Bedroom.
SERVANT(Toilet Zone):-
SERVANT
B
L
GR

This Character Affects The Space With Response To Distance From Group. A Person
Who Prefers More Privacy And Avoids Social Conversation And Stays Away From A
Crowd Is Known As A Loner(loner) In Residential Projects Some Clients May Prefers
More Privacy For Their Master Bedroom. So The Loner Can Be Set To Be A Character
Which Keep Distance Away From Certain Spaces , Living Room , Dining Room And
Other Bedrooms.
LONER(Bedroom):-
LO

WATCHER:- This Type Of Character Causes A Space To Locate Beside The Boundary Of The
Project For Attractions In The Environment. It Is Based On The Human Nature That
People Like To Watch Or Get Close To Certain Indication. The Attraction Can Be
Different Type Of Environmental Conditions, Like Views Parks, Lakes Or Parking.
WA
WA
WA

OUTREACHING:- The Space With This Character Locate Near The Entrance Or Corridor For Meeting
Or Activities That Relate To Outreaching Quality. This Type Of Space Represents An
Outgoing Or Sociable Behavior Like Human That Can Represent A Welcome Space In
A Residential Unit.
OR
ENTRANCE

ANTHROPOMETRICS
Anthropometrics Is A Study Of Human Dimension Without Paying Attention To Human Body
Measurement And Developing Or Creating A Design Will Not End Up In The Comfort Zone For
A Client These Dimension Need To Be Considered For The Following Categories:
Male , Female , Child , Teenagers , Old Age And Handicapped.
The Requirement Of All These People As Per The Dimension Varies Because Of Which The
Layout Of The Plan And Space Planning Done Is Also Different. For Example If We Have To
Design For Bling Person, A Person On A Wheel Chair, A Toilet Facility For An Old Person, A
Bedroom For A Teenager Etc All These Points Addressed Have To Attended As Differently As
All These People Require Different Measurement Of Space Utilization.

ERGONOMICS
Ergonomics Means Designing Of Space With The Use Of Anthropometrics Data For Usable Zones.
For Eg: Devising Of Proper Relaxation Chairs While Watching T.V, Selection Of Door Handles For
Opening Doors, The Selection Of Many Other Things Based On Anthropometrics Data.

LIVING ROOM
Anthropometric Planning Papers

Fig1 -Minimum Clearances , Circulation , and Conversation area for Living Rooms
Living Areas
Typical furniture group in the living
and or family rooms are as follows:
1. Primary conversation group:
chairs and sofa grouped around
a fireplace, window or view
2. Secondary conversation group:
chairs and love seat at the end
of room or an the corner
3. Reading groups: chair, ottoman,
lamp table
4. Writing or study group: desk,
lamp, one or two chairs
bookcases
5. Music group: piano, bench
storage space
6. Game group: game table and
four chairs
7. Media group: home
entertainment center and
seating for several people
10’ diameter
converse
section area
To sleeping
area and
main
entrance
To dining
and kitchen
area
30” to use
desk
10’ diameter
converse
section area
To sleeping
area and
main
entrance
To dining
and kitchen
area
30” to use
desk

Secondary Activities
Space Function
Primary and Secondary Activities
that usually take place in Living
Rooms or Space are Follows:
Primary Activities
To Kitchen
36” traffic
way
30” for
Desk
10’ diameter
converse
section area 1. Entertainment
2. Watching television
3. Listening music
4. Reading
5. Writing
6. Studying
7. Relaxing
8. Resting
9. Children's play area
1. Dancing
2. Hobbies and craft
3. Eating
4. Sewing
5. Playing music
6. Parting
7. Using home
computer internet
To kitchen
To sleeping
Entrance
10’ diameter
converse
section area
36” traffic
way
36” for traffic
way
30” for desk
To kitchen
and dining
Entrance
36” traffic
way
30” for
Desk
Entrance
Closet
Main Traffic Through Living Area Main Traffic Through Living Area
Main Traffic by Passes Living Area Main Traffic Through Living Area
10’ diameter
converse
section area
10’ diameter
converse
section area

Furniture Clearances
Fig5 –Recommended Clearances for general access
(2 to 10 Feet) and Limited Access ( 2 Feet)
Fig6 –Recommended Clearances for limited access
between a table and furniture(2 feet)
Fig7 –Recommended Clearances for grouping of seats
for social interaction(8to 10 feet)
Fig8 – space for television viewing. The television set
should be place where the section will not reflect light
and where it can be seen from the main seating group
To issue adequate space for
convenient use of furniture in the
living area the following clearances
should be observed:
1. 60 inches between facing
seating
2. 24 inches where circulation
occurs between furniture
3. 30 inches for desk area
4. 36 inches for main circulation
5. 60 inches between home
entertainment center and
seating
Seating arranged around a 10-
foot diameter circle fig no. 1
makes a comfortable grouping
for conversation. Fig no. 2
indicates clearances, circulation
and conversation areas.
There should be through circulation in this area

KITCHEN

Knee Level 20”
Outward Reach
Left Hand 33””
Waist Level 421/2”
Shoulder Level 54”
Eye Level 62”
Height 66 1/2
Maximum
upward reach 78”
Comfortable
upward reach 75”
Shelves visible
from eye level 62”
Reach downward 28”
(one hand)
Range 36”
Ironing board 35”
bottom of sink 32 1/2
Ironing board 35”
Fig1 –Standard dimensions of kitchen area
The height of a kitchen
workcounter, the proper clearance
between cabinets or appliances for
circulation, the accessibility to
overhead or undercounter storage,
and proper visibility are among the
primary considerations in the
design of cooking spaces. All must
be responsive to human dimension
and body size if the quality of
interface between the user and the
components of the interior space
are to be adequate. In establishing
clearances between counters, the
maximum body breadth and the
depth of the user of large body size
must be taken into account as well
as the projections of appliances.
Refrigerator doors, cabinet
drawers, dish washing machine
doors and cabinet doors all project
to some degree in their open
position into the space within
which the user must circulate and
must be accommodated. Standard
kitchen counter heights
manufactured are all about 36” or
91.4cm.
Figure 1
provides some general
anthropometrics data for
establishing basic height of
cabinetry and appliances above the
floor.

Wall Oven
Min.counterspace
requiredforeither
sideofrange
StandardWidth
Min.counterspace
requiredforeither
sideofrange
StandardWidth
Wall Oven Work zone
Min.counterspace
requiredtoone
sideofOven
A
B
B
F
G
D
H
Range
Line of Hood above Range
Line of wall cabinets above
Min. clearance between appliances
Fig:3- Range Center
A 48 Min. 121.9 Min
B 40 101.6
c 15 38.1 min.
D 21-30 53.3-76.2
E 1-3 38.1 Min
F 15 min. 121.9 Min
G 19.5-46 49.5-116.8
H 12 min. 30.5 Min
I 17.5 max. 44.5 max.
J 96-101.5 243.8-257.8
K 24-27.5 61.0-69.9
L 24-26 61.0-66
M 30 76.2 Min
N 60 Min. 152.4 min.
O 36-36-25 88.9-92.1
P 24 Min. 61.0 Min
Q 35 Max. 88.9 MAX.

