The document discusses how vehicle size and weight influence safety outcomes in crashes, based on new crash tests conducted by the IIHS. The tests involved crashing minicars (Honda Fit, Smart Fortwo, Toyota Yaris) into similar but midsize models (Honda Accord, Mercedes C-Class, Toyota Camry) at 40 mph. The results showed significantly more intrusion and injury risk for occupants in the minicars due to the physics of smaller, lighter vehicles absorbing more force in crashes. While minicars may have good crash test ratings, their protection cannot match heavier midsize vehicles. The document argues fuel economy and safety can be balanced by restructuring standards rather than incentivizing smaller, less safe
This document summarizes a study that analyzed vehicle safety data to determine if vehicle size or weight has a greater influence on safety. The study found that reducing an SUV's weight by 20% through the use of aluminum slightly improved safety, but increasing the vehicle's size by only 4.5 inches through the use of aluminum improved safety even more, reducing injuries by 26%. Therefore, the study concludes that size, not weight, is a better determinant of vehicle safety when it comes to protecting all passengers in a crash. Aluminum allows automakers to increase vehicle size without significantly increasing weight.
The document summarizes a scenario where the author is the recall coordinator for Ford Motor Company in 1973. Reports are coming in of rear-end collisions involving Pintos resulting in fires and fatalities. The author must decide whether to recall the Pinto. The Pinto was rushed to market with known safety issues to compete with foreign compact cars. Ford prioritized costs over safety. The author considers their obligations to Ford, consumers, and the public, and determines a recall is necessary to prevent further loss of life despite potential professional consequences.
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2012 Hyundai Elantra brochure provided by Orlando Hyundai in Orlando, FL. Find the 2012 Hyundai Elantra for sale in Florida. Call us about our current sales and incentives at (888) 460-7370. http://www.orlandohyundai.com
The document summarizes the quality failures of the Ford Pinto automobile in the 1970s. It describes how Ford rushed the Pinto's development and production in 25 months to compete with foreign compact cars. This hasty process led to dangerous design flaws where the gas tank was vulnerable to rupturing in rear-end collisions, sometimes causing fires and deaths. The document also discusses Ford's controversial cost-benefit analysis that showed improving the gas tank design would save lives but cost more money, so they opted not to fix the known safety issue. Overall it examines how Ford's rushed timeline and focus on costs over safety had deadly consequences and damaged their quality reputation.
This document provides details about the Ford Pinto case study, including:
1. The Ford Pinto was designed and manufactured on an accelerated schedule to meet cost and time constraints, which compromised safety testing and design features.
2. Low-speed rear-end crash testing revealed the fuel tank was vulnerable to puncture due to its location behind the rear axle and proximity to protruding bolts, but Ford failed to implement recommended safety modifications.
3. Two catastrophic failures occurred when Pintos were rear-ended and their fuel tanks ruptured, resulting in fires that killed the drivers. Ford was aware of the design flaw from internal testing but conducted a cost-benefit analysis that determined not fixing it would
The document compares and contrasts several hybrid vehicles: the Ford Fusion Hybrid, Lexus CT 200h, Chevy Volt, Toyota Prius, and Honda Insight. It outlines the key strengths and weaknesses of each model, as well as opportunities and threats to the hybrid market. Graphs are included to show how the vehicles compare in terms of miles per gallon, price, safety rating, and reliability.
Ford pinto full details and analysis report with referencesSyed Kamran Haider
case study report on ford company who made a car named as pinto. the presentation tells the summary of design issue and the flaws in the car and ethical issues
Ford Pinto Case Study (Professional Ethics and Code of Conduct)AshishPanda24
A ppt on the Ford Pinto Car case study, where its failure, cause and remedies have been discussed. This is a helpful ppt for PECC ppt presentation for engg. students !
This document summarizes a study that analyzed vehicle safety data to determine if vehicle size or weight has a greater influence on safety. The study found that reducing an SUV's weight by 20% through the use of aluminum slightly improved safety, but increasing the vehicle's size by only 4.5 inches through the use of aluminum improved safety even more, reducing injuries by 26%. Therefore, the study concludes that size, not weight, is a better determinant of vehicle safety when it comes to protecting all passengers in a crash. Aluminum allows automakers to increase vehicle size without significantly increasing weight.
The document summarizes a scenario where the author is the recall coordinator for Ford Motor Company in 1973. Reports are coming in of rear-end collisions involving Pintos resulting in fires and fatalities. The author must decide whether to recall the Pinto. The Pinto was rushed to market with known safety issues to compete with foreign compact cars. Ford prioritized costs over safety. The author considers their obligations to Ford, consumers, and the public, and determines a recall is necessary to prevent further loss of life despite potential professional consequences.
2012 Hyundai Elantra For Sale FL | Hyundai Dealer OrlandoOrlando Hyundai
2012 Hyundai Elantra brochure provided by Orlando Hyundai in Orlando, FL. Find the 2012 Hyundai Elantra for sale in Florida. Call us about our current sales and incentives at (888) 460-7370. http://www.orlandohyundai.com
The document summarizes the quality failures of the Ford Pinto automobile in the 1970s. It describes how Ford rushed the Pinto's development and production in 25 months to compete with foreign compact cars. This hasty process led to dangerous design flaws where the gas tank was vulnerable to rupturing in rear-end collisions, sometimes causing fires and deaths. The document also discusses Ford's controversial cost-benefit analysis that showed improving the gas tank design would save lives but cost more money, so they opted not to fix the known safety issue. Overall it examines how Ford's rushed timeline and focus on costs over safety had deadly consequences and damaged their quality reputation.
This document provides details about the Ford Pinto case study, including:
1. The Ford Pinto was designed and manufactured on an accelerated schedule to meet cost and time constraints, which compromised safety testing and design features.
2. Low-speed rear-end crash testing revealed the fuel tank was vulnerable to puncture due to its location behind the rear axle and proximity to protruding bolts, but Ford failed to implement recommended safety modifications.
3. Two catastrophic failures occurred when Pintos were rear-ended and their fuel tanks ruptured, resulting in fires that killed the drivers. Ford was aware of the design flaw from internal testing but conducted a cost-benefit analysis that determined not fixing it would
The document compares and contrasts several hybrid vehicles: the Ford Fusion Hybrid, Lexus CT 200h, Chevy Volt, Toyota Prius, and Honda Insight. It outlines the key strengths and weaknesses of each model, as well as opportunities and threats to the hybrid market. Graphs are included to show how the vehicles compare in terms of miles per gallon, price, safety rating, and reliability.
