The Freikorps were paramilitary organizations that operated in Germany from 1919-1923. They were composed primarily of World War I veterans and were known for their radical nationalist and anti-communist views. The Freikorps engaged in battles along Germany's borders to prevent territorial losses in Poland, the Baltic states, and Upper Silesia. They also helped crush the Bavarian Soviet Republic in Munich in 1919 and put down other leftist uprisings. However, the Freikorps' use of violence contributed to the instability of the Weimar Republic.
This document summarizes an article from Mrs. Nesta Webster published in the Morning Post of London on April 26th, 1922. The article argues that Ludendorff's claims that sending Lenin to Russia was a sudden military decision is misleading, and that Germany had long been cultivating Bolshevik leaders and promoting revolutionary activities as part of its strategy. It provides evidence that Lenin and other Bolshevik leaders were German agents prior to and during World War 1, and that Germany continued to guide and support the Bolsheviks even after the 1917 revolution to use the Red Army to its strategic advantage. The document aims to show the long-standing and deliberate relationship between Germany and the Bolsheviks contrary to Ludendorff's portrayal.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE PACT OF STEEL. Contains: general overview, opposition, different agendas, pact of steel, humiliation for Mussolini, military deficient Italy, Germany's vision.
Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria and showed an early interest in art but was rejected from art school twice. After World War 1 he joined the German Workers' Party and became its leader, changing its name to the Nazi Party. He was imprisoned for attempting to overthrow the German government but used this time to write Mein Kampf. After his release he gained popularity by blaming Jews and promising to restore Germany's economy and international power. He became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 and quickly established a fascist dictatorship.
The document summarizes key events in Europe and the rise of fascism following World War 1. It describes the US withdrawing from the Treaty of Versailles and not joining the League of Nations. In Ireland, the Irish Revolutionary party wins elections and fights for independence from Britain. Italy falls under the fascist rule of Mussolini, while Germany sees economic struggles and Hitler rises to power by blaming Jews and others for Germany's defeat in the war.
Adolf Hitler was born in Austria and failed to get into art school. He served in the German army during WWI and joined a small nationalist party after the war. As the party leader, he blamed Germany's weakness on politicians, France, communists, and Jews. His Nazi party received under 10% of the vote in early elections but he was imprisoned after a failed coup attempt. In prison he wrote Mein Kampf outlining his belief that Germany needed more land for Aryans and Jews posed an international threat.
PPT about adolf hitler.. if you need the full ppt comment your email id .....
Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.
The saga of the Revolution ends with the failure to spark a World Revolution. The Soviet-Polish War is examined. There is analysis of why communism failed to take root in war exhausted Europe and America's Red Scare era.
This document summarizes an article from Mrs. Nesta Webster published in the Morning Post of London on April 26th, 1922. The article argues that Ludendorff's claims that sending Lenin to Russia was a sudden military decision is misleading, and that Germany had long been cultivating Bolshevik leaders and promoting revolutionary activities as part of its strategy. It provides evidence that Lenin and other Bolshevik leaders were German agents prior to and during World War 1, and that Germany continued to guide and support the Bolsheviks even after the 1917 revolution to use the Red Army to its strategic advantage. The document aims to show the long-standing and deliberate relationship between Germany and the Bolsheviks contrary to Ludendorff's portrayal.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE PACT OF STEEL. Contains: general overview, opposition, different agendas, pact of steel, humiliation for Mussolini, military deficient Italy, Germany's vision.
Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria and showed an early interest in art but was rejected from art school twice. After World War 1 he joined the German Workers' Party and became its leader, changing its name to the Nazi Party. He was imprisoned for attempting to overthrow the German government but used this time to write Mein Kampf. After his release he gained popularity by blaming Jews and promising to restore Germany's economy and international power. He became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 and quickly established a fascist dictatorship.
The document summarizes key events in Europe and the rise of fascism following World War 1. It describes the US withdrawing from the Treaty of Versailles and not joining the League of Nations. In Ireland, the Irish Revolutionary party wins elections and fights for independence from Britain. Italy falls under the fascist rule of Mussolini, while Germany sees economic struggles and Hitler rises to power by blaming Jews and others for Germany's defeat in the war.
Adolf Hitler was born in Austria and failed to get into art school. He served in the German army during WWI and joined a small nationalist party after the war. As the party leader, he blamed Germany's weakness on politicians, France, communists, and Jews. His Nazi party received under 10% of the vote in early elections but he was imprisoned after a failed coup attempt. In prison he wrote Mein Kampf outlining his belief that Germany needed more land for Aryans and Jews posed an international threat.
PPT about adolf hitler.. if you need the full ppt comment your email id .....
Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.
The saga of the Revolution ends with the failure to spark a World Revolution. The Soviet-Polish War is examined. There is analysis of why communism failed to take root in war exhausted Europe and America's Red Scare era.
The document summarizes the rise of Nazism in Germany following World War 1. It discusses how the Treaty of Versailles set the stage by humiliating Germany and damaging its economy. Far-right paramilitary groups like the Freikorps emerged and some later joined the Nazi SA. The Nazi party was originally a small far-right party founded by Anton Drexler but was transformed into a mass movement by Adolf Hitler. In 1923, Hitler attempted to overthrow the Weimar Republic in the Beer Hall Putsch but was imprisoned. After his release in the 1930s, Hitler came to power legally and constructed a totalitarian racist state, persecuting Jews and political opponents.
Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria and showed early interest in becoming a priest but was rejected from art school. After his parents died, he lived homeless in Vienna where he was influenced by anti-Semitism. During World War I he served in the German army and was decorated for bravery. After the war, he joined the Nazi party and rose to leadership with emotional speeches attacking Jews. In 1923 he attempted to overthrow the German government but was imprisoned for five years where he wrote his book Mein Kampf outlining his plans. He became Chancellor in 1933 and built Germany's industry and military, gaining control of Europe by 1941.
Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria and showed an early interest in art that was denied by his rejection from the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. He developed anti-Semitic beliefs and blamed Jews for Germany's defeat in WWI. In the 1920s he joined the Nazi party and became its leader, promoting German nationalism. In the 1930s he seized power legally through democratic elections and consolidated power through the Reichstag fire. As dictator, he established a totalitarian regime, withdrew Germany from the League of Nations, and began aggressively rearming Germany in violation of the Treaty of Versailles while improving the economy.