P
N
O
Q
Broiler
Range
Standardheight
Wall Oven Work zone
Fig:3- Range Center (Side View)
L
BI
M
B Storage for rarely
Used items only.
Standard Depth
Circulation clearance
Range Work zoneVentilation
Hood
J
K A
Min. clearance between appliancesStandard Depth
Wall Oven
A 48 Min. 121.9 Min
B 40 101.6
c 15 38.1 min.
D 21-30 53.3-76.2
E 1-3 38.1 Min
F 15 min. 121.9 Min
G 19.5-46 49.5-116.8
H 12 min. 30.5 Min
I 17.5 max. 44.5 max.
J 96-101.5 243.8-257.8
K 24-27.5 61.0-69.9
L 24-26 61.0-66
M 30 76.2 Min
N 60 Min. 152.4 min.
O 36-36-25 88.9-92.1
P 24 Min. 61.0 Min
Q 35 Max. 88.9 MAX.

T and C
T and C
T and C
Eating Bar
D and C
D and C
D W
D W
D W
S S
S S
S S
U kitchen. L kitchen.
Corridor kitchen. Broken U kitchen.
D W S S
T and C
D W S S
R
P
R
R
R
P
P
P
Eating bar
Perimeter 18’
Perimeter 23’
Perimeter 18’Perimeter 20’
M W
CT OV P
STORGE LS
Range
M W
M W
Fig. Different types of kitchen plans.

zero bedroom kitchenette. Two bedroom living unit kitchens.
Two bedroom living unit kitchens. Two bedroom living unit kitchens.
Fig. minimum frontage for various kitchens.

Fig. minimum frontage for various kitchens.
Three bedroom unit.
Four bedroom unit. Minimum edge distance.
One bedroom kitchenette.

Kitchen for small single family houses or apartment units.
Typical cabinet dimensions
Minimum Distances from appliances. To inside corners of base
cabinets.
Flow of work in food preparation.

Fig- Minimum counter width dimensions
9’’ either side
(if storage nearby)
Refrigerator
At Opening
side
Mix
Sink
Left side Right side
Range
At either
.side
Dishwasher
(Front opening)
Planning
Desk
Serve

Mix center counter
Wall Oven
Bottom of
sink
Maximum reach for
Vertical storage
Fig. Comfortable working heights
Maximum height of
Window for
supervision of yard
Lap Table

Counter
Space for one worker
Counter
Space in front drawer
Counter
Sink
Adjacent to Sink
Fig: Minimum clearance-vertical and horizontal
Range
Sink
Minimum width of passes
Counter Range
Sink
Counter
Minimum clearance
Wherever 2 people
May be working at same time.

SINK
Above sink
RANGE
Above range
BASE-CAB
Above base cabinet Kitchen lighting
Fig – Storage and Cabinets

DINING AREA

Area are as follows:
Space Function
Primary and Secondary Activities
that usually
take place in Living Rooms or Space
are
Follows:
Primary Activities
1.Setting the table
2.Serving food
3.Eating
4.Cleaning up after meals
5.Storing dishes
Fig. 1. Size of place eating Fig. 2. Passage behind chairs Fig. 3. leaving the table
Fig. 4. limited access behind a chair in
corner circulation space
Fig. 5. Access behind a chair in through
circulation space
21”-29”
25” recommended
The principal factors to be considered in
planning the dining
Number of persons to be seated
Space for chairs and for passage behind them
Space used at the table.
Storage space for china, glassware’ silver ,
and linen.

Size of place setting :
The minimum width needed for
each place setting is 21 inches.
How ever a width of up of 29
inches is desirable for greater
freedom of movement. A 25-
inch width is usually adequate;
this permits chairs 19 inches
wide to be placed 6 inches
apart. The minimum depth for
place setting is 14 ½ inches.
These dimensions allow space
for china, glassware, silver, and
elbow extension(
see Fig:1)
Passage Behind Chairs:
The minimum space
recommended for passage
behind chairs in 22 inches, a
satisfactory range is 22 to 25
inches. If passage behind the
chairs is not required, a
minimum of 5 inches plus the
depth of the chair must be
provided for pushing back chair
when leaving the table( see Fig; 2
to 4)
Fig7 – Access behind a chair and cabinets or appliances
Fig8 – Recommended net area for 2- persons
household( 8.84 square meters)
Fig6 – Access behind the table and wall
Fig9 – Recommended net area for 8 persons household
( 13.87 square meters)

Perso
ns
Minimu
m
inches
Recommen
ded, inches
4 54 60
6 79 84
8 104 108
10 129 132
12 154 156
If no one is seated at either end of
the table, the length may be
reduced by approximately 4 inches.
Space for total dining area
With the same conditions noted
previously and with an ample 42
inch space for passage on all sides
of a 42 inch wide table, required
sizes are as follows:
Fig5 –Dining room for 6 person household Fig6 – Dining room for 8 persons household
Fig7 –Minimum clearances for dining areas(A) one
of the table against wall (b) serving from one end and
side of the table
42” for serving behind
chairs
42” for
Serving
behind
chairs
32” for
chairs
Plus access
To living room
Fig8 – Minimum clearances for dining areas(A) one of
the table against wall (b) serving from one end and
side of the table
32”
for
Chairs
plus
access
38”
for
Chairs
plus
access
42” for serving
38” for chairs plus passage
To living room
To living room
To kitchen
To living room
42” for
Serving
behind
chairs
To kitchen
42” for
serving
To
kitchen
38”
for
Chairs
plus
access
Size of Table:
The minimum width
recommended is 36 inches: a
satisfactory width is 36 inches to
44 inches. If 25 inch-wide place
settings are provided and if one
person is seated at each end of
the table, then minimum and
recommended lengths are as
follows:

BEDROOM

Space for dressing
Single bed Double bed Desk and chair
Bed side table Single dresser Double dresser
Bedroom
Space function-
Primary and secondary activities
that usually take place in
bedrooms are as follows:
Primary Activities:
Sleeping
Dressing
Storing Clothes
Personal Care
Secondary Activities:
Reading
Writing
Studying
Working
Watching Television
Home computing/ Internet
Listening to music
Children’s play
Caring for infants
Ironing
Telephoning
Drawing and Painting
Sitting and Entertaining
Exercising
Resting and convalescing
Hobbies and craft
Storing bulky items and seasonal
clothes

Fig5 . Access between bed and closet and between bed
and wall.
Fig4 .Access between bed and dresser and between bed and
desk
Fig6 .Access between beds.
Fig7 .Space for making beds.
Clearances
Clearances should be
provided in front of and
around furniture of
bedrooms so that primary
activities can take place
efficiently comfort(Figs. 1 to
11). In some cases , greater
clearances are required to
satisfy the needs of elderly
people , wheelchair users ,
and with disabilities.
Furniture Requirement
There are minimum
requirements for furniture
and space if occupants are to
able to carry out their
normal bedroom activities
There are two basic types of
bedrooms:
1. Single-occupancy
bedrooms, which will
accommodate on
single bed.
2. Double-occupancy
bedrooms , which will
accommodate on
double bed or two
single beds.

Fig10. Double occupancy bedroom(net are a 160sq.ft). The most likely
occupants of this type of bedroom are adults , school-age children of the
same gender , children of different genders who are less than 9 years old ,
and preschoolers.
Fig9 .Single occupancy bedroom(net area 8.5sq.m). The most likely
occupants of this bedroom type are elderly people , adults , teenagers
and preadolescence children(i.e. school age children 9-12 years old).
Fig8. Single occupancy bedroom in combination with another space(net
area 5sq.m). Adults are most likely to be found in this type of bedroom.
Fig11. Double occupancy bedroom(net area 12sq.ft). Adults are most
likely occupants of this type of bedroom.