Ford pinto full details and analysis report with referencesSyed Kamran Haider
case study report on ford company who made a car named as pinto. the presentation tells the summary of design issue and the flaws in the car and ethical issues
Ford Pinto Case Study (Professional Ethics and Code of Conduct)AshishPanda24
A ppt on the Ford Pinto Car case study, where its failure, cause and remedies have been discussed. This is a helpful ppt for PECC ppt presentation for engg. students !
Crash tests are conducted to evaluate vehicle safety and reduce injuries. Standard tests include frontal impacts at 35 mph into a barrier, side impacts from a moving barrier at 31 mph, and offset frontal crashes where only one side hits a barrier at 40 mph. Advanced crash test facilities use dummies equipped with sensors, barriers, and high speed cameras to analyze crash forces and the likelihood of injury. Vehicle structures are designed to manage crash energy through elements like crumple zones that absorb the force of impacts. Star ratings indicate a vehicle's expected level of occupant protection based on test results.
The document analyzes and compares the front bumper brackets of three different Toyota vehicles - the Yaris, RAV4, and Tundra. It summarizes that the Yaris bracket is designed to act as a crumple zone to absorb energy in collisions due to its small size, while the larger RAV4 and Tundra can distribute energy elsewhere. The Tundra bracket specifically needs to be more rigid to support the front of the pickup truck. Each bracket was modeled and analyzed through simulation to measure deformation.
India: rolling resistance and fuel saving 2016Arnaud Renard
Today, Indians are more aware of the need for sustainable development; they realise that mitigating the environmental consequences of their fuel consumption is the need of the hour.
This study shows that improvement of vehicle’s fuel economy needs to take into account tyres and rolling resistance.
Rolling resistance affects fuel consumption in the same way as natural phenomena like wind, slope and vehicle inertia, which must be overcome in order to move.
According to David Shaw (Chief Executive at Tire Industry Research): “A motorist can expect to get a maximum fuel-economy benefit of around 7% when replacing four bad tyres with four good ones”....
The document discusses different types of alternative fuel vehicles, including their advantages and disadvantages. It provides information on junk cars, hybrid cars like the Toyota Prius and Chevy Volt, electric cars, and solar cars. For each type of vehicle, the document outlines key specifications and compares their environmental impact and efficiency to gasoline-powered cars. It also examines public attitudes towards hybrid and electric vehicles, finding that many are not yet ready or willing to adopt new technologies.
The document provides an overview of how economics has affected the automobile industry. It analyzes the industry using Porter's Five Forces model, discussing factors like potential entrants, supplier power, buyer power, threat of substitutes, and industry rivalry. It also examines demand shifts, elasticity, price discrimination, and bargaining power in the industry. The analysis finds that while buyers have significant power, barriers to entry are high. Supplier power is low, and competition from substitutes and rivals is strong. Demand for automobiles is elastic and responsive to price changes.
Better Place Consumer Research Highlights - USABetter Place
The document summarizes the results of a survey assessing consumer demand for electric vehicles in the US. Some key findings include:
- Americans are concerned about climate change, air pollution, and dependence on oil. There is interest in US leadership in renewable energy.
- Consumer priorities for their next car include better fuel efficiency. Nearly 1 in 3 Americans expressed interest in an electric vehicle.
- Interest in electric vehicles cuts across all demographics and is strong both in the US and other countries surveyed such as Israel and Denmark.
- Customers will need assurances around battery safety, availability of charging, vehicle performance, and cost competitiveness before purchasing an electric vehicle.
The document discusses three types of energy efficient automobiles: electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and hydrogen vehicles. It provides details on the characteristics and issues associated with each type. However, electric vehicles proved to be the most promising but were eliminated due to pressure from the oil and auto industries. While hybrids and hydrogen vehicles were promoted, they still rely on oil and are not as energy efficient as electric vehicles.
Hybrid cars run on both an electric engine and a gasoline engine. When the car starts, only the electric engine is on, and when driving the gas engine turns on to provide extra power. As the car slows down, the gas engine turns off and energy from braking is stored in the battery to power the electric motor. Popular hybrid models include the Toyota Camry Hybrid and Toyota Prius, and Ford Fusion Hybrid. While hybrids have advantages like lower emissions and fuel costs, disadvantages include higher purchase prices and lack of mechanic training on their systems.
1. Vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death globally, killing over 1 million people per year. Safety standards and vehicle design improvements like seatbelts and airbags have significantly reduced road deaths and injuries over time.
2. The document discusses fundamentals of vehicle crash testing, including different types of crash tests conducted at a Vehicle Research Center to evaluate vehicle safety features. Crash tests include frontal, side, and offset impacts to evaluate occupant protection during collisions.
3. Crash test dummies are used to simulate humans in crash tests. Data collected from dummies helps researchers evaluate injury risks and improve vehicle design to better protect occupants. A variety of dummies are used representing adults and children.
Design and High Volume Manufacture of an Affordable Advanced Composite Automo...David F. Taggart
The document describes the design of an advanced composite automotive body structure for the Hypercar Revolution concept vehicle. Key points:
- The carbon fiber composite body structure is 57% lighter than a conventional steel structure, weighing just 187 kg, while providing superior crash protection and stiffness.
- The large passenger safety cell uses an advanced composite design that allows for a novel high-volume manufacturing process to make it affordable.
- The safety cell features extensive part consolidation and integration of functions to simplify assembly and tooling while minimizing materials. It has only 14 major parts compared to over 60 for a conventional body.
