This document is a manuscript describing a study on the effects of maternal consumption of polyphenol-rich foods on fetal ductus arteriosus constriction in pregnant sheep. The study found that 2 weeks of polyphenol supplementation in pregnant sheep resulted in ductus arteriosus constriction in fetuses, accompanied by increased polyphenol excretion and decreased inflammatory markers in the mothers. It also observed changes in oxidative stress biomarkers in the mothers, despite some markers of oxidative damage being lower after supplementation. The results suggest that high maternal polyphenol intake can induce fetal ductal constriction through anti-inflammatory effects, and oxidative stress may be involved.
This document summarizes research examining the effects of taurine supplementation on cardiac abnormalities in NZB/W F1 mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. The study found that mice fed a cholesterol/taurine diet had less abnormal cardiac histology, fewer apoptotic cardiac cells, and decreased levels of proteins involved in apoptosis compared to mice fed a cholesterol-only diet or control diet. This suggests taurine has protective effects against cardiac abnormalities induced by a high-cholesterol diet in this mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Personalized Medicine in Transplantation by Maarten Naesens - at Université L...Maarten Naesens
This document discusses personalized medicine and its application to organ transplantation, with a focus on kidney transplantation. It begins with an overview of personalized and systems medicine, describing how they aim to tailor prevention and treatment to an individual's specific attributes and environmental/biological factors. For kidney transplantation, the document outlines current and novel tools for personalized medicine, including biomarkers derived from omics analyses of blood, urine, and biopsy samples. It also describes the BioMargin project, a large-scale effort involving multiple clinical and analytical centers working to validate biomarker candidates through retrospective and prospective studies. Finally, it contrasts evidence-based and personalized medicine approaches.
This study investigated the effects of Ginsenoside Rh2 on the STAT3 signaling pathway in human gastric cancer NCI-N87 cells. The results showed that Ginsenoside Rh2 treatment decreased phosphorylation of STAT3 and Jak2 proteins in NCI-N87 cells and inhibited IL-induced phosphorylation of these proteins. Ginsenoside Rh2 selectively inhibited phosphorylation of Tyr705 in the STAT3 molecule by downregulating phosphorylation of Jak2 protein specifically. Transfection of a CA-STAT3 plasmid reversed the G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis caused by Ginsenoside Rh2, indicating it acts by inhibiting the STAT3 pathway.
This meta-analysis examined the relationship between programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma. Nine studies with 538 patients were included. The results showed that high PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with poorer overall survival. Subgroup analysis found this relationship held regardless of patient ethnicity or sample size. High PD-L1 expression was also significantly associated with metastasis. However, no significant relationship was found between PD-L1 expression and disease-free survival. This meta-analysis suggests PD-L1 may be a potential prognostic marker for osteosarcoma patients.
1) The study investigated the effects of gasdermin D on pyroptosis in a mouse model of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury.
2) The results showed that gasdermin D expression was increased in mice with sepsis-induced acute kidney injury and promoted inflammation and pyroptosis in kidney cells.
3) Downregulating gasdermin D decreased inflammation and pyroptosis, and the NLRP3 inflammasome was identified as an important target of gasdermin D in mediating inflammation during sepsis-induced acute kidney injury.
This study analyzed the diagnostic and prognostic value of CASC5 in lung adenocarcinoma. Bioinformatics analyses showed that CASC5 mRNA levels were increased in lung adenocarcinoma and correlated with poor survival. Immunohistochemistry also demonstrated increased CASC5 protein levels in lung adenocarcinoma compared to normal tissues. High CASC5 expression correlated with advanced T classification and poor prognosis, and was an independent prognostic indicator for lung adenocarcinoma patients.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the role of the long non-coding RNA SNHG7 in ovarian cancer. The study found that SNHG7 was significantly upregulated in ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines compared to normal tissues. Higher SNHG7 expression was associated with advanced clinical stage and lymph node metastasis. Knockdown of SNHG7 inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition process. These results suggest that SNHG7 promotes ovarian cancer progression and may be a potential therapeutic target.
Talk on Kidney Transplant Fibrosis by Maarten NaesensMaarten Naesens
0.75
0.75
0.75
0
6
24
0
6
24
0
6
24
Time after transplantation
Time after transplantation
(months)
(months)
Time after transplantation
(months)
1. The document discusses kidney transplant fibrosis and chronic allograft damage. It presents data on kidney transplantation rates and outcomes.