BATHROOM

IN CM
A 48 121.9
B 30 76.2
C 19-24 48.3-
61.0
D 27 MIN 68.6
min
E 18 45.7
F 37-43 94-
109.2
G 72
MAX.
182.9
max
H 32-36 81.3-
91.4
I 69
MAX.
175.3
max
J 16-18 40.6-
45.7
K 36-32 66.0-
81.3
L 32 81.3
M 20-24 50.8-
61.0
J
LM
Vanity
storage
Lavatory
Mirror
Light fixture
Mirror and
medicine
cabinet
Lavatory
Vanity
storage
C
H
Fig:2- lavatory female and child anthropometric considerations.
Circulation zone
Activity zone
Mirror and
medicine
cabinet
Lavatory
E
F
C
B
A
C
D
G
Mirror and
medicine
cabinet
Activity zone
F
Fig1- lavatory male anthropometric considerations.

Minimum shower clearancesDouble lavatory clearances
IHG
Activity
zone
Circulation
zone
FVaries
A
CB
G
Temporary
storage Horizontal
grab bars
Seat
Vertical
grab bar
Circulation
/
Access
zoneD
E
F
In cm
A 15-18 38.1-45.7
B 28-30 71.1-76.2
C 37-43 94.0-109.2
D 32-36 81.3-91.4
E 26-32 66.0-81.3
F 14-16 35.6-40.6
G 30 76.2
H 18 45.7
I 21-26 53.3-66.0
In cm
A 54 137.2
B 12 30.5
C 42 min 106.7 min
D 18 45.7
E 36 min 91.4 min
F 30 76.2
G 24 61.0
H 12 min 30.5 min
I 15 38.1
J 40-48 101.6-
121.9
K 40-50 101.6-
127.0
L 72 min 182.9 min

In cm
A 12 min 30.5 min
B 28 min 71.1 min
C 24 min 61.0 min
D 52 min 132.1 min
E 12-18 30.5-45.7
F 12 30.5
G 40 101.6
H 18 45.7
I 30 76.2
Water closet Bidet and water closet
IHVaries
AAAVariesVaries
Varies
VariesAE
C
FVaries
Shelf
Activity
zone
Toilet paper
dispenser
Line of wall or
obstruction
Circulation
zone
Activity
zone
Towel barSoap
holder

1. Shower curtain rod: keep
within inside of tub or shower.
1a. Enclosure doors: if swinging
doors are used, place hinges on the
side opposite control valves.
2. Shower head: see elevation of
tub and shower stall for
recommended heights.
3. Grab bars shall be
manufactured of shatter-
resistant material, free from
burrs, sharp edges and pinch
points. Knurling or slip-
resistant surface is desirable.
4. Recessed soap dish shall be
free from burrs and sharp
edges where grab bar is an
integral part of the soap dish,
it may have minimum length
of 6 inches.
5. Faucet shall be manufactured
of shatter-resistant material,
free from burrs and sharp
edges. All faucet sets in
showers, tubs and lavatories
shall be equipped with the
water mixing valve delivering a
maximum water temperature.
6. Showers stall light: shall be of
a vapor proof fixture with the
electrical light switch a
minimum of 72 inches away
from shower stall.

A
B
C
D
PLAN
A B
C D
Elevations

Fig. Minimum half bath.
16 sq. ft is about minimum for standard fixtures; 4’-6” X 4’-
6” gives a more spacious feeling.
Fig Generous half bath.
22.5 sq. ft is a generous half bath. A wall – hung lavatory
instead of a vanity squeezes into 2’-6” width and 16.3 sq. ft.
Fig. Corner toilet in a half bath.
A corner toilet and a small lavatory fit 13.5 sq. ft. consider this
idea for installing a half-bath in a closet or under a stairway.
Fig. Corner shower.
A corner shower, toilet and lavatory fit in 33 sq. ft. very little
storage space available.
Activities commonly performed
in the bathroom include washing
of hands, face and hair, bathing,
elimination and grooming, and
also such activities as hand
laundering and infant care. Often
it is also used as a dressing
room. Major problems in
bathroom design includes
planning for optimum
convenience and privacy of all
bathroom functions for all
members of the household,
adequate provision for storage
of supplies and equipment, and
ease of cleaning.
Some general planning guides
are as follows:
Arrangement
Facilities should be conveniently
arranged, with special attention
given to clearances. The room
arrangement should permit
more than one family member
to use its facilities at a same
time.

Fig. small,3-fixture bathroom.
A small 3-fixture bathroom with limited storage in a built-in vanity meets
basic bathroom requirements in a space 37.5 sq. ft. The door is 32” wide
for a person with a cane or crutches. This bathroom is too small for a
wheelchair.. c
Fig. Two lavatory bathroom.
A 2- lavatory bathroom with adequate room at the toilet and
each lavatory . Note storage space under the lavatories and in a
floor-to-ceiling unit. Area:63 sq. ft..
Fig. separate tub and shower.
This plan also includes a bidet. Storage is in the 48” long vanity.
Area:75.3 sq. ft.
Fig. large shower.
A generous 33”x 48” shower is featured in this 32 sq. ft bathroom.
Storage is under the 30” vanity and on shelves over the toilet.
Illumination
Lighting should be adequate
for all of the activities
performed. For grooming,
direct sources of light are
essential in order to illuminate
the face from all angles. High
strip windows, clearstory
windows and skylights provide
excellent over all illumination
in the day time while still
affording privacy.
Ventilation
Good ventilation is essential in
bathroom, both to reduce
humidity and dispel odors. If a
window is relied upon as the
sole means of ventilation, care
should be taken in its selection
and placement to minimize
drafts and to permit easy
access. Exhaust fans in the
wall or the ceiling are often
used to supplement natural
ventilation. In interior
bathroom spaces, a
mechanical exhaust is
essential and required by
code.

Sound Control
Lack of acoustical privacy is one of
the most common complaints
with regard to bathrooms. Noise
can be reduced by proper
placement of the bathroom in
relation to other spaces, by the
use of closets and storage walls as
sound barriers between it and
adjacent spaces, and by the use
of soundproof partitions and
tightly fitted doors. Acoustical
treatment of the ceiling makes
the room more comfortable to
use and reduces somewhat the
amount of sound transmitted
through the walls.
Storage
Adequate storage should be
provided for current and reserve
supplies. Articles in current use
should be located near their place
of first use. A closet opening from
bathroom and hallway or laundry
is convenient for such items as
bathroom linen and cleaning
supplies. Medicine cabinets
should be large enough to hold a
number of toiletries and
medicines. Hamper space is
desirable for soiled linen and
clothes. Install a cabinet with a
self-contained hamper, or, in two
story houses, install a chute from
the second floor to the laundry.
Fig. Corner square tub.
Although not usually a space saver, a square tub fits some
situations better than a rectangular one. This 3-fixture bathroom
has excellent storage but is only 59.5 sq. Ft.
Fig. Large 3-fixture bathroom
With fixtures in separate compartments, this layout can replace a
second bath by accommodating more than one person at a time. It
is a large as two bathrooms but costs less because of fewer fixtures
and less plumbing. Area:106 sq. ft. plus hallway storage.
Fig. Four-fixtures, two compartments
Three people can use this bathroom at the same time. Consider a
pocket door between the compartments. Even with generous
storage space it takes only the same space as many non-
compartmented bathrooms, about 80.5 sq. ft.
Fig. Five fixtures, three compartments
This bathroom serves as two full bathrooms in 87sq. Ft. two
doors to each compartment are undesirable. Limited storage
space available.