The document summarizes key events and entities during World War 2. It describes the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising where Jewish resistance fought the Germans from January to May 1943. It lists the Allied powers including the US, UK, Soviet Union, and others opposed to the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan. The Axis declaration of war on the US after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor is noted. Finally, it outlines the Nazi concentration camp system where millions were imprisoned and many killed in labor, death, and extermination camps across Europe.
Hermann Göring was a prominent Nazi leader who helped Hitler and the Nazi Party rise to power in Germany. He joined the Nazi Party in 1922 and became the leader of the SA in 1923. As president of the Reichstag, he contacted businesses and the military to gain their support for the Nazis. In 1933, he established the Gestapo secret police force. During World War 2, he oversaw the persecution of Jews and establishment of concentration camps. Göring took part in war crimes and human rights abuses.
The Gestapo was organized in 1933 as the secret police force of Nazi Germany. They were taught various torture techniques to use on victims. The Brownshirts, Nazi paramilitary group, began beating innocent people in the streets, taking advantage of the Gestapo's powers. Hermann Goering, who had the power to stop Hitler, did not act against him despite having no problem with Jews personally.
Hitler and the Nazi party rose to power in Germany for several interrelated reasons:
- Germans were disillusioned after World War 1 defeat and economic hardship, leading many to support extremist right-wing groups like the Nazis.
- In the early 1920s, the Nazis gained popularity by opposing the Treaty of Versailles and using force against communists.
- After an unsuccessful coup in 1923, the Nazis rebuilt support legally by focusing on propaganda, traditional values, and gaining backing from big business.
- The Great Depression starting in 1929 led to rising unemployment and hyperinflation, increasing fears and support for the Nazis who blamed Jews and communists.
The document summarizes the various groups that resisted Hitler and the Nazi regime in Germany between 1933-1945. It discusses the political opposition from groups like the Social Democratic Party and Communist Party. It also outlines resistance from industrial workers, youth groups like the Edelweiss Pirates, students in the White Rose movement, and churches. One of the most prominent acts of resistance was the failed 20 July 1944 bomb plot led by Claus von Stauffenberg to assassinate Hitler. Overall, there was no single resistance movement in Germany but rather opposition from different individuals and groups with different motivations who worked to undermine and eventually overthrow the Nazi dictatorship by various means.
Opkomst van adolf hitler en zijn nazi ideologieJurgen Marechal
Geschiedenis: Opkomst van Adolf Hitler en zijn nazi ideologie
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: ROME-BERLIN AXIS. Contains: the speech in Milan, Hitler and Mussolini isolated, Realpolitik alliance, historian options, Hitler as an ally, Count Ciano, using each other, united for the ideology, 1938.
The document summarizes key figures in the Nazi party leadership other than Hitler. It profiles Herman Göring, Joseph Goebbels, Rudolf Hess, Heinrich Himmler, Ernst Röhm, and Martin Bormann. It provides biographical details on when each joined the Nazi party, their roles and positions of power attained once the Nazis rose to power in Germany, as well as their fates at the end of World War 2.
The rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party leading up to World War II.
adolf hitler, nazis, world war ii, wwii, propaganda, germany, reichstag fire, jews, lebesraum, mein kampf, otto von bismark, heinrich himmler, joseph geobbels, schutzstaffel, gestapo, kristallnacht, nuremberg laws, non-aggression pact, national socialist german worker's party, Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, aryan, swastika
Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria and showed an early interest in art but was rejected from art school twice. During World War I he served in the German army and was decorated for bravery. After the war he joined the German Workers' Party and became its leader, renaming it the Nazi Party. As the party leader he rose to power in Germany during the economic depression of the 1930s, becoming Chancellor in 1933 and Führer in 1934, establishing a totalitarian dictatorship. Under his rule Germany began aggressively expanding its territory and persecuting Jewish people and others, which ultimately led to World War II and the Holocaust, resulting in Hitler committing suicide in 1945 as Allied forces closed in on his bunker in Berlin.
This document summarizes how Hitler rose to power within the Nazi party between 1920-1922. It describes how he joined the German Worker's Party in 1919 and transformed it into the Nazi party through his public speaking skills. Key events included Hitler becoming party leader in 1921 and establishing the Sturmabteilung (SA) as the party's security force, led by Ernst Rohm. Hitler's charismatic speaking style and redesign of the party's swastika symbol increased its popularity and membership. By surrounding himself with loyal supporters, Hitler ensured his control over the growing Nazi party.
The Nazi party rose from obscurity to power in Germany between 1928 and 1933. Initially a small, insignificant party viewed as thugs, they became the largest party in the Reichstag by 1933. The economic crisis following the Wall Street crash, along with the failure of the Weimar government to address economic problems, created an opening that the Nazi party exploited through effective propaganda and intimidation of opponents. By manipulating the political instability, Hitler was able to consolidate power and end democracy in Germany.
The Weimar Republic was established in Germany in 1919 after the Kaiser fled following World War I. It aimed to create a democratic government but faced significant challenges from right-wing groups who believed Germany was betrayed in the war. Paramilitary groups like the Freikorps and left-wing groups like the Spartacists engaged in revolts and uprisings that destabilized the new republic. In the early 1920s, France occupied Germany's industrial Ruhr region, crippling the economy and leading to hyperinflation until a new Chancellor, Gustav Stresemann, stabilized the currency and economy in 1923.
Adolf Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. He believed that those who want to survive should fight and those who don't fight don't deserve to live. Hitler served in World War 1 and was imprisoned in 1924 for treason. He wrote Mein Kampf while in prison. In 1933, he became Chancellor of Germany and violated the Treaty of Versailles in 1935. During his rule, the Holocaust took place from 1939-1945 where 6 million Jews were killed. Hitler committed suicide in 1945 in his bunker at age 56 as the Soviet Union invaded Germany.