2. It analyzes the development and progression of interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA) in transplant recipients over time using protocol biopsies. Early IF/TA within the first year is associated with significantly reduced long-term graft
This document summarizes research examining the effects of taurine supplementation on cardiac abnormalities in NZB/W F1 mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. The study found that mice fed a cholesterol/taurine diet had less abnormal cardiac histology, fewer apoptotic cardiac cells, and decreased levels of proteins involved in apoptosis compared to mice fed a cholesterol-only diet or control diet. This suggests taurine has protective effects against cardiac abnormalities induced by a high-cholesterol diet in this mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Personalized Medicine in Transplantation by Maarten Naesens - at Université L...Maarten Naesens
This document discusses personalized medicine and its application to organ transplantation, with a focus on kidney transplantation. It begins with an overview of personalized and systems medicine, describing how they aim to tailor prevention and treatment to an individual's specific attributes and environmental/biological factors. For kidney transplantation, the document outlines current and novel tools for personalized medicine, including biomarkers derived from omics analyses of blood, urine, and biopsy samples. It also describes the BioMargin project, a large-scale effort involving multiple clinical and analytical centers working to validate biomarker candidates through retrospective and prospective studies. Finally, it contrasts evidence-based and personalized medicine approaches.
This study investigated the effects of Ginsenoside Rh2 on the STAT3 signaling pathway in human gastric cancer NCI-N87 cells. The results showed that Ginsenoside Rh2 treatment decreased phosphorylation of STAT3 and Jak2 proteins in NCI-N87 cells and inhibited IL-induced phosphorylation of these proteins. Ginsenoside Rh2 selectively inhibited phosphorylation of Tyr705 in the STAT3 molecule by downregulating phosphorylation of Jak2 protein specifically. Transfection of a CA-STAT3 plasmid reversed the G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis caused by Ginsenoside Rh2, indicating it acts by inhibiting the STAT3 pathway.
This meta-analysis examined the relationship between programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma. Nine studies with 538 patients were included. The results showed that high PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with poorer overall survival. Subgroup analysis found this relationship held regardless of patient ethnicity or sample size. High PD-L1 expression was also significantly associated with metastasis. However, no significant relationship was found between PD-L1 expression and disease-free survival. This meta-analysis suggests PD-L1 may be a potential prognostic marker for osteosarcoma patients.
1) The study investigated the effects of gasdermin D on pyroptosis in a mouse model of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury.
2) The results showed that gasdermin D expression was increased in mice with sepsis-induced acute kidney injury and promoted inflammation and pyroptosis in kidney cells.
3) Downregulating gasdermin D decreased inflammation and pyroptosis, and the NLRP3 inflammasome was identified as an important target of gasdermin D in mediating inflammation during sepsis-induced acute kidney injury.
This study analyzed the diagnostic and prognostic value of CASC5 in lung adenocarcinoma. Bioinformatics analyses showed that CASC5 mRNA levels were increased in lung adenocarcinoma and correlated with poor survival. Immunohistochemistry also demonstrated increased CASC5 protein levels in lung adenocarcinoma compared to normal tissues. High CASC5 expression correlated with advanced T classification and poor prognosis, and was an independent prognostic indicator for lung adenocarcinoma patients.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the role of the long non-coding RNA SNHG7 in ovarian cancer. The study found that SNHG7 was significantly upregulated in ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines compared to normal tissues. Higher SNHG7 expression was associated with advanced clinical stage and lymph node metastasis. Knockdown of SNHG7 inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition process. These results suggest that SNHG7 promotes ovarian cancer progression and may be a potential therapeutic target.
Talk on Kidney Transplant Fibrosis by Maarten NaesensMaarten Naesens
0.75
0.75
0.75
0
6
24
0
6
24
0
6
24
Time after transplantation
Time after transplantation
(months)
(months)
Time after transplantation
(months)
1. The document discusses kidney transplant fibrosis and chronic allograft damage. It presents data on kidney transplantation rates and outcomes.
2. It analyzes the development and progression of interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA) in transplant recipients over time using protocol biopsies. Early IF/TA within the first year is associated with significantly reduced long-term graft
Search for atoxic cereals: a single blind, cross-over study on the safety of...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Cereals of baking quality with absent or reduced toxicity are actively sought as alternative therapy to a gluten-free diet (GFD) for patients with coeliac disease (CD). Triticum monococcum, an ancient wheat, is a potential candidate having no toxicity in in-vitro and exvivo studies. The aim of our study was to investigate on the safety of administration of a single dose of gluten of Tm in patients with CD on GFD.
Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors Expression in Resected Gallbladder from Gall bladder Carcinoma Cases-Gallbladder carcinoma is most common malignancy of gartrointestinal tract (GIT) with poor diagnosis. Its prevalence is higher in females that too of northern India. This study aimed to identify the role of sex hormones in carcinoma gallbladder (CA GB). Resected 100 gall bladders of CA GB were examined immune-histo-chemicaly to find out ER and PR status with its association with its underlying histopathology. It was found in this study that PR status was observed in 36% of cases whereas ER status was positive in 2% of CA GB cases. It was also revealed that ER expression was specific and PR expression was more sensitive indicator in differentiating between benign and malignant carcinoma gall bladder.
- The study assessed the chemotaxis of neutrophils from healthy controls and periodontitis patients in response to standard chemoattractants and periodontitis patient plasma. Neutrophils from healthy controls exposed to periodontitis patient plasma before treatment moved faster than those exposed to plasma after treatment or controls.
- Preliminary results suggest factors in periodontitis patient plasma prior to treatment may enhance neutrophil chemotaxis more than plasma after treatment. Expanding the study could help identify these factors and inform periodontitis treatment.
- The studentship provided hands-on lab experience and skills in neutrophil extraction, isolation, and analysis of chemotactic properties that the student can apply in future hematological work
Coelho2000 los niveles en sangre de furazolidona en pacientes en anti h. pyl...Mijail Cjuno
This study evaluated the effects of amtolmetin guacyl (AMG) versus placebo and misoprostol on gastric emptying in healthy volunteers. Twenty-four subjects participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study where they ingested alcohol with either placebo, AMG, or misoprostol pretreatment over four days. Gastric emptying was measured ultrasonographically. The final emptying time was significantly longer with placebo versus misoprostol pretreatment. While AMG behaved similarly to misoprostol, the difference was not statistically significant. The study confirms the protective effect of AMG on gastric emptying, similar to misoprostol, even in the presence of
The document discusses a study aiming to rapidly diagnose bacterial sepsis in high-risk patients. The study used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the 16S ribosomal DNA gene and measurement of the DcR3 serum level within 48 hours of hospitalization. Of 52 patients, 25 tested positive by PCR and had elevated DcR3 levels, indicating sepsis. PCR results correlated well with blood culture results but provided faster results. The study suggests PCR and DcR3 measurement provide rapid and specific diagnosis of bacterial sepsis.
Case #1.
Azathioprine에 의한 심한 골수부전 환자를 소개 하였습니다.
실제로 소개드린 첫번째 문헌(GUT)에 의하면 골수 억제의 부작용은 초기 치료 기간에 집중되어 있지만 전 치료 기간에 발생될 수 있는 것으로 되어 있습니다. 문헌들에 의하면 TPMT 활성이 저하된 환자에게 많이 발생하고 투여 전 TPMT 활성을 검사 한 후 치료를 시작 하여야 한다는 내용들이 많습니다. 그러나 TPMT 검사는 고가에 오랜 검사기간이 걸리는 검사입니다(비보험 225,750원, 20일). 또한 슬라이드에 소개드린 두번째 문헌(DDS)에는 스크리닝 검사의 효용성에 대하여 회의적인 결과를 보고 하였습니다.
면역 억제제 투여시 첫 약물로써 가장 간단하게 투여할 수 있는 이뮤란(Azathioprine)이라는 이름의 약물 역시도 주의하며 투여 해야 할 약물 이라 생각 됩니다. 심각한 혈액학적 합병증의 발생률은 약 6% 정도로 보고되고 있으며, 류마티스질환 치료 하시는 분들 역시도 오랜 치료기간 한두번의 경험을 할 수 있는 정도라고 합니다. 사용을 안할 수 없는 약물인 만큼 투여 전 환자와 보호자에게 발생 가능한 부작용에 대한 충분한 설명이 필요 하다고 생각 합니다.
Case #2.
Hepatic enz. elevation 주소로 오신 분이고, non-A, non-B hepatitis로써 ANA 검사상 high titer 소견을 보였습니다. 그런데 ANA 보고시 간과할 수 있는 ANA pattern이 'Discrete speckled' 로 보고되고 Anti Centromere Ab. 양성소견 이었습니다. 다시 병력 청취 하였더니 Raynaud disease가 의심 되었던 case 입니다. ANA 검사 결과를 볼때 titer 뿐 아니라 pattern도 챙겨 보아야 한다는 교훈을 얻었던 case 입니다.