- This lightweight composite body, combined with other lightweighting throughout the vehicle, results in an overall weight reduction
An evaluation of jute epoxy-hybrid composite materials for automotive frontal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present work evaluates the occupant safety and the mechanical behavior of the Jute-Epoxy-Glass hybrid composite materials and to carry out dynamic analysis of an automobile car frontal components like Bumper beam by using Jute-Epoxy-Glass Hybrid composite material by FE approach. In the present study, HYPERMESH and LS-DYNA software is employed to obtain a better composite material. Durability, NVH, Crash safety and Aesthetics are some of the important vehicle attributes that need to be meet the vehicle manufacturer. While the crash safety for NHTSA requires the G level should be less then 40G'S at the occupant seat. Initially manufacturing of 4 ply, 6 ply (Jute-Epoxy) and 5 ply (Jute-Glass-Epoxy) laminates is done and there characterization is done under Quasi static (1mm/min) and Impact High strain rate loading (100mm/min and 200mm/min) for tensile tests. The mechanical properties obtained are set for the existing bumper beam of a meshed model. For bumper beam of a car with a given velocity of 56 km/h according to the NHTSA high speed crash test. For a high speed crash speed test of bumper beam the G levels is taken into consideration so that the G levels acting upon the occupant doesn't cross 40 G'S as safer. The results obtained from high strain rate of 200mm/min tensile tests explore to bumper beam for which G level acting on the occupant is 35 G's for hybrid jute glass epoxy with 6mm thickness which is found to be best suited composite material which is safer for the occupant and also the weight reduction is also considered where conventionally used steel is 6.6 kgs and the hybrid material of Jute-Glass-Epoxy is 2.9 kgs these weight savings leads to fuel efficiency of the car. Keywords: Hybrid composites, NHTSA, Ls-Dyna, High strain rate And G levels etc…
Kentucky Trucking Accident Lawsuits: Are They Different from a Car Accident L...Paul Musselwhite
If you are a victim of a Kentucky trucking accident, or you lost a loved one to a trucking collision, it is important that you understand those differences. Learn more about Kentucky trucking accident in this presentation
Conflicting nature between 2 wheel and 4 wheels drivetrain.pptHarshal Bhatt
This will help you to understand different wheel drive theories, why 2 wheel drive or 4 wheel drivetrain is used, and the conflicting nature between the two.
Study concerning the loads over driver’s heads in cases of cars crashes wit...prabowo bowo
The document summarizes the results of 7 crash tests between cars of the same and different generations. Accelerometers were placed in dummy drivers' heads in both vehicles to measure head acceleration. Crashes involved cars from the 1990s-2000s crashing head-on or into each other's sides at speeds from 20-80 km/h. Results showed that head acceleration was generally higher in older cars compared to newer cars, and when older cars crashed with newer cars. Accelerations also tended to be higher when vehicles of different weights or structural stiffness collided. The study aims to quantify how car design differences affect driver head loads in crashes between cars of different eras.
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8328958814Satta Matka is a number-based game. There are several markets, each with its owner responsible for releasing the lottery satta Matka market results on time. Kalyan market, Worli market, main Mumbai market, Rajdhani market, and Milan market are some of the main markets or bazaars involved in the satta Matka game. The oldest and most legitimate markets are in Kalyan and Main Mumbai. Every Satta Market has an open and close time. The satta results for these markets are published on or shortly after the open and close times. During the open result, two numbers are decoded, one of which is a three-digit number and the other a single-digit number. Similarly, three-digit and single-digit numbers are declared during the satta market's close. The last digit after adding the three digits of the open or close result is usually the single digit declared during the open and close results.KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAINSATTA MATKA SATTA FAST RESULT KALYAN TOP MATKA RESULT KALYAN SATTA MATKA FAST RESULT MILAN RATAN RAJDHANI MAIN BAZAR MATKA FAST TIPS RESULT MATKA CHART JODI CHART PANEL CHART FREE FIX GAME SATTAMATKA ! MATKA MOBI SATTA 143 spboss.in TOP NO1 RESULT FULL RATE MATKA ONLINE GAME PLAY BY APP SPBOSSdp boss net, dp satta, dpboss dpboss, indian satta matka, kalyan matkà result today , matka boss, matka result live, matka satta result today, satamatka com, satta boss, satta matka king, sattamatkà, sattamatkà result, sattamatta com, sattmatka sattmatka, star matka, tara matka, tara satta matka, worli matka, indian matka, matka live, kalyan guessing, satta fix, kalyan final ank, dp matka, dpboss net, sata mata com, सट्टा मटका, sattamatkà 143, golden matka, satta matta matka 143, satta fast, kalyan open, satta 143, dpboss 143 guessing, dpboss satta, golden satta matka, satta bajar
Satta Matka Market is India's leading website providing the quickest sattamatka outcome, experienced in Satta Matka game. Our services include free Satta Matka Trick and Tips for Kalyan Matka and Disawar Satta King, as well as satta matka graphs, online play, tips and more. Our team of experts strive to help you recoup your losses quickly through our proposals such as Free Satta Matka Tips and Kalyan Bazar Tips. We are known as India's best Matka DpBoss portal site, here to deliver updates on all sorts of Satta Market like Kalyan Bazar, Milan, Rajdhani, Time Bazaar, Main and the most current charts. Stay tuned with us for more live updates on the Satta market
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At Dash Auto Sales & Car Rentals, we take pride in providing top-notch automotive services to residents and visitors alike in Nassau, Bahamas. Whether you're looking to purchase a vehicle, rent a car for your vacation, or embark on an exciting ATV adventure, we have you covered with our wide range of options and exceptional customer service.
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Crash tests are conducted to evaluate vehicle safety and reduce injuries. Standard tests include frontal impacts at 35 mph into a barrier, side impacts from a moving barrier at 31 mph, and offset frontal crashes where only one side hits a barrier at 40 mph. Advanced crash test facilities use dummies equipped with sensors, barriers, and high speed cameras to analyze crash forces and the likelihood of injury. Vehicle structures are designed to manage crash energy through elements like crumple zones that absorb the force of impacts. Star ratings indicate a vehicle's expected level of occupant protection based on test results.
The document analyzes and compares the front bumper brackets of three different Toyota vehicles - the Yaris, RAV4, and Tundra. It summarizes that the Yaris bracket is designed to act as a crumple zone to absorb energy in collisions due to its small size, while the larger RAV4 and Tundra can distribute energy elsewhere. The Tundra bracket specifically needs to be more rigid to support the front of the pickup truck. Each bracket was modeled and analyzed through simulation to measure deformation.
India: rolling resistance and fuel saving 2016Arnaud Renard
Today, Indians are more aware of the need for sustainable development; they realise that mitigating the environmental consequences of their fuel consumption is the need of the hour.
This study shows that improvement of vehicle’s fuel economy needs to take into account tyres and rolling resistance.
Rolling resistance affects fuel consumption in the same way as natural phenomena like wind, slope and vehicle inertia, which must be overcome in order to move.
According to David Shaw (Chief Executive at Tire Industry Research): “A motorist can expect to get a maximum fuel-economy benefit of around 7% when replacing four bad tyres with four good ones”....