NTERIORArchitecture & Space PlanningI
To design any residential space with designing and effective space
planning , we need to pay attention to all aspects needed to design any
residential space, say it aspect , prospect , anthropometrics and
ergonomics, ventilation , daylighting , orientation.
Here is my Space Planning of a “RESIDENTIAL SPACE”

CASE STUDY
You Have To Do A Space Planning For A Client Mr. Bose Who Is A Marketing Manager Of One Of The Fashion
Brands LEVIS. He Has A Family Of Two Children In The Age Group 10 And 16 Years Both Boys, Wife Who
Loves Gardening And Is Very Fond Of Creating Bonsai Plants.
We Are Supposed To Design An Open Plan For This Family Where The Plot Size Given Is 300sq Yards And
The Requirements Being Living Room, Kitchen, Master Bedroom, Children’s Bedroom, Space For The Lady
Of The House To Work With Plants And Display The Same.
They Require A Terrace Garden And They Love More Of Lighted Up Spaces Which Are Bright And Lively.
A Small Office Zone Needs To Be Provided For Mr. Bose In Master Bedroom.
We Need To Pay Extra Attention To The Space Planning For Mrs. Bose For Doing Her Gardening Work.

In my plan I have considered the major concepts which I was taught and are important and
beneficial for planning. They are to be paid attention to initiate any plan and during the
planning procedure.
Starting from the climatology factors that is macro and micro climate of the given location along
with the orientation of the site. As my site is north facing I have took north south orientation
for my plan. By considering these I have tried to make my design Energy efficient, water
efficient an d material efficient. For making it energy efficient I have followed the concept of
daylight, that is according to the position of the sun in the sky on different times I have used the
tall and wide windows in my design. I have also paid attention to the cross ventilation concept
which take place across 45’ without any mechanical use and according to it I have decided the
placement of doors and windows in my design.
Making my plan according to the government rules I have paid attention to the building
byelaws stated by the urban development board.
I have also paid attention to anthropometrics, ergonomics and Louis Kahn's principles of space
planning like grouping, served and servant area and have placed the kitchen area powder room
and living room grouped together. And have placed the different rooms according to the
personality of the space and activities to be performed there.
SYNOPSIS OF MY PLAN

NTERIORI
Architecture & Space Planning
2D House Plan
I
Specifications:-
Location:- Civil Lines, Ajmer
Direction:- North Facing
Total Plot Size:- L x B
50’x54’
Plot Area:- 2700 sq.ft
Covered area:- 1541.73 sq. ft.
Uncovered area:- 1158.27 sq.ft.
S
N
Boundary Wall
Walls
Windows

layouts
NTERIORI
House Rendered View
I

NTERIOR
House Rendered View
I

NTERIORI
2D House Plan
I
Specifications:-
Location:- Civil Lines , Ajmer
Total Plot Size:- L x B
50’x54’
Covered area:- 1263.33 sq. ft.
Uncovered area:- 1436.67 sq.ft.
S
N

NTERIORI
House Rendered View
I
Isometric view
Isometric view First Floor
Isometric view Ground Floor
Google Sketch up file- My Working Process

NTERIORArchitecture & Space Planning
I
To design any residential space with designing and effective space planning
, we need to pay attention to all aspects needed to design any residential
space, say it aspect , prospect , anthropometrics and ergonomics,
ventilation , daylighting , orientation.
Here is my Space Planning of a “RESIDENTIAL SPACE”

Total Plot Size:- 54’x63’
NTERIORIArchitecture & Space Planning
2D House Plan
Bed room
12’x12’
Bed room
12’x12’
Toilet
6’x6’
Toilet
6’x6’
Drawing
Room
12’x18’
Lounge
12’x12’
Living room
12’x12’
Veranda
8’x12’’
Dining Area
12’x9’
Kitchen Area
12’x9’MainEntrance
ParkingArea
12’x13’
S
N

House Rendered View

House Rendered Top Plan

Interior Architecture And Space Planning
Wardrobe Space Planning

As per the given case study I have to design a closet for a client of age of 19 years.
Requirements of my client are:-
Number of shoes- 6 pairs
 The other materials with shoes are socks, shoe polish, brushes
 Mirror for dressing
 Place for keeping cosmetics and perfumes
 Place for keeping daily use clothes like salwar-suits, jeans, t-shirts in hanging position
(approximate 50 clothes)
 Place for keeping woolen clothes (8 cardigans)
 Place for keeping party wear or special occasion clothes
 Place for keeping lingerie
CASE STUDY

Standard Space Requirement To Be Followed For
Fulfilling The Client Requirement.

1. Area needed for hanging salwar suits (10 salwar suits)
Space needed for hanging one salwar suit = L x B
= 48” x 1 ½”
= 72 sq. inch
2. Area needed for hanging daily wear t-shirts (8 daily wear t-shirts)
Space needed for keeping one t-shirt = L x B
= 1’6” x 1”
= 18 sq. inch
3. Area needed for keeping woolen clothes (8 cardigans)
Space needed for keeping one cardigan = L x B
= 1’ x 2’’
= 24 sq. inch
4. Area needed for keeping shoes ( 6 pairs of flat shoes)
Area needed for keeping one pair of shoe = L x B
= 9” X 10”
= 90 sq. inch
Space Required For Stocking Those Requirements.

Space Required For Stocking Those Requirements.
5. Area needed for keeping soft shirts ( 8 soft shirts)
Space needed for keeping one soft shirt = L x B
= 2’ x 10 ”
= 240 sq. inch
6. Area needed for hanging trousers (8 trousers)
Space needed for keeping one trouser = L x B
= 2’ x 2”
= 48 sq. inch
7. Area needed for hanging party wear (8 party wears)
Space needed for keeping one part wear = L x B
= 43” x 2”
= 86 sq. inch
8. Area needed for keeping socks (6 pair of socks)
Space needed for keeping one socks = L x B
= 4” x 2.5”
= 10 sq. inch

Space available for space planning:-
• Linear space available-
L x B = 6’ x 2’ = 12 sq.ft.
• Inner space (volume) available-
L x B x H = 6’ x 2’ x 6’ = 72 cu.ft.

To create any design I need to focus on the Principles and Elements of
design. For the space planning over hear I mainly focused on balance
in a design with the basic elements shape which is very rightly said
“Form Follows Function”.
In the subsequent slides you will come across the space planning
created by me for my client.

For any adult user for a closet the standard size required is 5 linear
feet. Keeping into the mind the requirements of my client and the
space provided I created an elevation for my design.
In my design I have utilized 6 linear feet on floor.