The document summarizes key aspects of Nazi ideology in Germany in the 1920s-1930s. It describes Hitler taking over the German Workers' Party and changing its name to the Nazi party. The party developed a 25-point program outlining Nazi beliefs, including that Germany should be led by a single Führer with total power, be economically self-sufficient, unite all German-speaking people, and view Jews and Communists as threats. It also promoted the ideas of Lebensraum and Aryan racial superiority. The Nazis appealed to different groups through propaganda posters targeting unemployed people, mothers, racists appealing to anti-Semitism, and the wealthy appealing to fears of Communism.
This document discusses how Hitler rose to power within the Nazi party between 1920-1922. It describes how Hitler joined the German Worker's Party in 1919 and transformed it into the Nazi party through his public speaking skills. Key events included Hitler becoming party leader in 1921 and establishing absolute control, creating the SA as the Nazi paramilitary group led by Ernst Rohm, and developing the swastika symbol and one-armed salute. Hitler consolidated power by surrounding himself with loyal supporters like Rohm, Goring, and Hess who helped propagate Nazi ideology and expand the party's influence.
Geschiedenis: Weimar Crisis
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
The document summarizes the rise of Nazism in Germany following World War 1. It discusses how the Treaty of Versailles set the stage by humiliating Germany and damaging its economy. Far-right paramilitary groups like the Freikorps emerged and some later joined the Nazi SA. The Nazi party was originally a small far-right party founded by Anton Drexler but was transformed into a mass movement by Adolf Hitler. In 1923, Hitler attempted to overthrow the Weimar Republic in the Beer Hall Putsch but was imprisoned. After his release in the 1930s, Hitler came to power legally and constructed a totalitarian racist state, persecuting Jews and political opponents.
Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria and showed early interest in becoming a priest but was rejected from art school. After his parents died, he lived homeless in Vienna where he was influenced by anti-Semitism. During World War I he served in the German army and was decorated for bravery. After the war, he joined the Nazi party and rose to leadership with emotional speeches attacking Jews. In 1923 he attempted to overthrow the German government but was imprisoned for five years where he wrote his book Mein Kampf outlining his plans. He became Chancellor in 1933 and built Germany's industry and military, gaining control of Europe by 1941.
Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria and showed an early interest in art that was denied by his rejection from the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. He developed anti-Semitic beliefs and blamed Jews for Germany's defeat in WWI. In the 1920s he joined the Nazi party and became its leader, promoting German nationalism. In the 1930s he seized power legally through democratic elections and consolidated power through the Reichstag fire. As dictator, he established a totalitarian regime, withdrew Germany from the League of Nations, and began aggressively rearming Germany in violation of the Treaty of Versailles while improving the economy.
The document summarizes key events and entities during World War 2. It describes the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising where Jewish resistance fought the Germans from January to May 1943. It lists the Allied powers including the US, UK, Soviet Union, and others opposed to the Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan. The Axis declaration of war on the US after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor is noted. Finally, it outlines the Nazi concentration camp system where millions were imprisoned and many killed in labor, death, and extermination camps across Europe.
Hermann Göring was a prominent Nazi leader who helped Hitler and the Nazi Party rise to power in Germany. He joined the Nazi Party in 1922 and became the leader of the SA in 1923. As president of the Reichstag, he contacted businesses and the military to gain their support for the Nazis. In 1933, he established the Gestapo secret police force. During World War 2, he oversaw the persecution of Jews and establishment of concentration camps. Göring took part in war crimes and human rights abuses.
The Gestapo was organized in 1933 as the secret police force of Nazi Germany. They were taught various torture techniques to use on victims. The Brownshirts, Nazi paramilitary group, began beating innocent people in the streets, taking advantage of the Gestapo's powers. Hermann Goering, who had the power to stop Hitler, did not act against him despite having no problem with Jews personally.
Hitler and the Nazi party rose to power in Germany for several interrelated reasons:
- Germans were disillusioned after World War 1 defeat and economic hardship, leading many to support extremist right-wing groups like the Nazis.
- In the early 1920s, the Nazis gained popularity by opposing the Treaty of Versailles and using force against communists.
- After an unsuccessful coup in 1923, the Nazis rebuilt support legally by focusing on propaganda, traditional values, and gaining backing from big business.
- The Great Depression starting in 1929 led to rising unemployment and hyperinflation, increasing fears and support for the Nazis who blamed Jews and communists.
The document summarizes the various groups that resisted Hitler and the Nazi regime in Germany between 1933-1945. It discusses the political opposition from groups like the Social Democratic Party and Communist Party. It also outlines resistance from industrial workers, youth groups like the Edelweiss Pirates, students in the White Rose movement, and churches. One of the most prominent acts of resistance was the failed 20 July 1944 bomb plot led by Claus von Stauffenberg to assassinate Hitler. Overall, there was no single resistance movement in Germany but rather opposition from different individuals and groups with different motivations who worked to undermine and eventually overthrow the Nazi dictatorship by various means.
Opkomst van adolf hitler en zijn nazi ideologieJurgen Marechal
Geschiedenis: Opkomst van Adolf Hitler en zijn nazi ideologie
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: ROME-BERLIN AXIS. Contains: the speech in Milan, Hitler and Mussolini isolated, Realpolitik alliance, historian options, Hitler as an ally, Count Ciano, using each other, united for the ideology, 1938.
The document summarizes key figures in the Nazi party leadership other than Hitler. It profiles Herman Göring, Joseph Goebbels, Rudolf Hess, Heinrich Himmler, Ernst Röhm, and Martin Bormann. It provides biographical details on when each joined the Nazi party, their roles and positions of power attained once the Nazis rose to power in Germany, as well as their fates at the end of World War 2.
The rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party leading up to World War II.
adolf hitler, nazis, world war ii, wwii, propaganda, germany, reichstag fire, jews, lebesraum, mein kampf, otto von bismark, heinrich himmler, joseph geobbels, schutzstaffel, gestapo, kristallnacht, nuremberg laws, non-aggression pact, national socialist german worker's party, Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, aryan, swastika
Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria and showed an early interest in art but was rejected from art school twice. During World War I he served in the German army and was decorated for bravery. After the war he joined the German Workers' Party and became its leader, renaming it the Nazi Party. As the party leader he rose to power in Germany during the economic depression of the 1930s, becoming Chancellor in 1933 and Führer in 1934, establishing a totalitarian dictatorship. Under his rule Germany began aggressively expanding its territory and persecuting Jewish people and others, which ultimately led to World War II and the Holocaust, resulting in Hitler committing suicide in 1945 as Allied forces closed in on his bunker in Berlin.