The document discusses different types of alternative fuel vehicles, including their advantages and disadvantages. It provides information on junk cars, hybrid cars like the Toyota Prius and Chevy Volt, electric cars, and solar cars. For each type of vehicle, the document outlines key specifications and compares their environmental impact and efficiency to gasoline-powered cars. It also examines public attitudes towards hybrid and electric vehicles, finding that many are not yet ready or willing to adopt new technologies.
The document provides an overview of how economics has affected the automobile industry. It analyzes the industry using Porter's Five Forces model, discussing factors like potential entrants, supplier power, buyer power, threat of substitutes, and industry rivalry. It also examines demand shifts, elasticity, price discrimination, and bargaining power in the industry. The analysis finds that while buyers have significant power, barriers to entry are high. Supplier power is low, and competition from substitutes and rivals is strong. Demand for automobiles is elastic and responsive to price changes.
Better Place Consumer Research Highlights - USABetter Place
The document summarizes the results of a survey assessing consumer demand for electric vehicles in the US. Some key findings include:
- Americans are concerned about climate change, air pollution, and dependence on oil. There is interest in US leadership in renewable energy.
- Consumer priorities for their next car include better fuel efficiency. Nearly 1 in 3 Americans expressed interest in an electric vehicle.
- Interest in electric vehicles cuts across all demographics and is strong both in the US and other countries surveyed such as Israel and Denmark.
- Customers will need assurances around battery safety, availability of charging, vehicle performance, and cost competitiveness before purchasing an electric vehicle.
The document discusses three types of energy efficient automobiles: electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and hydrogen vehicles. It provides details on the characteristics and issues associated with each type. However, electric vehicles proved to be the most promising but were eliminated due to pressure from the oil and auto industries. While hybrids and hydrogen vehicles were promoted, they still rely on oil and are not as energy efficient as electric vehicles.
Hybrid cars run on both an electric engine and a gasoline engine. When the car starts, only the electric engine is on, and when driving the gas engine turns on to provide extra power. As the car slows down, the gas engine turns off and energy from braking is stored in the battery to power the electric motor. Popular hybrid models include the Toyota Camry Hybrid and Toyota Prius, and Ford Fusion Hybrid. While hybrids have advantages like lower emissions and fuel costs, disadvantages include higher purchase prices and lack of mechanic training on their systems.
1. Vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death globally, killing over 1 million people per year. Safety standards and vehicle design improvements like seatbelts and airbags have significantly reduced road deaths and injuries over time.
2. The document discusses fundamentals of vehicle crash testing, including different types of crash tests conducted at a Vehicle Research Center to evaluate vehicle safety features. Crash tests include frontal, side, and offset impacts to evaluate occupant protection during collisions.
3. Crash test dummies are used to simulate humans in crash tests. Data collected from dummies helps researchers evaluate injury risks and improve vehicle design to better protect occupants. A variety of dummies are used representing adults and children.
Design and High Volume Manufacture of an Affordable Advanced Composite Automo...David F. Taggart
The document describes the design of an advanced composite automotive body structure for the Hypercar Revolution concept vehicle. Key points:
- The carbon fiber composite body structure is 57% lighter than a conventional steel structure, weighing just 187 kg, while providing superior crash protection and stiffness.
- The large passenger safety cell uses an advanced composite design that allows for a novel high-volume manufacturing process to make it affordable.
- The safety cell features extensive part consolidation and integration of functions to simplify assembly and tooling while minimizing materials. It has only 14 major parts compared to over 60 for a conventional body.
- This lightweight composite body, combined with other lightweighting throughout the vehicle, results in an overall weight reduction
An evaluation of jute epoxy-hybrid composite materials for automotive frontal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present work evaluates the occupant safety and the mechanical behavior of the Jute-Epoxy-Glass hybrid composite materials and to carry out dynamic analysis of an automobile car frontal components like Bumper beam by using Jute-Epoxy-Glass Hybrid composite material by FE approach. In the present study, HYPERMESH and LS-DYNA software is employed to obtain a better composite material. Durability, NVH, Crash safety and Aesthetics are some of the important vehicle attributes that need to be meet the vehicle manufacturer. While the crash safety for NHTSA requires the G level should be less then 40G'S at the occupant seat. Initially manufacturing of 4 ply, 6 ply (Jute-Epoxy) and 5 ply (Jute-Glass-Epoxy) laminates is done and there characterization is done under Quasi static (1mm/min) and Impact High strain rate loading (100mm/min and 200mm/min) for tensile tests. The mechanical properties obtained are set for the existing bumper beam of a meshed model. For bumper beam of a car with a given velocity of 56 km/h according to the NHTSA high speed crash test. For a high speed crash speed test of bumper beam the G levels is taken into consideration so that the G levels acting upon the occupant doesn't cross 40 G'S as safer. The results obtained from high strain rate of 200mm/min tensile tests explore to bumper beam for which G level acting on the occupant is 35 G's for hybrid jute glass epoxy with 6mm thickness which is found to be best suited composite material which is safer for the occupant and also the weight reduction is also considered where conventionally used steel is 6.6 kgs and the hybrid material of Jute-Glass-Epoxy is 2.9 kgs these weight savings leads to fuel efficiency of the car. Keywords: Hybrid composites, NHTSA, Ls-Dyna, High strain rate And G levels etc…
Kentucky Trucking Accident Lawsuits: Are They Different from a Car Accident L...Paul Musselwhite
If you are a victim of a Kentucky trucking accident, or you lost a loved one to a trucking collision, it is important that you understand those differences. Learn more about Kentucky trucking accident in this presentation
Conflicting nature between 2 wheel and 4 wheels drivetrain.pptHarshal Bhatt
This will help you to understand different wheel drive theories, why 2 wheel drive or 4 wheel drivetrain is used, and the conflicting nature between the two.
Study concerning the loads over driver’s heads in cases of cars crashes wit...prabowo bowo
The document summarizes the results of 7 crash tests between cars of the same and different generations. Accelerometers were placed in dummy drivers' heads in both vehicles to measure head acceleration. Crashes involved cars from the 1990s-2000s crashing head-on or into each other's sides at speeds from 20-80 km/h. Results showed that head acceleration was generally higher in older cars compared to newer cars, and when older cars crashed with newer cars. Accelerations also tended to be higher when vehicles of different weights or structural stiffness collided. The study aims to quantify how car design differences affect driver head loads in crashes between cars of different eras.