Isometric view
Top view
Back view Front view with doors
Side viewFront view without doors

1
2
14
13
12
11
10
4
3
5
6
9 8
7

Place for hanging
daily wear
Place for hanging
party wear
Place for hanging
belts and scarfs
Place for keeping
t-shirts and trousers
Place for hanging
salwar suits
Place for hanging
salwar suits
Place for keeping
lingerie
Place for keeping
towels
Place for keeping
clutches
Place for keeping
cardigans
Place for keeping
clothes for laundry
Place for keeping
shoes
Place for keeping bags

= L x B
=1’10” x 1’5”
=2.59 sq. ft.
L x B
=1’10” x 1’5”
=2.59 sq. ft.
L x B
=1’10” x 1’3”
=2.29 sq. ft.
L x B
=1’10” x 1’5.5”
=2.67 sq. ft.
L x B
=1’10” x 1’5.5”
=2.67 sq. ft.
L x B
=1’10” x 1’5”
=2.59 sq. ft.
L x B
=1’10” x 1’4.5”
=2.52 sq. ft.
L x B
=1’10” x 1’5”
=2.59 sq. ft.
Detailing of drawer 1
Detailing of drawer 9 and 10
Detailing of drawer 3Detailing of drawer 2

= L x B x H
=1’10” x 1’5”x 2’7”
=6.70 cu. ft.
Length of the rod is 1’5”.
From both the sides of the rod 1/2” has
to be left. One cloth requires 1” of the
rod for hanging. According to this client
can hang 16 daily wear clothes.
L x B x H
=1’10” x 1’5”x 2’3”
=5.84 cu. ft.
From both the sides of the rod ½” has to be left.
One cloth requires 1” of the rod for hanging.
According to this client can hang 16 party wear
clothes.
L x B x H
=1’10” x 1’3” x 10.5”
=2.00 cu. ft.
One cardigan requires 1’ x 10” area and has 2” height when
folded. If kept upon other client can keep 4 to 5 cardigans in
one rack and two racks 8 of her cardigans can be kept
easily.
L x B x H
=1’10” x 1’5” x 2’7”
=6.70 cu. ft.
Width of the belt varies from ½”
to 2” and scarf covers the space
of 4” to 5”.
L x B x H
=1’10” x 1’5”x 1’
=2.59 cu. ft.
One towel requires 13” x 10” if
folded and height 2” – 3”.
According to this client can keep
3 towels.
Detailing of 1st half of wardrobe

= L x B x H
=1’10” x 1’5”x 4’5.25”
=11.52 cu. ft.
From both the sides of the rod ½” has to
be left. According to the standards one
salwar suit requires 1 ½” of rod this
means on the rod of 1’4” client can
hang her 10 salwar suits and after that
she will be left with 1”.
L x B x H
=1’10” x 1’5” x 1’4.5”
= 3.57 cu. ft.
In this client can keep her school/college
bag and her laptop bag. She can keep her
both the slightly tilted. One of her bag
will have base area of 5”-6”. She can keep
her 3 bags.
L x B x H
=1’10” x 1’6.5” x 2’9.5”
= 7.89 cu. ft.
On the hook strip of six hooks
client can hang her used clothes
which she doesn’t want to be
washed and wants to use them
again.
One pair of socks requires L x B
4”x 2.5”. According to this client
can keep 4 pair of socks on base.
Detailing of 2nd half of wardrobe

Area = L x B Volume= L x B x H
= 1’9” x 1’4.25” = 1’9” x 1’4.25” x 11.25”
= 2.36 sq.ft. =2.22 cu.ft.
= 10.5 x 8 = 10.5” x 8” x 10
= 0.58 sq.ft. x 8 = 0.48 cu.ft. x 8
= 4.64 sq.ft. = 3.84 cu.ft.
One pair of footwear requires 0.55 sq. ft. according to this in one drawer client can
keep 4 pair of footwears and in 2 drawers she can keep her 6 pair of footwears and
in one partition she can keep her socks and in other shoe polish and brush.
= 1’9” x 7.5” = 1’9” x 7.5” x 6.5”
= 1.09 sq.ft. x 2 = 0.59 cu.ft. x 2
= 2.18 sq.ft = 1.18 cu.ft.
= 1’9” x 1’3” = 1’9” x 1’3” x 5.25”
= 2.18 sq.ft. = 0.95 cu.ft.
One clutch requires around area of 0.18 sq.ft of kept flat and 0.83 sq.ft. if kept
in standing position.

Mirror for
dressing
L x B
=6”x 1’5.5“
=0.72 sq. ft. x 2
=1.45 sq.ft.
Lx b x H
=6” x 1’5.5”x 6”
=0.36 cu. ft.
L x B x H
= 6”x 1’5.5”x 3”
=0.16
In these racks client
can keep her
cosmetics, lotions,
perfumes etc.
In first rack bottles of
perfumes, lotions,
oils etc. can be kept.
And in second rack
she can keep her
cosmetic items i.e.
lipstick, nail paints
etc.
In last board she can
keep her hair dryer
which will get fit in
the circle.

Two concepts of placement of doors
• Traditional concept
• Contemporary concept
Traditional concept:-
In traditional concept inset concept of door were used. In this concept the door were placed
inside the main frame and hinges were visible. It has been shown in below image.
Doors were placed
inside the main
frame

Contemporary concept:-
In contemporary concept full overlay and half overlay concept of door were used. hinges are not visible from
outside. In half overlay half space of the board was used to place that door and the other half space another
door was placed.
Hinges are not visible
In full over lay.
These type of hinges are used.
Full overlay concept in both corner doors. And half overlay concept in both middle doors

As An Interior Designer This Project On Space Planning Has Made Me Aware That A
Space Of 6’ X 2’x 6’ (L X B X H) Has Been Made More Functional By Creating More
Space From The Space Provided To Us.
I Have Created 57.52 Cu.Ft. In This Space.
Estimated No. Of Boards Required In The Making Of Closet :
Area Of Closet / Area Of One Board = No. Of Boards Required
177.35 / 32 = 5.54 Boards (i.e. 6 Boards)
One Extra Board

3D FORM
WALL ROOM
DOOR PLACEMENT WINDOW PLACEMENT
TRANFORMATION OF FORM

Door Frame
Door frame is made up of two typical members known as jambs or posts and flat
member connecting the jambs at top called head. The cross-sectional
dimensions of the jamb and the head are normally kept same. The size of door
frame is worked out after allowing a clearance of 5 mm. All-round for
convenience of fixing the frame in the opening.
Location of doors
1. The doors should be provided in opposite walls facing each
other.
2. Doors should as far as possible be located near the corner
of a room (about 20 cm away from the corner)
3. Door should meet the functional requirements of the room.
4. Number of doors in a room should be kept minimum to
achieve optimum utilization of space. Large number of
doors besides causing obstruction, consume more area in
circulation.
1.Battened and Ledged
Doors
2.Battened Ledged and
braced doors.
3. Battened Ledged Braced
And Framed Doors.
4. Framed And Panel Doors.
5. Glazed or sash doors.
Types of doors
11. Collapsible steel doors.
12. Rolling steel shutter doors.
13.Rolling grill doors.
14 M.S. sheet doors.
15. Fire check doors.
Detailing of door frame

Battened, Ledged, Braced & Framed Door
FRAME 60x100
TOP LEDGE
100x30
30mmTHICK
BATTEN
MIDDLE LEDGE
200x30
BOTTOM LEDGE
200x30
INOUT
ELEVATION VERTICAL SECTION
x
Hinge
Hold fast
60x100 FRAME
200x30 LEDGES
IN
SCOTCH TE HINGE
30mm TH BATTENSPLASTERBRICK WALL
OUT
Plan
HORIZONTAL SECTION
Definition:-
This is the simplest form of door commonly used for narrow openings.
The door consists of vertical battens or boards usually tongued and
grooved and fixed together with horizontal battens known as ledges.
There are three fixed in the middle of the shutter. The middle ledges is
also known as lock ledges.
DETAIL AT_A
x