This document summarizes how Hitler rose to power within the Nazi party between 1920-1922. It describes how he joined the German Worker's Party in 1919 and transformed it into the Nazi party through his public speaking skills. Key events included Hitler becoming party leader in 1921 and establishing the Sturmabteilung (SA) as the party's security force, led by Ernst Rohm. Hitler's charismatic speaking style and redesign of the party's swastika symbol increased its popularity and membership. By surrounding himself with loyal supporters, Hitler ensured his control over the growing Nazi party.
The Nazi party rose from obscurity to power in Germany between 1928 and 1933. Initially a small, insignificant party viewed as thugs, they became the largest party in the Reichstag by 1933. The economic crisis following the Wall Street crash, along with the failure of the Weimar government to address economic problems, created an opening that the Nazi party exploited through effective propaganda and intimidation of opponents. By manipulating the political instability, Hitler was able to consolidate power and end democracy in Germany.
The Weimar Republic was established in Germany in 1919 after the Kaiser fled following World War I. It aimed to create a democratic government but faced significant challenges from right-wing groups who believed Germany was betrayed in the war. Paramilitary groups like the Freikorps and left-wing groups like the Spartacists engaged in revolts and uprisings that destabilized the new republic. In the early 1920s, France occupied Germany's industrial Ruhr region, crippling the economy and leading to hyperinflation until a new Chancellor, Gustav Stresemann, stabilized the currency and economy in 1923.
Adolf Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. He believed that those who want to survive should fight and those who don't fight don't deserve to live. Hitler served in World War 1 and was imprisoned in 1924 for treason. He wrote Mein Kampf while in prison. In 1933, he became Chancellor of Germany and violated the Treaty of Versailles in 1935. During his rule, the Holocaust took place from 1939-1945 where 6 million Jews were killed. Hitler committed suicide in 1945 in his bunker at age 56 as the Soviet Union invaded Germany.
The document summarizes key aspects of Nazi ideology in Germany in the 1920s-1930s. It describes Hitler taking over the German Workers' Party and changing its name to the Nazi party. The party developed a 25-point program outlining Nazi beliefs, including that Germany should be led by a single Führer with total power, be economically self-sufficient, unite all German-speaking people, and view Jews and Communists as threats. It also promoted the ideas of Lebensraum and Aryan racial superiority. The Nazis appealed to different groups through propaganda posters targeting unemployed people, mothers, racists appealing to anti-Semitism, and the wealthy appealing to fears of Communism.
This document discusses how Hitler rose to power within the Nazi party between 1920-1922. It describes how Hitler joined the German Worker's Party in 1919 and transformed it into the Nazi party through his public speaking skills. Key events included Hitler becoming party leader in 1921 and establishing absolute control, creating the SA as the Nazi paramilitary group led by Ernst Rohm, and developing the swastika symbol and one-armed salute. Hitler consolidated power by surrounding himself with loyal supporters like Rohm, Goring, and Hess who helped propagate Nazi ideology and expand the party's influence.
Geschiedenis: Weimar Crisis
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
The Weimar Republic recovered in the mid-1920s due to the leadership of Gustav Stresemann and the economic prosperity brought by the Dawes Plan, which provided American loans. This led to a period of cultural flowering in Germany. However, the recovery was dependent on American money and economic success. When the Great Depression hit in 1929, it revealed the underlying weaknesses of the Weimar system and allowed Hitler to rise to power by exploiting German resentment over Versailles and campaigning on a message of hatred, especially against Jews. By January 1933, with growing support for the Nazis, President Hindenburg mistakenly appointed Hitler as Chancellor, believing he could control him.
This document provides an overview of key events in early Nazi Germany from 1919 to 1929:
1. It outlines the founding of the Nazi party and highlights from their 25-point programme.
2. It describes Hitler's failed Munich Putsch of 1923 and how he used the subsequent trial to publicize the party.
3. It explains how the Nazis organized and expanded their propaganda efforts from 1924-1929 to appeal especially to the middle class, targeting their fears and grievances.
4. Despite these efforts, the Nazis struggled to gain widespread popularity and support during the relatively stable years under the Weimar Republic's Stresemann era.
03. GERMANY - DEPTH STUDY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC, TURMOIL YEARS 1919-1923. The Weimar Republic was Germany's government from 1919 to 1933, the period after World War I until the rise of Nazi Germany. It was named after the town of Weimar where Germany's new government was formed by a national assembly after Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated.
Hitlerism the iron-fist_in_germany-nordicus-dorothy_waring-1932-249pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document provides a summary of Adolf Hitler's life and work:
1. On November 8, 1923 Hitler led the National Socialist party in an attempted coup in Munich, declaring the Bavarian and German governments deposed. However, Hitler was deserted during the coup and it failed.
2. Hitler had founded the National Socialist German Workers' Party just four years prior in 1919, and they had little real power at that time. Nonetheless, Hitler attempted to lead them into revolution.
3. The summary provides context on Hitler's background and rise to power as the leader of the National Socialist party in Germany in the early 20th century.
The document discusses Adolf Hitler and the rise of Nazi Germany. It states that Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. As leader, he dismantled democratic structures and instituted a dictatorship. He targeted Jews and communists, sending them to concentration camps. Hitler pursued an aggressive expansionist policy that eventually led to war with multiple countries. The Nazi ideology was based on racist beliefs of Aryan supremacy and aimed to eliminate Jewish and other groups deemed "undesirable."
Adolf Hitler joined the Nazi party in 1919 and became its leader in 1921. The Nazis were a far-right, racist party that believed in German nationalism and antisemitism. In 1923, Hitler and the Nazis attempted a coup that failed and resulted in Hitler's imprisonment. After his release, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf detailing his autobiography and fascist ideology. When the German economy collapsed following the 1929 stock market crash, the Nazis rose to power, winning a plurality in the 1932 Reichstag election before Hitler was appointed chancellor in 1933.