This study analyzed the expression and clinical significance of serum biomarkers AFP, P-selectin (P-sel), and MMP-9 in patients with hepatic sclerosis combined with portal vein thrombosis (PVT). The study found that levels of all three biomarkers were significantly higher in patients with hepatic sclerosis and PVT compared to patients with hepatic sclerosis alone. Furthermore, AFP, P-sel, and MMP-9 were identified as main risk factors for PVT. The expression of AFP was also found to be positively correlated with the expression of P-sel and MMP-9 in patients with hepatic sclerosis and PVT.
1) The study explored the effects of Physalis alkekengi and Alhagi maurorum extracts in ameliorating cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
2) Cisplatin treatment significantly increased serum creatinine and urea levels as well as sodium and potassium excretion, while decreasing creatinine clearance, indicating renal dysfunction.
3) Oral administration of P. alkekengi or A. maurorum extracts for 10 days after cisplatin treatment reduced serum creatinine and urea levels and improved sodium and potassium excretion and creatinine clearance, demonstrating protective effects against cisplatin-induced kidney damage.
Alimentacion nasogastrica vs nasoyeyunal en pancreatitis agudaFerstman Duran
A randomized study compared early nasogastric (NG) versus nasojejunal (NJ) feeding in 50 patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Patients were randomized to receive feeding via NG tube or NJ tube. There were no significant differences between the groups in markers of the acute inflammatory response, pain scores, or complications. Both NG and NJ feeding were well tolerated. The simpler NG feeding approach was found to be as effective as NJ feeding in patients with severe acute pancreatitis.
This study evaluated the association between impaired uterine artery blood flow and genetic polymorphisms related to thrombophilia in 148 infertile patients. The study found that having two or more thrombophilia-related polymorphisms, such as Factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin mutation, and MTHFR mutation, was statistically significantly associated with increased resistance in the uterine arteries. Specifically, combinations of Factor V Leiden with MTHFR or prothrombin mutations showed the strongest associations. The results suggest that multiple thrombophilia-related genetic factors may work together to impair uterine blood flow and contribute to infertility.
Antinuclear antibody positivity in chronic hepatitis c patientsRashed Hassen
This study aimed to evaluate the significance of antinuclear antibody (ANA) positivity in chronic hepatitis C patients and its impact on histopathology and early virological response to antiviral therapy. The study found that ANA positivity was associated with more advanced liver fibrosis but did not affect treatment response rates. While ANA levels increased in most ANA-positive patients during therapy, this increase correlated with achieving early virological response. Overall, ANA positivity alone did not predict treatment outcome, and independent predictors of response were body mass index, fibrosis stage, ALT levels, and viral load.
The document describes a study examining the effects of polyphenol-rich food supplementation on ductus arteriosus blood flow and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in pregnant sheep. The study found that supplementing pregnant sheep with polyphenol-rich foods for 14 days induced constriction of the ductus arteriosus in fetuses, accompanied by increases in markers of oxidative stress like protein carbonyls and antioxidant enzymes, and decreases in inflammatory nitric oxide. Ductal blood flow parameters correlated with changes in these oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. The results suggest polyphenol intake in late pregnancy may induce fetal duct constriction through anti-inflammatory effects and involvement of oxidative stress.
This study examined the relationship between maternal consumption of polyphenol-rich foods late in pregnancy and fetal ductus arteriosus flow dynamics. Doppler ultrasound was used to compare ductal velocities and right-to-left ventricular dimensions in 102 fetuses exposed to high maternal polyphenol intake versus 41 unexposed fetuses. Exposed fetuses had higher ductal velocities and right-to-left ventricular ratios, suggesting maternal polyphenol-rich food intake may influence fetal ductal dynamics by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, similarly to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. As polyphenol-rich foods are commonly consumed during pregnancy, their effects on the fetal ductus warrant further consideration.
This randomized, multicenter trial compared the effectiveness of two natural surfactants - poractant alfa (Curosurf) and beractant (Survanta) - for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. 293 infants weighing 750-1750g were randomized to receive an initial dose of either 100mg/kg or 200mg/kg of poractant alfa, or 100mg/kg of beractant. The primary outcome was the area under the curve for fractional inspired oxygen from 0-6 hours after the first dose. Secondary outcomes included mortality, oxygen requirements, and other measures. The study found that poractant alfa resulted in a faster reduction in oxygen needs
This study compared the effects of beractant and poractant surfactant treatments in 58 premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The main findings were:
1) Infants who received poractant had a lower oxygen requirement (FiO2) during the first 48 hours compared to infants who received beractant.