Fram
eTop
Rail
Thick Batten
Bracing
Lock Rail
Bracing
Bottom Rail
Vertical SECTION
ELEVATION
Hold fast
HORIZONTAL SECTION
Brick Wall
Batten
20 mm
Frame(125X75)
Hinge
Definition:-
This type of door is considered to the superior in
strength, durability and appearance. The frame work
of this type of door consists of two vertical members
called stiles, three horizontal members known as
ledges or rails, vertical battens and two inclined
braces. The rails positioned near the top, middle and
the bottom of the shutter are morticed and tenoned
into the stiles. The battens are generally tongued and
grooved and V-jointed. At their upper end, the battens
are let into the top rail while at mid rail while at mid
height and lower ends they go right over the middle
and bottom rails.
Battened, Ledged, Braced & Framed Door

Frame
60x100
Top rail
100x35
Panel
15mm
Freeze rail
100x35
Panel
Lock rail
150x35
Panel
Bottom rail
200x35
X
X900
B
A
Elevation
Plan
EQ EQ
Panelled Door:-
This type of door is commonly
provided in all types of buildings . This
door consists of timber frame work of
stiles and rails which are grooved on
the inside to receive one or more
panels . The door may be single,
double, three, four or six paneled also
. The panels can be timber, plywood,
block board or hard board.
Section Six panelled door
Panelled Door Vertical And Horizontal Section

Top rail
Panel
Stile
Bottom rail
One Pannel
Top rail
Panel
Stile
Lock rail
Panel
Bottom rail
Two Pannel
Top rail
Mullion
Stile
Panel
Lock rail
Panel
Three Pannel
Panelled Doors

Top rail
Panel
Stile
Bottom rail
Four Pannel
Top rail
Panel
Stile
Panel
Bottom rail
Five Pannel
Top rail
Stile
Lock rail
Panel
Bottom rail
Six Pannel
Mullion
Lock rail
Panel
Intermediate rails
Panelled Door

ELEVATION
VERTICAL SECTION
Bottom
rail
35×200
Wooden
Panel
Lock
Rail
35X150
Wooden
Bead
Glass
Top Rail
35×100
Frame(60×100)
Style
35×100
Wooden
Beading
10×20
HORIZONTAL SECTION
Glass
Definition:-
This type of door is used in residential as
well as public buildings like hospitals,
schools or colleges etc. Glazed or sash
doors are made in several designs. They
can be glazed fully or partly.
In case of partly glazed doors normally the
bottom 1/3rd height of the door is panelled
and remaining 2/3rd height is glazed. In
case of partly glazed doors, the stiles are
sometimes diminished at the lock rail to
improve the elevation and to permit more
area of glazing in the process.
Glazed or Sash Door
Frame
60×100mm
Hold Fast Brick Wall

Top Rail
Stile
Soft wood
strips or
laminated
core pieces
A
Cross
Band
Face
Veneer or
Plywood
Bottom Rail
ELEVATION
Definitions:
Flush doors have pleasing appearance , simple
construction ,high strength and durability and
cost less as compared with panelled doors. Flush
door shutter consists of a solid or semisolid
framed skeleton covered on both faces with either
plywood or a combination of cross bands and
face veneers giving perfectly flush and joint less
surface .
In solid core type flush doors the wooden frame
used for holding the core consists of stiles, top
rails and bottom rails , width of each member
being not less than 5 cm.
Frame
Frame
Stile
Face veneer or
Ply Wood
Soft wood strips or
laminated core pieces
Stile
Soft wood strips or
laminated core pieces
Face veneer or
Ply Wood
Flush Door

Top Rail
Stile
Solid core
of Particle
Board
A
Cross
Band
Face
Veneer or
Plywood
Bottom Rail
ELEVATION
Solid core type Flush Door :-
Flush doors have pleasing appearance , simple
construction ,high strength and durability and
cost less as compared with panelled doors.
Flush door shutter consists of a solid or
semisolid framed skeleton covered on both
faces with either plywood or a combination of
cross bands and face veneers giving perfectly
flush and joint less surface .
In solid core type flush doors the wooden frame
used for holding the core consists of stiles, top
rails and bottom rails , width of each member
being not less than 5 cm.
Frame
Stile
Face
Veneer or
Plywood
Solid core of
Particle Board
Edge of hard wood
or lipping
Solid Core Type Flush Door

TOP RAIL
STYLE
BATTENS
INTERMEDIATE
RAIL
VOIDS
LOCK RAIL
CROSS BAND
FACE VENEER
OR PLYWOOD
A
BOTTOM RAIL
FRAME
VOIDS
FACE VENEER OR
PLYWOOD
STILE
BATTENS
EDGE OF HARD WOOD OR LIPPING
FRAME
EDGE OF HARD WOOD OR LIPPING
HOLLOW CORE TYPE FLUSH DOOR :-In this type ,the frame consists of stiles ,top rail ,bottom rails and
minimum two intermediate rails-each not less than 75mm. In width. The space between the stiles and the rails
is divided by fixing wooden battens not less than 25 mm. In width in such a manner that the voids are equally
distributed and area of any void remains less than 50 cm sq . Instead of battens ,rolls or strips of veneers can
also be used for forming core. Plywood sheets or combination of cross-bands and face veneers are then glued
under pressure on both faces of the core .The thickness of plywood used should not be less than 6 mm. in this
type of shutter.ELEVATION
HORIZONTAL SECTION
Hollow Core Type Flush Door

Flyproof Door
ELEVATION VERTICAL SECTION
Frame
75×125m
mTop Rail
35×100
Lock Rail
35X150
Bottom rail
(35×200mm)
Paneled
Door
Wire
Mesh
Frame(75×125)
Hold
Fast
Wooden Panel
10 mm
Wire MeshStile
Definitions:-
This type of door is used to check the entry of flies, mosquitoes ,
insects etc. into the room and to allow free circulation of air at the same
time. The door consists of timber framework of vertical stiles and
horizontal rails and the opening of the panels are fitted with fine-mesh
galvanized wire gauge. The G.I wire is fixed by use of nails and timber
beading. Generally the door opening in such a case is provided with
double shutters. The shutter opening inside the room is paneled whereas
the fly proof or wire gauge shutter open outside the room or wise versa.
HORIZONTAL SECTION

Definition:
Revolving Door provides entrance on one side and exit on the other side
simultaneously keeping the opening automatically classed when not in use.
The door essentially consists of four leaves radially attached central member
is provided with ball-bearing at the bottom and bush bearing at the top so as to
enable the door to revolve smoothly without producing Jerk.
Revolving door
Styles
Glazing
Outside
Inside
Rubber Piece
Glazing
ELEVATION
Revolving Door

Sliding Door Detail Plan
Opening
Opening
Opening
Sliding Door:- This type of door is suitable for
shops, sheds, godowns, garage etc. and in places
where the use of hinges for fixing the shutter is to
be avoided. Depending upon the size of the
opening , and the space available on either side,
the door can have single, double or more number
of leaves or shutters. The door is provided with top
and bottom guide rails or runners within which the
shutters slide. The guide rails run past the opening
for a distance equal to the width of the shutter so
that when the door is required to be opened, the
door shutter occupies a new position parallel to
the wall face and clear off the opening. The
shutters are also provided with locking
arrangements, handles, stopper etc.