The document provides historical context on the Holocaust and rise of anti-Semitism in Europe. It describes how after Hitler came to power in 1933, the Nazi regime established concentration camps and enacted laws discriminating against Jews. Propaganda was used to promote ant-Semitic ideology. The persecution escalated throughout the 1930s with Kristallnacht pogroms in 1938. During World War 2, the Nazis systematically murdered approximately 6 million Jews across German-occupied Europe through ghettos, mass shootings, gas vans and extermination camps like Auschwitz. The Holocaust ended with Allied liberation of the camps and Germany's surrender in 1945.
The document discusses the rise of the Nazi party in Germany between 1924-1929. During this time, Hitler and the Nazis were preparing for another chance to gain power, despite facing a quiet period with the stable Weimar Republic. They worked to make the party and SA more efficient, practiced propaganda techniques, and tuned their message to appeal to Germans by scapegoating Jews and communists for the country's problems. While they saw little electoral success in the 1920s, the Nazis laid important groundwork that would help them capitalize on the Great Depression and rise to power in the early 1930s.
The rise of extremism and the collapse of the weimar democracyJurgen Marechal
Geschiedenis: De opkomst van het extremisme en de ondergang van de Weimar democratie
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
During World War 2, all major countries extensively used propaganda to promote their war efforts and ideologies. Propaganda was disseminated through various media like posters, films, radio broadcasts, and meetings. It often featured simplistic slogans and symbols to appeal to wide audiences. Both the US and Germany recruited soldiers by portraying military service as patriotic and heroic. Nazi propaganda increasingly scapegoated Jews and others as the war situation deteriorated. Religious symbolism was also commonly employed to suggest divine support for each side's cause. By the late war period, desperate German propaganda took on more paranoid tones. Overall, technological advances greatly expanded the reach and impact of propaganda during WWII.
The document outlines several key causes that led to the start of World War 2 in Europe, including the harsh Treaty of Versailles that left Germany humiliated after WWI. This led to the rise of fascism under Hitler and the Nazi party in Germany. Hitler aggressively expanded German territory by remilitarizing the Rhineland and annexing Austria and Czechoslovakia through appeasement by Britain and France. The Great Depression created economic hardship and unstable governments. Japan also increasingly expanded its empire into China. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the start of World War 2.
Leon degrelle epic - the story of the waffen ss - journal of historical rev...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides background on Leon Degrelle, a Belgian politician and soldier who fought for Nazi Germany as a member of the Waffen SS. It discusses Degrelle's early life and political career in Belgium before World War 2. It then describes how he joined the Waffen SS and fought bravely on the Eastern Front, becoming one of the most decorated Waffen SS soldiers. After the war, Degrelle escaped to Spain and has lived in exile there, becoming a prominent witness and defender of the Waffen SS. The document sets up Degrelle as a key figure to provide insight into the little known phenomenon of the Waffen SS during his upcoming lecture.
The document provides biographical information on German artists George Grosz and Otto Dix who were active during World War 1 and the Weimar Republic period in Germany. Both artists produced politically charged works that critiqued and satirized German militarism, nationalism, and the rise of fascism under the Nazi party. Their art depicted the brutality of war and criticized what they saw as the moral failings and corruption of German society at the time. Both artists were considered to produce "degenerate art" by the Nazis and faced persecution after they came to power in 1933.
The document summarizes the origins and rise of the Nazi Party in Germany from 1919 to 1945. It describes how the party was founded in 1919 under the name German Workers' Party and later renamed the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party) under Adolf Hitler's leadership in 1921. The party promoted German nationalism, anti-Semitism, and blamed Jews and Marxists for Germany's economic struggles after World War I. After coming to power in 1933, the Nazis established a totalitarian regime and used propaganda, terror, and concentration camps to persecute populations they deemed undesirable.
This document provides context on the rise of Nazi Germany between 1936 and 1939. It discusses key events that paved the way for war, including Hitler's remilitarization of the Rhineland in 1936, the Spanish Civil War from 1936-1939, and Germany's annexation of Austria in 1938. The document also examines Hitler's worldview of inevitable conflict with Bolshevism and the need to remove Jews from power. These beliefs drove his foreign policy and desire to rapidly expand German territory and resources, leading to the outbreak of World War 2.
The document provides an overview of the rise of the Nazi party in Germany from 1918-1945. It discusses several key points:
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2. It then examines the growth of the Nazi party in the late 1920s and early 1930s as they gained support by promising to restore Germany's power and blame the country's problems on Jews and communists.
3. Finally, it describes how Hitler consolidated power as Chancellor in 1933, establishing a dictatorship and totalitarian control over Germany through terror, censorship and propaganda until the end of World
Germany faced significant political and economic instability in the years following World War 1. The Weimar Republic struggled with high unemployment, hyperinflation, and demands from the Treaty of Versailles. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party rose to power by promoting German nationalism, blaming Jews and communists for the country's problems, and vowing to restore Germany's strength. Once in power in 1933, the Nazis rapidly established a totalitarian dictatorship that suppressed opposition and persecuted minorities.
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(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
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2. “Acceptance of a high level of political violence
was a hallmark of the political culture of Germany
between the wars.”
Kershaw, Hitler, p.170
3. War after the War
Introduction Border Strife
German Revolution Münchner Räterepublik
Spartakus Kapp Putsch
Which Republic? Ruhr Red Army
Frontschwein Fememorde
Versailles Diktat Beer Hall Putsch
4. Introduction
Freikorps , Volunteer Corps
from Freiwillige, Ger. for
volunteer. Abbr., FK.
Used as early as the Middle Ages,
the most recent usage dated from
the nationalist Aufbruck (Awakening)
against Napoleon. Its usage was to
evoke that sense of national purpose
against a foreign enemy.
Lt Rossbach, Freiw. Sturmabteilung
Rossbach, late 1919
5. This one-of-a-kind self propelled artillery team
demonstrates the improvised nature of Freikorps units
6. Variety
Left sources claim 1 million men -- 150,000 more generally
accepted
Jones lists 163 FK by name in 8 categories just for “the
major groups, 1919-1920” not counting air units!
Caballero Jurado describes three categories:
1. largest formations, raised by generals or colonels,brigade or
divisional strength--moderate aims
2. those raised in cities or regions to keep local order
3. led by junior officers, battalion or smaller--most radical
8. Anti-war speeches in the Reichstag, the
January, 1918 munition strike, even the
“Black Day of the German Army” didn’t
begin the revolution. But when the High
Seas Fleet mutinied on October 28, 1918
the revolution can be said to have begun.