2) Infants who received poractant also had fewer cases of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) than infants who received beractant.
3) There was no significant difference between the groups in factors like time to first extubation, total intubation time, or rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
1) Twelve fetal lambs were studied before and after their mothers were given either green tea or water for one week. 2) Echocardiography after one week showed signs of ductal constriction in all lambs whose mothers drank green tea, including increased ductal velocities and right ventricular enlargement. 3) Autopsies also showed enlarged and thickened right ventricles in lambs exposed to green tea compared to controls. Histology found the ductal medial avascular zone was significantly thicker in green tea lambs versus controls, indicating ductal constriction.
This study examined the effects of maternal consumption of polyphenol-rich foods during late pregnancy on fetal ductus arteriosus blood flow dynamics. Doppler ultrasound was used to compare ductal blood flow velocities and right-to-left ventricular dimensions in 102 fetuses exposed to high maternal polyphenol intake versus 41 unexposed fetuses. Exposed fetuses had higher ductal velocities and right-to-left ventricular ratios, indicating potential inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis from polyphenols and effects on ductal constriction. The findings suggest maternal polyphenol-rich food intake during late pregnancy may impact fetal ductal dynamics and warrant changes to perinatal dietary guidance.
1) The study tested the hypothesis that maternal ingestion of green tea in late pregnancy causes fetal ductal constriction by inhibiting prostaglandins. 2) Echocardiography of fetal lambs exposed to green tea in utero showed signs of ductal constriction compared to controls. 3) Autopsies found dilated and hypertrophic right ventricles in lambs exposed to green tea, and histological analysis found thicker ductal walls in these lambs.
This study compared the efficacy of two animal-derived surfactants, poractant alfa and beractant, in treating respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. The study found that infants treated with poractant alfa required significantly less oxygen in the first 5 days after treatment compared to those treated with beractant. Infants in the poractant alfa group also had higher rates of extubation within 3 days. Additionally, poractant alfa treatment resulted in fewer infants requiring multiple doses of surfactant compared to beractant treatment. While mortality and other outcomes were similar between groups, survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia at the end of the study period was significantly higher
This document summarizes an open clinical trial that tested the hypothesis that restricting polyphenol-rich foods (PRF) in maternal diets during the third trimester can reverse fetal ductal constriction (DC). The study found that 96% of fetuses with DC showed complete reversal after their mothers discontinued PRF for at least 3 weeks. Maternal PRF intake decreased significantly, while ductal blood flow parameters like velocity and pulsatility index normalized. In a control group where no dietary changes were made, ductal measurements did not significantly change. The results support that maternal PRF intake during pregnancy can cause DC through anti-inflammatory effects, and that restricting these foods can reverse the condition.
This study examined the effects of restricting polyphenol-rich foods in the diets of pregnant women in their third trimester on fetal ductal flow dynamics. 46 pregnant women consuming high levels of polyphenols were asked to restrict these foods for 2 weeks or more. Their fetuses showed significant decreases in ductal blood flow velocities and right ventricular size, as well as an increase in ductal pulsatility index. A control group of 26 women showed no significant changes. The study suggests that restricting maternal polyphenol intake in the third trimester can improve fetal ductal flow and right heart dimensions in normal pregnancies, as seen previously in cases of ductal constriction.
Search for atoxic cereals: a single blind, cross-over study on the safety of...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Cereals of baking quality with absent or reduced toxicity are actively sought as alternative therapy to a gluten-free diet (GFD) for patients with coeliac disease (CD). Triticum monococcum, an ancient wheat, is a potential candidate having no toxicity in in-vitro and exvivo studies. The aim of our study was to investigate on the safety of administration of a single dose of gluten of Tm in patients with CD on GFD.
Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors Expression in Resected Gallbladder from Gall bladder Carcinoma Cases-Gallbladder carcinoma is most common malignancy of gartrointestinal tract (GIT) with poor diagnosis. Its prevalence is higher in females that too of northern India. This study aimed to identify the role of sex hormones in carcinoma gallbladder (CA GB). Resected 100 gall bladders of CA GB were examined immune-histo-chemicaly to find out ER and PR status with its association with its underlying histopathology. It was found in this study that PR status was observed in 36% of cases whereas ER status was positive in 2% of CA GB cases. It was also revealed that ER expression was specific and PR expression was more sensitive indicator in differentiating between benign and malignant carcinoma gall bladder.
- The study assessed the chemotaxis of neutrophils from healthy controls and periodontitis patients in response to standard chemoattractants and periodontitis patient plasma. Neutrophils from healthy controls exposed to periodontitis patient plasma before treatment moved faster than those exposed to plasma after treatment or controls.