Sliding Door Elevation
DOOR OPENING
BRACKETS
TRACK
FRAME
FRAME
CHANNEL TRACKSHUTTER
FLOOR FINISH
WALL

Sliding Door Vertical Elevation
LINTEL
OPENING
CHANNEL TRACK
BALL-BEARING
SHUTTER
TROLLEY
BRACKET

BAROQUE DOOR
Panelled
Style : Door Assignment

TUDOR DOOR
Batten And Ledged Door
Style : Door Assignment

TYPES OF ROOFS
Roof
Floor
Wall
Roof
Floor
Wall
Roof
Floor
Wall
Pitched Roof Lean To Roof Roof

TYPES OF ROOFS
Roof
Floor
Wall
Roof
Floor
Wall
Roof
Floor
Wall
Butterfly Roof RoofButterfly Roof

Pillars
Beams
Ground level
Foundation
Sub Structure
Super structure

Shape- The characteristics outline or surface
configuration of a particular form . It Is the
principal aspect by which we identify and
categorize forms.
Size – The physical dimensions of length ,
width and depth of a form. While these
dimensions determine the proportions of a
form , its scale is determined by its size
relative to other forms in its context.
Color- A phenomenon of light and visual
perception that may be described in terms
of an individual perception of hue ,
saturation and tonal value . Color is the
attribute that most clearly distinguishes a
form from its environment . Affects visual
weight of form.
SHAPES AND FORMS

Position- The location of form related to
its Environment or the visual field. Within
which it is sun.
Orientation- The direction of a form related to
the ground plane, the compass points, other
forms, or to the person viewing the form.
Visual Inertia-The degree of concentration and
stability of a form. The visual inertia of a form
depends on its geometry as well as its orientation
relative to the ground plane, the pull of gravity,
and our line of sight.
SHAPES AND FORMS

Circumference
Quardrant
Diameter Radius
Arc
Sector
Chord
Segment

Top base plan
Isometric base plan Example of Top base plan Example of isometric base plan
Top base plan
Isometric elevated plan Example of Top Elevated plan Example of Top Elevated plan
Base Plan:- A horizontal plan
laying as figure on a
contrasting background
defines simple field of space
this field of space can be
visually reinforced in following
ways.
Elevated Base Plan:- A
horizontal plan elevated
above the ground plan
establishes vertical surfaces
along its edges that reinforce
the visual separation between
its field and surrounding
ground.

Top base plan
Isometric Depressed plan Example of Top Depressed plan Example of isometric Depressed plan
Top base plan
Example of Overhead plan
Depressed Base Plan:- A
horizontal plan depressed
into the ground plan
utilizes the vertical
surfaces of the lowered
area to define a volume of
space.
Overhead Plan:- A horizontal
plan located overhead defines
a volume of space between
itself and the ground plan.

Frontal Approach Frontal Approach
Top View Isometric View
Frontal Approach- A frontal approach leads directly to the entrance of a building along a straight, axial path. The visual goal that
terminates the approach is clear; it may be the entire front façade of a building or an elaborated entrance within the plane.

Oblique Approach Oblique Approach
Top View Isometric View
Oblique Approach- A oblique approach enhances the effect of perspective on the front façade and form of a building. The path can
be redirected one or more times to delay and prolong the sequence of the approach. If a building is approached at an extreme
angle,its entrance can project beyond its façade to be more clearly visible.

Top View
Isometric View
Spiral Approach Spiral Approach
Spiral Approach- A spiral path prolongs the sequence of the approach and emphasizes the three dimensional form of a building as
we move around its perimeter. The building entrance might be viewed intermittently during the approach to clarify its position or it may
be hidden until the point of arrival.

Frontal Approach
Oblique Approach
Spiral Approach

Outer Dimensions
House Plan 2D

-----------------------------------------------------
Quarter Turn Newel:-
It consists of two flights of
stairs which are connected
by winders. A short flight of 3
to 6 steps may be provided
along with the winders.
Winders will have a quarter
turn.
Stairs Assignment

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Composition Project

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Composition Project

Contrast–It is a point of focus or interruption. It marks the location in a
composition which strongly draw the viewers attention. In any
composition there is primary , a main focus with secondary focus.
Another word is Surprise. Never use a neutral background. Contrast ,
dominance , emphasis are all one in a composition.
Single Complementary Colour Scheme
Single Complementary Colour Scheme
Clash Colour Scheme
Contrast

Elements of Style
Interior Design

Interior Design
Elements of Style

Today we are heirs to a legacy of fine building and to a continuing fascination with the
details and stylistic which give our houses their character. In Britain an US the interest
in old houses has become something of national obsession. Today the houses we live
in have become a major concern and as houses are being developed on human scale.
Today, the interior of houses effect our quality of life which we enjoy there. I as a
student of Interior Design doing my B.Sc. (ID) present a brief presentation on
aspects of style from gothic style, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassical, Eclectic,
Art&Crafts, Art Nouveau, Art Deco. Interior Decoration style are designed for the
characteristic of their time.
Elements of style
Styles Gothic
(1600-
20)
Baroque(
1620-
1700)
Rococo
(1700-
1760)
Neoclass
ical
(1760-
1830)
Eclectic
(1830-
1880)
Arts &
Crafts
(1880-
1900)
Art
Nouveau
(1900-
1920)
Art
Deco
(1920-
1940)

In the subsequent slides I have explained three major styles:-
• Gothic Style ( Tudor and Jacobean)
• Baroque Style
• Rococo Style (Early Georgian)

Gothic Period
(1600-1620)
Influenced by churches and cathedrals

Gothic Period
Gothic period design was influenced by Roman and
Medieval architecture. Its initial design period was
c.1150 to 1550, but saw a revival in the 19th century
by the Victorians.
Gothic design was the first true ecclesiastical style and
was symbolic of the triumph of the Catholic church over
paganism in Europe. The new age of soaring cathedrals
meant the initiation of new methods of building, to
support this extreme weight.

Gothic Style
Style had a religious symbolic base- think of old, ornate churches and
you will be on the right track. Pointed arches and stained glass in
complex trefoil or rose designs were predominant, exposed, wooden
beams, large, imposing fireplaces, and emulated candle lighting
completed the ecclesiastical style.
Trefoil and rose Design motifs
Emulated candle lightings

There was a strong vertical
influence, supported by the
high arches and peaks of the
architecture. Light was also
important, as windows grew
more and more expansive and
light and air flooded into the
once gloomy churches of the
Romanesque period.

Gothic Furniture
Furniture was massive and oak, adorned with
Gothic motifs. Chairs, bed frames, cabinets
were sturdy and featured arches, spiral-turned
legs and rich upholstery in dark colours. Old
church furniture such as pews, benches and
trestle tables finish the look. Victorian gothic
reproduction and Arts and Crafts era furniture
can be used as an acceptable alternative, as
many of the same motifs crossed over.

Britain had Oak and Beech as it’s native timber for
furniture production, but with the discovery of new land
and the establishment of overseas trade, other timber
species suddenly became available:
Timber Name Time Period
Oak 1500-1600
Walnut 1660-1723
Mahogany 1715
Satinwood 1765

Prior to 1500, the Gothic Period,
teaching and learning of craftsmanship was
mostly overseen by the church. Therefore,
most ornamentation on Gothic furniture
follows the lines of ornamental stonework
from the Gothic Churches and buildings.
The carpenter, blacksmith and the turner
made the furniture. It consisted of tables,
forms, stools and chests. The chest was
the principal piece as it served not only as
storage, but also a seat or table. Tables
generally were loose boards on top of
trestles.
A simple timber planked chest

Therefore the 16th Century can be divided into two
halves. The first part, furniture consisted of carving on
gothic framework, stools and forms were the only form
of seating available.
The second part, new pieces of furniture evolved.
Buffets or sideboards, fold top games tables, taller
chests which doors became cupboards or hutches and
the draw leaf table which is still common today
Chairs were developed from chests and had upright
back legs, heavy turning and often carved panels.