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8328958814Satta Matka is a number-based game. There are several markets, each with its owner responsible for releasing the lottery satta Matka market results on time. Kalyan market, Worli market, main Mumbai market, Rajdhani market, and Milan market are some of the main markets or bazaars involved in the satta Matka game. The oldest and most legitimate markets are in Kalyan and Main Mumbai. Every Satta Market has an open and close time. The satta results for these markets are published on or shortly after the open and close times. During the open result, two numbers are decoded, one of which is a three-digit number and the other a single-digit number. Similarly, three-digit and single-digit numbers are declared during the satta market's close. The last digit after adding the three digits of the open or close result is usually the single digit declared during the open and close results.KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAINSATTA MATKA SATTA FAST RESULT KALYAN TOP MATKA RESULT KALYAN SATTA MATKA FAST RESULT MILAN RATAN RAJDHANI MAIN BAZAR MATKA FAST TIPS RESULT MATKA CHART JODI CHART PANEL CHART FREE FIX GAME SATTAMATKA ! MATKA MOBI SATTA 143 spboss.in TOP NO1 RESULT FULL RATE MATKA ONLINE GAME PLAY BY APP SPBOSSdp boss net, dp satta, dpboss dpboss, indian satta matka, kalyan matkà result today , matka boss, matka result live, matka satta result today, satamatka com, satta boss, satta matka king, sattamatkà, sattamatkà result, sattamatta com, sattmatka sattmatka, star matka, tara matka, tara satta matka, worli matka, indian matka, matka live, kalyan guessing, satta fix, kalyan final ank, dp matka, dpboss net, sata mata com, सट्टा मटका, sattamatkà 143, golden matka, satta matta matka 143, satta fast, kalyan open, satta 143, dpboss 143 guessing, dpboss satta, golden satta matka, satta bajar
Satta Matka Market is India's leading website providing the quickest sattamatka outcome, experienced in Satta Matka game. Our services include free Satta Matka Trick and Tips for Kalyan Matka and Disawar Satta King, as well as satta matka graphs, online play, tips and more. Our team of experts strive to help you recoup your losses quickly through our proposals such as Free Satta Matka Tips and Kalyan Bazar Tips. We are known as India's best Matka DpBoss portal site, here to deliver updates on all sorts of Satta Market like Kalyan Bazar, Milan, Rajdhani, Time Bazaar, Main and the most current charts. Stay tuned with us for more live updates on the Satta market
car rentals in nassau bahamas | atv rental nassau bahamasjustinwilson0857
At Dash Auto Sales & Car Rentals, we take pride in providing top-notch automotive services to residents and visitors alike in Nassau, Bahamas. Whether you're looking to purchase a vehicle, rent a car for your vacation, or embark on an exciting ATV adventure, we have you covered with our wide range of options and exceptional customer service.
Website: www.dashrentacarbah.com
Automotive Engine Valve Manufacturing Plant Project Report.pptxSmith Anderson
The report provides a complete roadmap for setting up an Automotive Engine Valve. It covers a comprehensive market overview to micro-level information such as unit operations involved, raw material requirements, utility requirements, infrastructure requirements, machinery and technology requirements, manpower requirements, packaging requirements, transportation requirements, etc.
Top-Quality AC Service for Mini Cooper Optimal Cooling PerformanceMotor Haus
Ensure your Mini Cooper stays cool and comfortable with our top-quality AC service. Our expert technicians provide comprehensive maintenance, repairs, and performance optimization, guaranteeing reliable cooling and peak efficiency. Trust us for quick, professional service that keeps your Mini Cooper's air conditioning system in top condition, ensuring a pleasant driving experience year-round.
Dahua provides a comprehensive guide on how to install their security camera systems. Learn about the different types of cameras and system components, as well as the installation process.
1. SPECIAL ISSUE: CAR SIZE, WEIGHT, AND SAFETY
Vol. 44, No. 4, April 14, 2009
CAR
SIZE AND
WEIGHT
ARE CRUCIAL
to protecting people in crashes. One way to
see how crucial is to crash two cars that
have a lot in common other than their size
and weight differences. For example, crash
a microcar or a minicar with good frontal
crashworthiness ratings into a midsize
2. 2 Status Report, Vol. 44, No. 4, April 14, 2009
model that earns the same ratings and was manufactured by the same automaker. What happens ratings with those of midsize cars — or with
in the front-to-front collision says a lot about the safety consequences of vehicle size and weight. the ratings of cars in any other class, for that
The Institute recently crashed a Honda Fit into a Honda Accord, a Smart Fortwo into a Mer- matter, because of the effects of vehicle size
cedes C class, and a Toyota Yaris into a Toyota Camry (these automakers have micro and minicars and weight.”
rated good for frontal crashworthiness, based on the Institute’s 40 mph offset test into a de- The Institute didn’t choose SUVs or pick-
formable barrier). The car-to-car tests aren’t about whether one minicar is more crashworthy than ups, or even large cars, to pair with the minis
another. Such information is available from the comparative ratings based on the barrier tests. in the new crash tests. The choice of midsize
The new tests of paired cars are about the physics of crashes. Reflecting Newton’s laws of mo- cars reveals how much influence some extra
tion, the results confirm the lesson that bigger, heavier cars are safer (see facing page). Some mini- size and weight can have on crash outcomes.
cars earn higher crashworthiness ratings than others, but as a group these cars generally can’t Honda Accord versus Fit: The Accord
protect people in crashes as well as bigger, heavier models. came through the frontal test without signifi-
“There are good reasons people buy minicars,” says David Zuby, the Institute’s senior vice pres- cant downgrades. Measured intrusion at 8
ident for vehicle research. “For starters, they’re affordable, and they use less gas. But the safety locations in the occupant compartment was
trade-offs are clear from the results of our new tests.” in the good range, and all (continues on p.6)
MIDSIZE HONDA ACCORD: GOOD MINI HONDA FIT: POOR
As in the barrier tests the Institute conducts for consumer information, each of the cars in the The midsize Honda Accord’s occupant
frontal offset crashes involving pairs of 2009 models from Daimler, Honda, and Toyota were compartment remained intact during
going 40 mph. Researchers rated each car’s performance from good to poor based on measured this 40 mph frontal collision with the
intrusion into the occupant compartment, forces recorded on the Hybrid III driver dummy, and Fit, a minicar. In contrast, there was a
movement of the dummy during the impact. The main difference between these tests and those lot of intrusion into the Fit’s occupant
conducted for consumer information is the car-to-car versus car-into-barrier configuration. compartment, which compromised the
“Sometimes the whole issue of size and weight gets obscured in the quest to buy a car with survival space around the driver dummy.
good safety ratings,” Zuby says. “The ratings are important, but frontal ones can be used only Measures recorded on the dummy indicate
to compare cars that are similar in size and weight. You can compare the ratings of the Fit and that the risk of serious injury would be high
Yaris, for example, and find they both earn good overall scores. But you can’t compare these cars’ in a real-world collision similar to this test.