- Preliminary results suggest factors in periodontitis patient plasma prior to treatment may enhance neutrophil chemotaxis more than plasma after treatment. Expanding the study could help identify these factors and inform periodontitis treatment.
- The studentship provided hands-on lab experience and skills in neutrophil extraction, isolation, and analysis of chemotactic properties that the student can apply in future hematological work
Coelho2000 los niveles en sangre de furazolidona en pacientes en anti h. pyl...Mijail Cjuno
This study evaluated the effects of amtolmetin guacyl (AMG) versus placebo and misoprostol on gastric emptying in healthy volunteers. Twenty-four subjects participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study where they ingested alcohol with either placebo, AMG, or misoprostol pretreatment over four days. Gastric emptying was measured ultrasonographically. The final emptying time was significantly longer with placebo versus misoprostol pretreatment. While AMG behaved similarly to misoprostol, the difference was not statistically significant. The study confirms the protective effect of AMG on gastric emptying, similar to misoprostol, even in the presence of
The document discusses a study aiming to rapidly diagnose bacterial sepsis in high-risk patients. The study used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the 16S ribosomal DNA gene and measurement of the DcR3 serum level within 48 hours of hospitalization. Of 52 patients, 25 tested positive by PCR and had elevated DcR3 levels, indicating sepsis. PCR results correlated well with blood culture results but provided faster results. The study suggests PCR and DcR3 measurement provide rapid and specific diagnosis of bacterial sepsis.
Case #1.
Azathioprine에 의한 심한 골수부전 환자를 소개 하였습니다.
실제로 소개드린 첫번째 문헌(GUT)에 의하면 골수 억제의 부작용은 초기 치료 기간에 집중되어 있지만 전 치료 기간에 발생될 수 있는 것으로 되어 있습니다. 문헌들에 의하면 TPMT 활성이 저하된 환자에게 많이 발생하고 투여 전 TPMT 활성을 검사 한 후 치료를 시작 하여야 한다는 내용들이 많습니다. 그러나 TPMT 검사는 고가에 오랜 검사기간이 걸리는 검사입니다(비보험 225,750원, 20일). 또한 슬라이드에 소개드린 두번째 문헌(DDS)에는 스크리닝 검사의 효용성에 대하여 회의적인 결과를 보고 하였습니다.
면역 억제제 투여시 첫 약물로써 가장 간단하게 투여할 수 있는 이뮤란(Azathioprine)이라는 이름의 약물 역시도 주의하며 투여 해야 할 약물 이라 생각 됩니다. 심각한 혈액학적 합병증의 발생률은 약 6% 정도로 보고되고 있으며, 류마티스질환 치료 하시는 분들 역시도 오랜 치료기간 한두번의 경험을 할 수 있는 정도라고 합니다. 사용을 안할 수 없는 약물인 만큼 투여 전 환자와 보호자에게 발생 가능한 부작용에 대한 충분한 설명이 필요 하다고 생각 합니다.
Case #2.
Hepatic enz. elevation 주소로 오신 분이고, non-A, non-B hepatitis로써 ANA 검사상 high titer 소견을 보였습니다. 그런데 ANA 보고시 간과할 수 있는 ANA pattern이 'Discrete speckled' 로 보고되고 Anti Centromere Ab. 양성소견 이었습니다. 다시 병력 청취 하였더니 Raynaud disease가 의심 되었던 case 입니다. ANA 검사 결과를 볼때 titer 뿐 아니라 pattern도 챙겨 보아야 한다는 교훈을 얻었던 case 입니다.
This study analyzed the expression and clinical significance of serum biomarkers AFP, P-selectin (P-sel), and MMP-9 in patients with hepatic sclerosis combined with portal vein thrombosis (PVT). The study found that levels of all three biomarkers were significantly higher in patients with hepatic sclerosis and PVT compared to patients with hepatic sclerosis alone. Furthermore, AFP, P-sel, and MMP-9 were identified as main risk factors for PVT. The expression of AFP was also found to be positively correlated with the expression of P-sel and MMP-9 in patients with hepatic sclerosis and PVT.
1) The study explored the effects of Physalis alkekengi and Alhagi maurorum extracts in ameliorating cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
2) Cisplatin treatment significantly increased serum creatinine and urea levels as well as sodium and potassium excretion, while decreasing creatinine clearance, indicating renal dysfunction.