Matrose (sailor), Volksmarine Division
9. “Unter den Linden: Demonstration by Armed Navysoldiers”
Postkarte Berlin, 9 November 1918
10. When the Kaiser learned of this his first reaction was “Treason!”
15. Fateful bargain
Kriegsminister Noske --
SPD leader, acting
“Of course. Someone
chancellor, Ebert --
must become the
“I hate the Social
bloodhound. I won’t
Revolution like sin.”
shirk the responsibility.”
Army Chief Groener --
“The army will support
the government against
the Reds.”
16. Karl
Liebknecht
(1871-1919)
son of SPD co-founder,
Wilhelm Liebknecht,
anti-war SPD wing, 1916
founds Spartakusbund,
1918, proclaims “free
socialist republic” 2
hours after Scheidemann
17. Rosa
Luxemburg
(1870-1919)
Russian Poland, philosophy
major, Zurich,married
German, 1898, imprisoned
for political activities, left
wing of SPD,founded “Die
Rote Fahne,”pamphlets
signed Spartakus,
20. Soldiers! Workers! Citizens!
The “Forwards” is taken!
...
The position improves hour to hour
...
Join with all who support Democracy
and socialism, against those who
favor Dictatorship and blood soaked
preaching!
22. A Bloody End
• Freikorps forces re-take the streets, more
than 1,000, mostly Reds, die
• Liebknecht and Luxemburg hide in Weding
• betrayed, they are arrested, beaten and shot
• Luxemburg’s body found four months later
in the Landwehr Canal
24. The German elections of January 19, 1919 selected
the National Assembly which created the constitution
of the Weimar Republic. Electoral turnout 83%
Vote Percentage Seats
Social Democratic Party (SPD)
37.9% 163
Center Party (Z) 19.7% 91
German Democratic Party (DDP) 18.6% 75
Ger Natl Peoples Party (DNVP) 10.3% 44
Independent SPD (USPD) 7.6% 22
German Peoples Party (DVP) 4.4% 19
Bavarian Peasants’ League (BBB) 0.9% 4
others (3) 0.7% 1@
100% 421
Democratic
25.
26. Peukert’s seven
voting groups
Since there are more than forty parties, large and
small active in the Weimar period, he groups them
as follows, roughly left to right:
•KPD/USPD
•SPD
•Centre (Z)/ BVP
•DDP/DVP
•DNVP
•NSDAP (NAZI)
•others
28. KPD
Communist Party of Germany
Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands
•founded in 1919 by the Marxist wing of
the USPD & Spartakusbund
•drew inspiration and aid from Soviet Russia
•Leftist intellectuals & some workers
•outlawed after 1933
29. USPD
Independent SPD
Unabhängige SPD
•began as the anti-war wing of the SPD in
1914, officially in 1915
•supported Räterepublik
•lost members to more militant KPD
•insignificant after 1924
30. We Build the State
SPD
German Social Democratic Party
Socialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
1863-1918
largest socialist party of Second Reich
1919
majority party of the republic until
the depression
31. Z
(Catholic) Center Party
Zentrumspartei
begun in 1870 as the expression of
political Catholicism. Bismarck’s
Kulturkampf established it as a force
lasting through the Weimar era
Poster from 1924 promising
a homecoming (Heimkehr) for
the Ruhr Germans
32. BVP
Bavarian Peoples’ Party
Bayrische Volkspartei
• Bavarian branch of the Centre Party.
Broke off in 1919 to be more
conservative, more Catholic & more
Bavarian. Still, voted with Zentrum in the
Reichstag.
33. For every honorable work in city & countryside
Against
Dictatorship
By the Left and Right
DDP
German Democratic Party
•left-liberal, committed to democracy.
Attacked as the party of Jews and
professors. Part of Weimar Coalition,
resigned over Versailles Treaty, then
returned. Declined with the Republic.
34. DVP
German People’s Party
Deutsche Volkspartei
• formed after the war from the old
National Liberal party, led by Gustav
Stresemann. Represented the Industrialist
interest. Anti-Weimar Coalition, then in
government with others, finally in right
opposition.
35. DNVP
German National People’s Party
Deutschnationale Volkspartei
• represented landowners & industrialists,
monarchist, opposed Versailles & the
“Weimar System.” After 1928 Alfred
Hugenberg took the party hard to the
right & into cooperation with the Nazis
36. NSDAP
National Socialist German Workers Party
Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
Nazi
• nationalists, volkish groups, ex-soldiers,
unemployed, small businessmen, anti-
communists, anti-Semites
37. Other Weimar Parties
• Christian National Peasants and Rural Peoples Party
• German Anti-Semitic League
• German Justice Party
• German Völkish Freedom Party
• German People’s League
• National Bolsheviks
• People’s National Reich Association
• Wirtschaftspartei Economic Party ...
40. We were a band of fighters
drunk with all the passions
of the world...what we
wanted, we did not know;
what we knew, we did not
want.
Ernst von Salomon (1902-72)
Die Geächteten (The Outlaws)
41. Apostle and bard of the
Freikorps Spirit
cadet (age 12) in 1913
FK in Baltic & Upper
Silesia
served 5 years for role in
Rathenau’s murder
Jewish wife, no Nazi
challenged U.S. right to
deNazify Germany
42. Demobilization
a Europe-wide problem
1) Italy>fascisti di combatimento
2) France >Action Francaise
3) Britain>”Black and Tans”
most returning soldiers knew no other life
political danger of Bolshevik Third Internationale
economic post-war slump and urban unrest
43. A New Sub-class,
the demobilized soldier
brutalized
unemployed
alienated from peacetime life
accustomed to authoritarian structures
bitter and unaccepting of defeat
50. The Freikorps fought and defeated the largest
revolutionary leftist party in Western Europe;
minimized territorial losses on their country’s
borders; and prevented national disintegration.