3. SIZE
When a car crashes into a solid barrier,
the outcome depends in part on the size of
the front end. If one car’s front end is long
enough to crush twice as much as another
car’s in a barrier crash at the same speed,
its restrained occupants will experience half
as much force as the people in the smaller car
because it takes them twice as long to stop.
LONGER CRUSH SPACE SHORTER
WEIGHT
When two cars going the same speed crash
3,600 LBS 1,800 LBS
front to front, the outcome depends in part
on the cars’ relative weights. The heavier car
will push the lighter car backward during the
impact, which means the velocity change of ONE OF THESE CARS WEIGHS TWICE AS MUCH AS
40 MPH 40 MPH THE OTHER. WHEN THEY COLLIDE, EACH GOING
the heavier car will be much less than that
40 MPH, THE HEAVY CAR PUSHES THE LIGHT ONE
of the lighter car. If the lighter car weighs BACKWARD AT 13 MPH. THE VELOCITY CHANGE
half as much as the heavier car, the forces OF THE LIGHT CAR (53 MPH) IS TWICE
on its occupants will be twice as great. THAT OF THE HEAVIER CAR (27 MPH).
PHYSICS
DICTATE CRASH OUTCOMES 13 MPH
The poor performance of all three micro and tance from the front of a vehicle to its occupant compartment. The longer this is, the lower the
minicars in frontal impacts with midsize cars forces on the occupants, provided vehicle designers take advantage of the extra length.
(see p.1) isn’t surprising. It reflects the laws of These two factors, size and weight, have separate effects, but they’re highly correlated. In
the physical universe, specifically principles theory the lighter weights of smaller cars could be offset by increasing the sizes of their front
related to force and distance. ends, keeping weight down by using materials like aluminum, plastic, or titanium. But this typically
Although the physics of frontal car crash- doesn’t occur because such materials cost so much.
es usually are described in terms of what hap- Characteristics including the stiffness of a vehicle’s front end also influence the outcomes of
pens to the vehicles, injuries depend on the crashes. However, size and weight are the basic influences.
forces that act on the occupants — and these Size and weight affect injury likelihood in all kinds of crashes. In a collision involving two vehicles
forces are affected by two key physical factors. that differ in size and weight, the people in the smaller, lighter vehicle will be at a disadvantage. The
One is the weight of a crashing vehicle, which bigger, heavier vehicle will push the smaller, lighter one backward during the impact. This means less
determines how much its velocity will change force on the occupants of the heavier vehicle and more on the people in the lighter vehicle. Greater
during impact. The greater the change in ve- force means greater risk, so the people in the smaller, lighter vehicle are more likely to be injured.
locity, the greater the forces on the people Crash statistics confirm this. The death rate in 1-3-year-old minicars involved in multiple-vehicle
inside and the higher the risk of injury. crashes during 2007 was almost twice as high as the rate in very large cars.
The second physical factor affecting injury “Some minicars are definitely more crashworthy than others,” says David Zuby, Institute senior
likelihood is vehicle size, specifically the dis- vice president for vehicle research. “So it pays to compare their safety ratings. But as a group mini-
4. 4 Status Report, Vol. 44, No. 4, April 14, 2009
cars do a comparatively poor job of protect-
ing people in crashes, simply because they’re FUEL ECONOMY AND SAFETY CAN
BE ACHIEVED AT THE SAME TIME
smaller and lighter. In collisions with bigger
vehicles, the forces acting on the smaller one
are higher, and there’s less distance from the
front of a small car to the occupant compart- One reason people buy smaller cars is to comply with federal standards (see Status Re-
ment to ‘ride down’ the impact. These and conserve fuel. The price of gasoline skyrock- port, April 6, 2002; on the web at iihs.org).
other factors increase injury likelihood.” eted last year, and there’s no telling what the A problem with the current structure of
Fatality risk in minicars is high in single- as price at the pump might be next week. fuel economy standards for cars is that the
well as multiple-vehicle crashes. The death Meanwhile, the gears are turning to hike fed- target of 27.5 miles per gallon is applied to an
rate per million 1-3-year-old minis in single- eral fuel economy requirements to address automaker’s whole fleet, no matter the mix of
vehicle crashes during 2007 was 35 compared environmental concerns. cars an individual automaker sells. This en-
with 11 per million for very large cars. Even in The conflict is that smaller vehicles use courages manufacturers to sell more smaller,
midsize cars, the death rate in single-vehicle less fuel but do a relatively poor job of pro- lighter cars to offset the fuel consumed by
crashes was 17 percent lower than in minicars. tecting their occupants in crashes (see p.3). their bigger, heavier models. Sometimes au-
Thus, fuel conservation policies have tended tomakers even sell the smaller — and less safe
to conflict with motor vehicle safety policies. — cars at a loss to ensure compliance with
DRIVER DEATHS PER MILLION But they don’t have to. fleetwide requirements.
1-3-YEAR-OLD CARS REGISTERED, 2007 “The key going forward will be for con- “What’s needed instead is to restructure
sumers and policymakers to recognize the fuel economy standards for cars the same as
■ multiple-vehicle potential conflict and make choices that serve the government has done for other kinds of
■ single-vehicle safety as well as fuel economy. The first step passenger vehicles,” Lund advises.