3) Oral administration of P. alkekengi or A. maurorum extracts for 10 days after cisplatin treatment reduced serum creatinine and urea levels and improved sodium and potassium excretion and creatinine clearance, demonstrating protective effects against cisplatin-induced kidney damage.
Alimentacion nasogastrica vs nasoyeyunal en pancreatitis agudaFerstman Duran
A randomized study compared early nasogastric (NG) versus nasojejunal (NJ) feeding in 50 patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Patients were randomized to receive feeding via NG tube or NJ tube. There were no significant differences between the groups in markers of the acute inflammatory response, pain scores, or complications. Both NG and NJ feeding were well tolerated. The simpler NG feeding approach was found to be as effective as NJ feeding in patients with severe acute pancreatitis.
This study evaluated the association between impaired uterine artery blood flow and genetic polymorphisms related to thrombophilia in 148 infertile patients. The study found that having two or more thrombophilia-related polymorphisms, such as Factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin mutation, and MTHFR mutation, was statistically significantly associated with increased resistance in the uterine arteries. Specifically, combinations of Factor V Leiden with MTHFR or prothrombin mutations showed the strongest associations. The results suggest that multiple thrombophilia-related genetic factors may work together to impair uterine blood flow and contribute to infertility.
Antinuclear antibody positivity in chronic hepatitis c patientsRashed Hassen
This study aimed to evaluate the significance of antinuclear antibody (ANA) positivity in chronic hepatitis C patients and its impact on histopathology and early virological response to antiviral therapy. The study found that ANA positivity was associated with more advanced liver fibrosis but did not affect treatment response rates. While ANA levels increased in most ANA-positive patients during therapy, this increase correlated with achieving early virological response. Overall, ANA positivity alone did not predict treatment outcome, and independent predictors of response were body mass index, fibrosis stage, ALT levels, and viral load.
The document describes a study examining the effects of polyphenol-rich food supplementation on ductus arteriosus blood flow and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in pregnant sheep. The study found that supplementing pregnant sheep with polyphenol-rich foods for 14 days induced constriction of the ductus arteriosus in fetuses, accompanied by increases in markers of oxidative stress like protein carbonyls and antioxidant enzymes, and decreases in inflammatory nitric oxide. Ductal blood flow parameters correlated with changes in these oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. The results suggest polyphenol intake in late pregnancy may induce fetal duct constriction through anti-inflammatory effects and involvement of oxidative stress.
This study examined the relationship between maternal consumption of polyphenol-rich foods late in pregnancy and fetal ductus arteriosus flow dynamics. Doppler ultrasound was used to compare ductal velocities and right-to-left ventricular dimensions in 102 fetuses exposed to high maternal polyphenol intake versus 41 unexposed fetuses. Exposed fetuses had higher ductal velocities and right-to-left ventricular ratios, suggesting maternal polyphenol-rich food intake may influence fetal ductal dynamics by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, similarly to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. As polyphenol-rich foods are commonly consumed during pregnancy, their effects on the fetal ductus warrant further consideration.
This randomized, multicenter trial compared the effectiveness of two natural surfactants - poractant alfa (Curosurf) and beractant (Survanta) - for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. 293 infants weighing 750-1750g were randomized to receive an initial dose of either 100mg/kg or 200mg/kg of poractant alfa, or 100mg/kg of beractant. The primary outcome was the area under the curve for fractional inspired oxygen from 0-6 hours after the first dose. Secondary outcomes included mortality, oxygen requirements, and other measures. The study found that poractant alfa resulted in a faster reduction in oxygen needs
This study compared the effects of beractant and poractant surfactant treatments in 58 premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The main findings were:
1) Infants who received poractant had a lower oxygen requirement (FiO2) during the first 48 hours compared to infants who received beractant.
2) Infants who received poractant also had fewer cases of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) than infants who received beractant.
3) There was no significant difference between the groups in factors like time to first extubation, total intubation time, or rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
1) Twelve fetal lambs were studied before and after their mothers were given either green tea or water for one week. 2) Echocardiography after one week showed signs of ductal constriction in all lambs whose mothers drank green tea, including increased ductal velocities and right ventricular enlargement. 3) Autopsies also showed enlarged and thickened right ventricles in lambs exposed to green tea compared to controls. Histology found the ductal medial avascular zone was significantly thicker in green tea lambs versus controls, indicating ductal constriction.