Carlos Caballero Jurado
The German Freikorps, 1918-1923
52. Baltikum
German presence since
medieval Drang nach
Östen
occupied after Brest-
Litovsk, Dec,’17
“Red October” and civil
war--> chaos
Ger 8th Army, Gen’l von
der Goltz, to keep order
53. Enter the FK
FK Rossbach was formed
to fight for Wartheland
against Poland
moved to Latvia to
support von der Goltz
promise of farms!
many other FKs come
seesaw, multi-faction
struggle
55. Eastern Border Wars
the final phase
1921
Upper Silesia
• major econ importance, mixed population
• 1919 -- Poles tried to seize, FKs resist
•Feb,1920--Allied Commission occupies prior
to plebiscite, French troops predominate
• Mar, 1920 --60% vote to be German,
commission begins to draw boundaries
• both sides arm
•2 May1921--general strike & Polish uprising
• Allied troops do nothing (exception, It.)
• 5 May--Poles control all east of the Oder
• 21 May--Annaberg counteroffensive
59. Present Annaberg Site
The Poles have removed
the circular German
Ehrenmal but kept the
outdoor amphitheater
and added a granite
monument to the Polish
defenders
64. TO THE BAVARIAN WORKING
CLASS!
BAVARIA IS A
RÄTEREPUBLIK!
WHAT’S THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THE SOVIET AND THE
LANDTAG(PARLIAMENT
)?
SIGNED ERNST TOLLER
65. Eugen Levine
“The Bavarian Lenin”
born, St Petersburg, 1883
fought in 1905 Russian
Revolution
member, KPD
executed Stadelheim Prison,
July, 1919
66. FK VON EPP • RED ARMY • KRUPP-DAIMLER PLATTFORMWAGEN
68. HITLER’S ROLE?
A GOOD QUESTION!
ALMOST NOTHING KNOWN SO HE CONCEALED HIS
RECORD
PROBABLY TRIED TO PLAY BOTH SIDES (LUKACS)
TOOK NO PART IN THE MAY “LIBERATION”
CHOSEN (19 MAY) TO INVESTIGATE HIS BATTALION’S
ROLE IN THE RÄTEREPUBLIK
69. Outcome
The Munich victory raised the Freikorps to a
zenith of prestige....From an army that had
seemed to be on the point of evaporation after
the Armistice, an effective military force had
been created. However, that effort to rebuild
the army would be checked by the Treaty of
Versailles.
Carlos Caballero Jurado
71. WOLFGANG KAPP
(1858-1922)
BORN NYC, SON OF A ‘48ER”
1871 RETURNED TO BERLIN
TÜBINGEN LAW DEGREE
FINANCE MINISTRY
1917, WITH TIRPITZ, FOUNDS
DVP, 1919-->DNVP
ELECTED TO REICHSTAG AS A
MONARCHIST
72. WALTHER FREIHERR VON LÜTTWITZ
(1859-1942)
CAREER OFFICER
1916,“BLUE MAX”
1919, LED SUPPRESSION
OF SPARTAKUS WEEK
COMMANDER “GRUKO” I
WANTED PUTSCH, JUNE,
1919, AT VERSAILLES
TREATY SIGNING
CHIEF FK LEADERS BALK
73. HERMANN EHRHARDT
(1881-1971)
1899,SEEKADET IN NAVY
DESTROYER CAPTAIN IN WAR
NOV,’18, FK “BRIGADE
EHRHARDT” --”THE BEST”-JONES
1919, CRUSHED THE MUNICH
RÄTEREPUBLIK & OTHER
CENTRAL GERMAN RED REGIMES
1920--KAPP-LÜTTWITZ
UNDERGROUND IN BAVARIA
74. BERLIN, MARCH 1920
1. Korvettenkapitän Ehrhardt
2. Gefreiter, Freiw. Landesjäegerkorps
(Freikorps Maercker)
3. Machine gunner, II Marine Brigade
Wilhelmshaven (Brigade Ehrhardt)
4. MG 08/15 42 pounds 100 rd steel
drum of 7.92 mm ammunition
75. CHRONOLOGY
1 OCT 19--SEEKT WARNS AGAINST LÜTTWITZ’ PUTSCH
JAN,’20--ALLIES PUSH GER TO DISBAND FK TO COMPLY
WITH VERSAILLES LIMIT OF 100,000 MAN ARMY
1 MAR--LÜTTWITZ BRINGS EHRHARDT IN
10 MAR --NOSKE TRIES TO FORESTALL
13 MAR--EHRHARDT MARCHES ON BERLIN, CABINET
FLEES TO DRESDEN, LUDENDORFF WELCOMES “REAL
SOLDIERS” --BLOODLESS COUP
76. THE LEAFLET
“NO MONARCHIST PUTSCH!
...
REICHSCHANCELLOR
KAPP.
KAPP-PUTSCHISTS DISTRIBUTE LEAFLETS IN FRONT OF THE REICHS CHANCELLERY
77. THINGS FALL APART
NOON OF DAY 1--CALL FOR GENERAL STRIKE
KAPP REGIME PROVES INCOMPETENT. BUREAUCRACY
REFUSES ORDERS
EHRHARDT’S MEN DEMAND PAY
NO COORDINATION COUNTRYWIDE
AFTER FIVE DAYS KAPP GOES INTO EXILE
80. The nail that sticks up gets
hammered down.”
German proverb
81. For the first time in western European
history the state’s professional armies
were in confrontation with a properly
organized revolutionary army. Within five
days [3/15-20], the Ruhr workers had
managed to organize their own force of
fifty thousand armed and determined
men....This scratch force had succeeded in
defeating Government militias, police,
FKs, and the regular Reichswehr and were
in possession of Germany’s main
industrial region.
Nigel Jones
82. Volunteer,Akademischen
Wehr, Munster
Things were so bad that
even the “useless
generation,” those too
young for the war, were
called upon. Most were
eager to follow their elders.