40
is to look at the consequences of past policies In 2006 the National Highway
and choose future ones that serve both goals Traffic Safety Administration
20 instead of setting the two at odds,” says adopted a fuel economy
Institute president Adrian Lund. system for SUVs, pickup
Fuel economy at the expense of safety: trucks, and vans that
mini small midsize large very large More than 30 years have elapsed since mandates lower fuel
Congress enacted the Energy Policy and Con- consumption as vehi-
Driver death rates decline fairly consistently servation Act of 1975, which required auto- cles get smaller and
as vehicle size increases. This doesn’t mean makers to build cars that use less fuel. The lighter, thus remov-
drivers have to choose the heaviest vehicles result during the first 15 or so years of this law ing the incentive for
on the road to reap safety benefits. New was to improve the overall fuel economy of automakers to downsize
crash tests demonstrate that midsize cars the US car fleet by about 75 percent. their lightest vehicles to com-
afford a lot more protection than minicars The main way automakers achieved this ply (see Status Report, April 22, 2006;
from the same manufacturer (see p.1). was by reducing car weights. For example, on the web at iihs.org). The result is to force
The overall driver death rate in midsize Chrysler stopped making big cars altogether. the auto manufacturers to use vehicle and
By 1985 cars were an average of 500 pounds engine technologies to improve fuel economy.
cars is 23 percent lower than in minicars.
lighter than they would have been without the By 2011 all SUVs, pickup trucks, and vans will
federal requirements. have to comply.
“The lower death rates in single-vehicle The downside was to increase fatality risk However, the same plan doesn’t yet apply
crashes of larger cars are because many ob- in crashes. Multiple studies document this, to cars, which still are subject to a fleetwide
jects that vehicles hit aren’t solid, and big, including Institute research comparing deaths fuel economy standard. The Bush administra-
heavy vehicles have a better chance of mov- in Ford and General Motors cars before and tion proposed a size-based standard for cars,
ing or deforming the objects they strike. This after they were downsized during 1977-86 (see like the other passenger vehicles, but left it
dissipates some of the energy of the impact,” Status Report, Sept. 8, 1990; on the web at iihs. to the current administration to carry through.
Zuby explains. org). The finding was a 23 percent increase in Now the Obama administration says it’s boost-
Insurance claims filed for injuries under per- deaths per 10,000 registered cars. ing the fuel economy standard for cars,
sonal injury protection coverage also are higher Subsequent research documents the continu- beginning with 2011 models, and this will be
for minis than for midsize cars. Overall losses, ing price in terms of lives. For example, the Na- accomplished under a size-based system.
which reflect both claim frequency and severity, tional Research Council concluded in 2002 that On a separate front, California officials are
are 193 for 4-door minis versus 147 for 4-door 1,300 to 2,600 additional crash deaths occurred trying to improve air quality by setting more
midsize cars (100 is the average for all cars). in 1993 because of vehicle weight reductions to stringent emissions limits than the federal gov-
5. Status Report, Vol. 44, No. 4, April 14, 2009 5
ernment requires. The state’s carbon emis- 46,402 in 1974. The National Research Council “Drivers don’t have to wait for the govern-
sions limit is structured so that vehicles of all estimated that most of the reduction was due ment to act. They can simply choose to drive
sizes would be held to a single average, which to the lower speed limit, and the rest was be- slower or choose to buy cars that aren’t the
conflicts with occupant safety goals. cause of reduced travel. By 1983 the national smallest ones available but still earn kudos for
A US Court of Appeals is considering maximum 55 mph limit still was saving 2,000 fuel economy,” Lund points out. For example,
whether federal fuel economy standards pre- to 4,000 lives annually. the Honda Civic Hybrid and Toyota Prius, also
empt California’s emissions standard, and the With the oil crisis a thing of the past by the a hybrid, get better gas mileage than the Smart
Institute has filed a brief opposing the state. middle of the 1980s, Congress lifted pressure Fortwo. Even the Volkswagen Jetta with a
The problem, the Institute told the court, is on states to retain 55. Speed limits began diesel engine does almost as well.
that “the easiest, cheapest, and quickest way going up in 1987, and so did occupant deaths There are other ways, both individual and
for automakers to meet a significant reduction in crashes. Fifteen to 30 percent increases societal, to serve fuel economy and safety
in an overall fleet average of carbon emissions were documented. simultaneously. For example, roundabouts
is to downsize to reduce fuel consumption,” “The national maximum speed limit was serve both at intersections (see Status Report,
which costs lives in crashes. Lund adds that adopted to save fuel, but it turned out to be June 9, 2008; on the web at iihs.org). The key
if a state does succeed in preempting fed- one of the most dramatic safety successes in going forward is to keep the potential conflict
eral fuel economy or emissions standards, it motor vehicle history,” Lund points out. “The between safety and fuel conservation in mind
should ensure that its programs don’t so that policies designed
have negative consequen- to serve one don’t in-
ces for people advertently compro-
in crashes. mise the other.
Travel speeds affect both: political will to reinstate it probably ONE OF THESE CARS
Setting higher federal fuel econo- is lacking, but if policymakers want a IS BIGGER THAN THE OTHER,
my targets isn’t the only way to con- win-win approach, this is it. It saves fuel but this doesn’t mean their fuel economy
serve fuel. How about lowering speed limits? and lives at the same time.” necessarily varies by as much as their size
Going slower uses less fuel to cover the same More good choices going forward: Another difference suggests. Some models that are
distance. There’s a big safety bonus, too, way to serve both safety and fuel economy classified as small or even midsize get as
that’s evident in the experience of the 1970- would be to curtail the horsepower race. Only many miles to the gallon, or almost as
80s (see Status Report, Nov. 22, 2003; on the a few cars used to be capable of 300 horsepow- many, as cars classified as minis. The
web at iihs.org). er, but now many cars match this. Average safety plus is that death rates are lower
Goaded by federal lawmakers, every state horsepower is 70 percent higher than it was
in the larger cars (see chart, facing page).
adopted 55 mph speed limits on interstate in the mid-1980s, and some of today’s high-
So driving a relatively big car that’s also
highways in 1974. The impetus was the 1973 performance cars surpass the power of even the
economical on fuel is one way to serve both
oil embargo, and the idea was to conserve fuel muscle cars of the 1960-70s. If an automaker
by slowing down motorists until automakers were forced to use engine-enhancing technology safety and fuel conservation. Another way
could build cars that use less gas. The imme- to improve fuel efficiency instead of to boost per- is for state and local officials to set and
diate effect was to save thousands of barrels formance, safety would improve, too, because enforce lower speed limits. Going slower
of fuel per day — and thousands of lives. In vehicles with souped-up horsepower are asso- uses less gas to cover the same distance,
fact, highway deaths declined about 20 per- ciated with increased injury risk (see Status and it reduces both crash likelihood and
cent the first year, from 55,511 in 1973 to Report, April 22, 2006; on the web at iihs.org). the severity of the crashes that occur.
