oral contraceptive

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Submitted By: Navneet kumar
Reg. No : 117136443
M. Pharmacy
Pharmaceutics
Supervisor: Ms. Ruchi Sharma
Assistant Professor

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• Introduction
• Oral contraceptives
• History of Oral Contraceptives
• Hormones
• Classification of oral contraceptives
• Effect on the body
• Precautions

3. Oral contraceptives are medicines taken orally to help prevent pregnancy.
They are also known as “birth control pills”.
Kost, K., Forrest, J., & Harlap, S. (1991). Comparing the Health Risks and Benefits of Contraceptive Choices. Family Planning Perspectives,
23(2), 54-61.
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4. Nikolchev,A.,(2010)A brief history of the birth control pill, Public Broadcasting Service,(7May),:http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-
know/health/a-brief-history-of-the-birth-control-pill/480/(11Sep,2017)
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1937- discovery of effects of
progesterone on ovulation
1940’s- Russell Marker isolates
progesterone from Mexican yam
1951 Carl Djerassi, a chemist in
Mexico City, creates a pill by
synthesizing hormones progestin
1960- FDA approves “the pill”
1963- 1st oral contraceptive put on drug
market
1965- number one form of birth control
Late 1970’s- FDA mandated warning
that indicated oral contraceptives carried
risks of cancer and blood clots

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Primary female sex hormone
Roles of estrogen
To develop secondary female sex characteristics
Thicken the endometrium
Regulate menstrual cycle
Regulation
Production of estrogen regulated by Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH) and
Luetinizing hormone (LH), both produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary
gland
Hypothalamus→GnRH→ Pituitary→FSH→Follicle→Estrogens

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Figure 1 Structure of the estrogens

7. Tripathi, K, D., Essential of Medical Pharmacology.seventh edition. Jaypee brothers medical publishers pvt. ltd. New Delhi. 2013.
Page no. 298-325
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Secondary female sex hormone
Roles of Progesteron
Prepares uterus for implantation by the proliferation of endometrium;
prepares body for pregnancy
in thickening the lining of the uterus each month
Natural progesterone- destroys digestive system when consumed orally
Hypothalamus→GnRH→Pituitary→LH→Corpusluteum→Progeste
rone

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Figure 2 synthesis of hormone body

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Oral contraceptives
Combined
pills
Post coital
contraceptiv
e
Progestin only
pill
Phased
regimen

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Combined pills
Contains estrogen and progesterone
Take one tablet daily for 21 days followed by a 7 day pill free
period
Most effective preparation for general use 99% effective
Steroidal Nonsteroidal
Ethinyl estradiol Diethylstilbestrol
Mestranol, Dienestrol
Quinestrol Hexestrol

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Progestin only pill
Contains one active ingredient - progesterone
Taken continuously – no break
Offers an alternative when oestrogens are contraindicated
The efficacy of these pills is lower than the combined pills

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Phased regimen
Monophasic
fixed amount of estrogen and progestogen in each active tablet
Biphasic/Triphasic
varying amounts of the two hormones according to the stage of the
cycle
Ethinyl estradiol
(30ug)
Norgestrel(50ug) From day 1-6
Ethinyl estradiol
(40ug)
Norgestrel(70ug) From day 7-11
(30ug) Norgestrel(125ug) From day 12-21

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Post coital contraceptive
Levonelle 1500 (one step)
Contains high dose progesterone (levonorgestrel)
One 1500mcg tablet taken as soon as possible after
unprotected intercourse (up to 72 hours after)
Preferably within 12 hours, no later than 72 hours

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15. Kost, K., Forrest, J., & Harlap, S. (1991). Comparing the Health Risks and Benefits of Contraceptive Choices. Family Planning
Perspectives, 23(2), 54-61. 15
Unintended
Pregnancy
Blood Clots
Levels of
Cholesterol
Migraine
Headaches
Cardiovascular
Disease
Cancer

16.  Older than age 35
 Don’t Smoke cigarettes
 Check history of high blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, heart disease,
 Check history of breast cancer
 Don’t take two pill in one day
 Consult to physician
. Grimes, D. A. (1996). Risks and Benefits of Oral Contraceptives. In Hormonal carcinogenesis II: proceedings of the
Second International Symposium (Vol. 2, p. 312). Springer Verlag.
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Approaches to overcome

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