84. Consequences
total casualties never counted
bloodiest, most savage reprisals
political consequences for SPD & Noske
Seekt purges army, creates “Black Reichswehr”
French occupy Ruhr, 2nd time
85. Underground FK
the banned Freikorps
divided into two paths
1. regular Reichswehr
2. underground
• Bayern was most
welcoming to the
latter “hardcore”
Arbeitsgemeindschaft
87. VEHMGERICHT
ORIGINATED IN MEDIEVAL WESTPHALIA
SECRET COURTS TO OPPOSE NEW PRINCELY REGIMES
19TH CENTURY GOTHIC ROMANCES GLAMORIZE
GUIDO VON LIST LEGITIMIZES FOR VÖLKISH
NATIONALISTS
AFTER FKS WERE SUPPRESSED MEMBERS CARRIED ON
THE FIGHT AGAINST THE WEIMAR “SYSTEM”
UNDERGROUND
88. “IN THE DAWN’S EARLY LIGHT” • ARTISTS DEPLORE THE MURDER WAVE
89. MATTHIAS ERZBERGER
(1875-1921)
JOURNALIST
1903,ELECTED TO REICHSTAG IN
ZENTRUM
1917, SPEECH RENOUNCING
ANNEXATIONS, CALLING FOR PEACE
TALKS
11.11.18 HEAD OF ARMISTICE
DELEGATION
JUNE,’19 FINANCE MINISTER,
ENDORSED SIGNING, “FULFILLMENT”
26 AUG 21 MURDERED BY O.C.
90. o.c. (organization consul)
Wherever we conspirators set foot, in every city
and village, were found a few trusted men--
unconditionally able fanatics. Soldiers of the
Great War in whom the fire of battle still
burned, freebooters who had fought with
Maercker in Saxony, or under Awaloff-
Bermondt in the Baltic ... these were the men
who formed the nucleus.
Friedrich Wilhelm Heinz
92. “Schlagt tot den Walther
Rathenau
Die gottverfluchte
Judensau!”
Walter Rathenau
•born to wealth,director AEG
•by 1910 “Germany’s preeminent
industrialist and financier”
•created War Raw Materials Dept
•Foreign Minister, 1920
•24 June 1922, assassinated
94. Comemorative
Stone
placed at the site of the
crime.
Königsallee, Grünewald,
Berlin.
1946
95. quot;But as great as was the impact of
Rathenau’s death upon German
domestic politics, it left an even greater
mark upon the economic scene. Now the
tumble of the mark could not be stopped.
The dollar, still under 350 on the day of
the murder, climbed to 670 by the end of
July, to 2000 in August, and to 4500 by
the end of October.quot;
Erich Eyck
97. MUSSOLINI’S BOGUS “MARCH ON ROME”
LED TO THE COLLAPSE OF ITALIAN
PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY. THIS
ENCOURAGED SEVERAL GERMAN RIGHT
WING GROUPS TO CONTEMPLATE A
SIMILAR “MARCH ON BERLIN” TO CAUSE
THE HATED WEIMAR “SYSTEM” TO FALL.
FASCISTI SEIZE GOVERNMENT, OCTOBER, 1922
98. 1923 • FINAL FREIKORPS YEAR
JAN--EVIL “MARIANNE”
INVADES FOR A 3RD TIME
HYPERINFLATION GOES
THROUGH THE ROOF
SUMMER--SCHLAGETER
HOOPLA > END OF
“PASSIVE RESISTANCE
SEPT--“BLACK
REICHSWEHR” MAJ
BUCHRUCHER STAGES
THWARTED COUP
99. NS PUTSCH, 9.XI.23
IN ADDITION TO RÖHM’S SA, MANY OF WHOM WERE FK
ALUMS, OTHERS WERE “PURE” UNDERGROUND FK ALLIES
100. TRIUMPHANTLY POSED FOR THEIR TRIAL
“IT SEEMED TO BE ALL OVER FOR THE NAZI MOVEMENT, BUT
IT WAS ONLY THE END OF THE BEGINNING.” -- JONES
Editor's Notes
• the mutiny spread quickly from Kiel to Bremen & Wilhelmshaven, then across the country.
•Volksmarine =Peoples Navy
• translate with pointer 1-Street fighting in Berlin; arty-Assault on Marstall 2-gp photo the peoples naval div in the palace courtyard 3-armored assault car in the palace courtyard
• notice the “heads” already cut down by the heroic proletarian, kaiser & older “Militarismus”
•point out who’s left
• look at lower rt corner, KPD =Spartacusbund
• Groener’s aide, Kurt Schleicher, suggests the plan to recruit FK from disbanding soldiers.
• note the machine gun
• Mass parade Sunday, 5 Jan > seizure of “commanding Hts” next day
• caption on postcard on lt,”Rev struggle in Berlin, Spartacus fighters in the newspaper quarter
• ‘Vorwärts” was the Maj SPDs newspaper
• descr of parties to follow, for now note top 3 =”Weimar Coalition”
• after the January elections the National Assembly met in Weimar,Berlin was still too hot to be trusted
• tree is pagan symbol? Wotan’s ordeal or the Ger oak, damaged but still standing?
•”Von roten Ketten macht Euch frei/ Allein de Deutsche Volkspartei”
• 1919--to choose the NA, 1920--to fill the Reichstag seats & make up the cabinet, so-called “Weimar Coalition” SPD + DDP + Z
• The Weimar Coalition is the name given to the coalition of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the German Democratic Party (DDP), and the Catholic Centre Party, who together had a large majority of the delegates to the Constituent Assembly which met at Weimar in 1919, and were the principal groups which designed the constitution of Germany's Weimar Republic. These three parties were seen as the most committed to Germany's new democratic system, and together governed Germany until the elections of 1920, when the first elections under the new constitution were held, and both the SPD and especially the DDP lost a considerable share of their votes. Although the Coalition was revived in the ministry of Joseph Wirth from 1921 to 1922, the pro-democratic elements never truly had a majority in the Reichstag from this point on, and the situation gradually grew worse with the continued weakening of the DDP. This meant that any pro-republican grouping which hoped to attain a majority would need to form a \"Grand Coalition\" with the more conservative German People's Party.
Nevertheless, the grouping remained at least theoretically important as the grouping of parties most supportive of republican government in Germany, and continued to act in coalition in the government of
Prussia
and other states until as late as
1932
.
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Chronology
•13. February 1919 – 20. June 1919: chancellor: Philipp Scheidemann (SPD)
•21. June 1919 – 26. March 1920: chancellor: Gustav Bauer, (SPD)
•27. March 1920 – 8. June 1920: chancellor: Hermann Müller, (SPD)