Gothic Colour
Colours were rich and dark like Purple, ruby, black,
ochre, forest green and gold added
complemented the heavy furniture and rich design.
Also popular was trompe-l’oeil architectural
features or stenciled designs. Walls were painted
in flat colours, to depict stones

Walls were often covered in wall hangings-
especially tapestries. Obviously stained glass
was a significant feature, and these were
ideally accented with pewter, wrought iron,
suits of armour and candles. Decorative ribbing
or cornices were common and elaborately
carved. Heraldic emblems were seen
everywhere.

Gothic Influences
The church most heavily influenced gothic
design, and this medieval ecclesiastical style
shines strongly through. Architectural influences
were mostly from Roman and Medieval design,
with elaborate carved wood and open tracery.
Tracery is the stonework elements that support
the glass in a Gothic window. The term probably
derives from the 'tracing floors' on which the
.complex patterns of late Gothic windows were
laid out.
Tracery work

The characteristics of this style was the enrichment of every surface with
flamboyant carved, turned, inlaid, and painted decoration in the spirit of the
English Renaissance.
The Tudor period has one of beautiful woodwork, though it was still heavy and
sparse by modern standards. Sideboards became fashionable as a way to
display plate.
Tudor furniture was made of oak or wood which was obtained locally, highly
ornate, carved and heavy.

Tudor Furniture Characteristics
Plank Chest
Simple Plank construction by a carpenter and
blacksmith. Metal straps and nails were used to hold
the timber together but because of the arrangement
of grain the timber often split. They often had
handles to carry it.
Built In Seating
Early settles accommodated up to six people with
simple linenfold panels and foot rest rail.
A simple timber planked chest

Chest / Partly Framed Chest
This was superseded by the partly framed
chest. It used dry pegged construction and
panel fitted into the frame allowed for
movement without the timber splitting. Panels
from riven boards were hand moulded and
sometimes carved to give the “linenfold” effect.
The board is cut with a wedge and split.
Carved linen fold panel

Wainscott panelwork was used on the
walls.
Joined Chest – Joyned or joined
distinguished the work of the joiners from the
carpenter.
Joined or Joyned Chest c1530

Settles – Settles were made more
movable. The seat had a lift up lid for
storage. The arm supports were
shaped for added comfort. Some were
adaptable into tables as well as seats.
Credence – A table to hold bread
and wine for holy Communion. Panels
carved with bunches of grapes and
vines. They often had an overhead
canopy

Beds
The feather bed made an
appearance, replacing the straw
mattress

.
Furniture pieces of Tudor time period

Windows
Windows were simple, unglazed square
openings divided by series of wooden or stone
mullions. Many of the houses had internal
shutters . Glass was very thin and rather grey
in colour as it was blown from the crown glass
and then made.
Windows during this period could not open as
they were fixed and later they were made
openable because they could make the
mechanism for the hinges and windows to
open.

During the 16th century the glass panes were
arranged diagonally later in 17th century they were
arranged in rectangles.

Walls
Walls they had flat plasterwork on bricks and
stone and then they were limewashed.
In some grand houses the walls had panelling
of timber .panelling was then decorated by wall
hangings (tapestry)
Tapestry were painted cloth or made on looms
with techniques of weaving .

Fireplaces
In Grand Homes Fireplaces and Door Surrounds could be seen as an
elaborate feature.
Carved decoration on panels were of linen fold pattern

Ceilings of upper floor were coved
or coffered
Ceilings

Flooring
Floorings used were of brick, granite, slate, painted wood floor,
cobblestones and the floor was then covered with a rush matting
or carpets. carpets were generally a luxury.

Stairs
Stairs were straight type.in better houses stairs were in the centre
of the houses. All stairs were closed strings .Balustrades were fixed
on diagonal braces rather on the steps.
Doglegged and spiral stairs were common.

Baroque period had elaborated doors specially the front doors.
They were often canopied by a shell or placed in a porch.
Doors were large and have only two panels later four to six
panels could be seen in their design.
Doors

Two panel doors Six paneled door

Columns
Columns were the most expensive frame to a door.

Fireplaces
The fireplaces were very beautiful the
over mantle was done exquisitely. The
over mantle was usually done with
mirrors and paintings.

Staircases
Stair case was made of wood commonly oak
and was closed string form, balustrades were
twisted.
In better houses the stairs were a luxury and
also a status. They used stairs in the center
of the house in the central hall.
Dog legged and Spiral stairs were common.

Floors
Baroque houses had stone flag floors, marble was used in two or more
colours so that they produced illusionistic pattern. The surface appeared
to vary in depth.
The floor patters had parquet or even marquetry patterns.
Woven carpets from eastern Mediterranean was considered very
expensive and were used in houses.
Carpets were luxury on wooden floor.

Parquet floor patterns
Painted floor

Ceilings
The ceiling of this period were not plastered and were more of coffered style.
The rich people had plastered ceilings from the underside of the wooden floor above.
The junction between the ceiling and the wall were marked by a cornice.

Walls
Rich owners covered their walls with
woven or printed fabric hanging.
Wood paneling termed as wainscoting was
a fashionable form of wall lining.
Another feature which we see here is the
usage of leather attached to battens.

Walls were patterned by means of painted
stencil, later they were replaced by block
printed papers(the first wallpapers)

Balconies
Balconies reflected the status of the house and its
owner.
Beautiful iron work was done on Balconies.

Lighting
Hanging lights with candles.

Hinges & Door knockers
The hinges on the doors were very ornamental along with the
door locks and their handles.

Windows
The windows of the baroque period were like
doors(front doors) styled very elaborately, curtains
were very less.
Circular and oval windows were a feature of this
period.

Introduction
Late Baroque is an 18th century . Artistic movement and style , it developed in
Paris, France as a reaction against the grandeur and strict designs of Baroque as
seen in the Palace of Versailles.

Characteristics
• This style used light columns, graceful approach.
• Mahogany wood was used.
• Glass was used on the over mantel(fireplace).
• S and C scrolls were common in the Rococo time.
• Acanthus leaves could be seen during this time period.

Classical Order
Five classical order of pillars used mainly as a decorative detail
around the door cases and porches are Tuscan, Dorick, Ionic,
Corinthian, Composite.

Doors
• It is the principal ornamental feature,
panelled doors were very tall and later
had a fanlight.
• The front door was painted in dark colors
or they were grained to imitate wood.
• They had handsome ring handles.

Windows
• Casement windows were used mainly
double hung window.
• Mainly soft wood was used which was
protected by white lead paint(paint work
was a typical Georgian work)

Walls
• Wooden panelling was seen in three part
division(frieze, field and dado). They
derived all this from the proportions of
Architrave, Columns and Base of a
classical order.
• Less expensive wood was used and they
were painted with flat oil paint with very
fancy effect.
• Wallpapers were used. The walls were
decorated with tapestry, stretched on
silk brocade. Cornices were ornamented.

Ceilings
• This period had elaborate painted ceilings
and this painted ceiling had scenes from
Court of Arms.
• There were geometric patterns taken-up
on to the ceiling.

Floor
• Wooden floor planks were mainly used(oak
and elm).
• Oriental carpets and English Turkey and
floral carpets were fashionable floor
covering.
• People used floor cloth in dining rooms.
• The patterns were mainly set in diagonal
and at times gave an illusion on the floor.

Staircase
• During this time stairs were very simple
and were more of open string.

Lighting
• Enclosed lanterns were used with an oil
lamp inside.

Neha assudani B.Sc. Interior Design ( Residential Design Portfolio)

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