6. 6 Status Report, Vol. 44, No. 4, April 14, 2009
tion of the Smart’s poor performance but not
the only one. There was extensive intrusion
into the space around the dummy from head
to feet. The instrument panel moved up and
toward the dummy. The steering wheel was
displaced upward. Multiple measures of
injury likelihood, including those on the
dummy’s head, were poor, as were
measures on both legs.
“The Smart is the smallest car we
tested, so it’s not surprising that its
performance looked worse than the
Fit’s. Still both fall into the poor
category, and it’s hard to distin-
guish between poor and poorer,”
Zuby says. “In both the Smart
and Fit, occupants would be sub-
ject to high injury risk in crashes
with heavier cars.”
In contrast, the C class held up well,
with little to no intrusion into the occupant
compartment. Nearly all measures of injury
likelihood were in the good range, though the
(continued from p.2) except one measure of measure on the head was downgraded to ac-
injury likelihood recorded on the driver ceptable because the dummy’s head struck
dummy’s head, neck, chest, and both legs the B-pillar hard. Still, this was a good per-
also were good. Only the value recorded on formance overall.
the left foot veered from good into the accept- Toyota Camry versus Yaris: There was far
able range (values are based on thresholds more intrusion into the compartment of the
indicating injury likelihood). Yaris than the Camry. The minicar’s door was
In contrast, a number of injury measures largely torn away. The driver seats in both
on the dummy in the Fit were less than good. cars tipped forward, but only in the Yaris did
Forces on the left lower leg and right upper the steering wheel move excessively.
leg were in the marginal range, while the Similar contrasts characterize the measures
measure on the right tibia was poor. These of injury likelihood recorded on the dummies.
indicate a high risk of leg injury in a real-world The heads of both struck the cars’ steering
crash of similar severity. In addition, the wheels through the airbags, but only the head
SMART INTO C CLASS: POOR dummy’s head struck the steering wheel injury measure on the dummy in the Yaris
through the airbag. rated poor. There was extensive force on the
Intrusion into the Fit’s occupant compart- neck and right leg plus a deep gash at the
The space around the driver dummy in the ment was extensive at 6 of 8 measured loca- right knee of the dummy in the minicar.
Smart Fortwo collapsed during a 40 mph tions, warranting a marginal rating for the Like the Smart and Fit, the Yaris earns an
frontal offset crash test into a Mercedes structure. Overall, the Fit is rated poor in this overall rating of poor in the car-to-car test.
C class. Multiple injuries, including to front-to-front test, despite its good crashwor- The Camry is acceptable, which doesn’t
the head, would be likely for a real-world thiness rating based on the Institute’s offset match its good rating in the Institute’s 40 mph
driver of a Smart in a similar collision. barrier test. The Accord earns good ratings barrier test, despite the similar speed and off-
This outcome contrasts with the Smart’s for performance in both tests. set configuration (see facing page). Still the
performance in the Institute’s frontal offset Mercedes C class versus Smart: After strik- midsize car fared much better than the mini.
barrier test that’s run at the same 40 mph ing the front of the C class, the Smart went air- Laws of physics prevail: Some propo-
speed. In the barrier test, the Smart earned borne and turned around 450 degrees. This nents of mini and small cars claim they’re as
a good rating overall, while it rates poor contributed to excessive movement of the safe as bigger, heavier cars. But the claims
in the collision with the C class. dummy during rebound — a dramatic indica- don’t hold up. For example, there’s a claim
7. TOYOTA CAMRY: ACCEPTABLE TOYOTA YARIS: POOR
that the addition of safety features to the
smallest cars in recent years reduces injury
risk, and this is true as far as it goes. Airbags,
advanced belts, electronic stability control,
and other features are helping. The same fea-
tures have been added to cars of all sizes,
though, so the smallest cars still don’t match
bigger ones in terms of occupant protection.
Would hazards be reduced if all passenger
vehicles were as small as the smallest ones?
Yes, this would help in vehicle-to-vehicle
crashes, but occupants of smaller cars are at
increased risk in all kinds of crashes, not just
collisions with heavier passenger vehicles.
Almost half of all crash deaths in minicars YARIS IN BARRIER TEST: GOOD YARIS INTO CAMRY: POOR
occur in single-vehicle crashes, and these
deaths wouldn’t be reduced if all cars became
smaller and lighter. In fact, the result would be BARRIER TEST VS. CAR TO CAR: Car-to-car crash tests often are more demanding than the front-
to afford less occupant protection fleetwide in into-barrier tests the Institute conducts for consumer information (go to iihs.org/ratings). A basic
single-vehicle crashes. reason is that the barrier test mimics a frontal crash between identical cars — a Toyota Yaris into
Yet another claim is that minicars are easier a Yaris, for example. Because the midsize Toyota Camry weighs more than the Yaris, it inflicted
to maneuver than big cars, so their drivers can more force on the minicar, compared with a barrier test.
avoid crashes in the first place. Insurance Drivers of minicars aren’t likely to confine their crash experience to other minis. As the smallest
claims experience says otherwise. The frequen- cars on the road, they’re far more likely to collide with bigger, heavier vehicles. This is when the
cy of claims filed for crash damage is higher for safety consequences resemble those in the crash with the Camry — or worse.
mini 4-door cars than for midsize ones. Another consideration is that, while the Institute’s barrier approximates the front of another car, it
There’s no getting around the laws of the can’t be designed to mimic the various fronts of hundreds of different cars. This helps explain why
physical universe. The Institute’s new crash the Camry performed worse in the test with the Yaris than in the barrier impact that approximated
tests confirm this — again. a crash with another Camry — something about the Yaris’ front end was more difficult to manage.
8. NON-PROFIT ORG.
U.S. POSTAGE
PAID
PERMIT NO. 252
ARLINGTON, VA
1005 N. Glebe Rd., Arlington, VA 22201
Phone 703/247-1500 Fax 247-1588
Internet: www.iihs.org
Vol. 44, No. 4, April 14, 2009
SPECIAL ISSUE
CAR SIZE & WEIGHT, AGAIN: The new series
of crashes involving mini and midsize cars
isn’t the Institute’s first foray into testing to
demonstrate vehicle size and weight effects
in frontal crashes. The first time was in 1971,
and the test series featured an AMC Gremlin
(above left) then known as an economy car,
crashing into AMC’s large Ambassador model.
Contents may be republished with attribution.
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