This study examined the effects of maternal consumption of polyphenol-rich foods during late pregnancy on fetal ductus arteriosus blood flow dynamics. Doppler ultrasound was used to compare ductal blood flow velocities and right-to-left ventricular dimensions in 102 fetuses exposed to high maternal polyphenol intake versus 41 unexposed fetuses. Exposed fetuses had higher ductal velocities and right-to-left ventricular ratios, indicating potential inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis from polyphenols and effects on ductal constriction. The findings suggest maternal polyphenol-rich food intake during late pregnancy may impact fetal ductal dynamics and warrant changes to perinatal dietary guidance.
1) The study tested the hypothesis that maternal ingestion of green tea in late pregnancy causes fetal ductal constriction by inhibiting prostaglandins. 2) Echocardiography of fetal lambs exposed to green tea in utero showed signs of ductal constriction compared to controls. 3) Autopsies found dilated and hypertrophic right ventricles in lambs exposed to green tea, and histological analysis found thicker ductal walls in these lambs.
This study compared the efficacy of two animal-derived surfactants, poractant alfa and beractant, in treating respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. The study found that infants treated with poractant alfa required significantly less oxygen in the first 5 days after treatment compared to those treated with beractant. Infants in the poractant alfa group also had higher rates of extubation within 3 days. Additionally, poractant alfa treatment resulted in fewer infants requiring multiple doses of surfactant compared to beractant treatment. While mortality and other outcomes were similar between groups, survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia at the end of the study period was significantly higher
This document summarizes an open clinical trial that tested the hypothesis that restricting polyphenol-rich foods (PRF) in maternal diets during the third trimester can reverse fetal ductal constriction (DC). The study found that 96% of fetuses with DC showed complete reversal after their mothers discontinued PRF for at least 3 weeks. Maternal PRF intake decreased significantly, while ductal blood flow parameters like velocity and pulsatility index normalized. In a control group where no dietary changes were made, ductal measurements did not significantly change. The results support that maternal PRF intake during pregnancy can cause DC through anti-inflammatory effects, and that restricting these foods can reverse the condition.
This study examined the effects of restricting polyphenol-rich foods in the diets of pregnant women in their third trimester on fetal ductal flow dynamics. 46 pregnant women consuming high levels of polyphenols were asked to restrict these foods for 2 weeks or more. Their fetuses showed significant decreases in ductal blood flow velocities and right ventricular size, as well as an increase in ductal pulsatility index. A control group of 26 women showed no significant changes. The study suggests that restricting maternal polyphenol intake in the third trimester can improve fetal ductal flow and right heart dimensions in normal pregnancies, as seen previously in cases of ductal constriction.
This study tested the hypothesis that restricting a pregnant woman's intake of polyphenol-rich foods for at least two weeks improves ductus arteriosus blood flow dynamics in healthy third-trimester fetuses, as was previously shown in fetuses with ductal constriction. 46 pregnant women restricted their polyphenol intake from an average of 1277 mg/day to 126 mg/day. Their fetuses showed significant decreases in ductal velocities and RV/LV ratio, and an increase in ductal pulsatility index. A control group of 26 women showed no significant changes. The study suggests that reducing maternal polyphenol intake improves fetal ductal hemodynamics in normal pregnancies.
This study compared the efficacy of two surfactant treatments, poractant alfa and beractant, in very premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Fifty-two infants between 24 and 29 weeks gestation were randomly assigned to receive either poractant alfa or beractant. The study found that infants receiving poractant alfa required lower respiratory support as measured by mean airway pressure and respiratory index over the first 72 hours of life. Additionally, more infants in the poractant alfa group were extubated by 48 and 72 hours compared to the beractant group. While the study was not powered to detect differences in morbidities, rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and death were
This randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy of poractant alfa and beractant in treating 52 very premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Infants treated with poractant alfa required lower mean airway pressure and respiratory index to maintain oxygenation compared to beractant-treated infants over the first 72 hours of life. More infants in the poractant alfa group were extubated at 48 and 72 hours compared to the beractant group. While the study was not powered to detect differences in morbidities, rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and death were similar between the two groups.
This study compared mortality rates in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) treated with three surfactant preparations - poractant alfa, calfactant, or beractant. Using data from over 14,000 infants treated between 2005-2009, the study found:
1) Calfactant treatment was associated with a 49.6% greater likelihood of death compared to poractant alfa.
2) Beractant treatment showed a non-significant 37% higher mortality risk compared to poractant alfa.
3) There was no significant difference in mortality between calfactant and beractant.
4) Poractant alfa treatment was associated with significantly reduced mortality compared
This study compared mortality rates in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) treated with three surfactant preparations - poractant alfa, calfactant, or beractant. Using data from over 14,000 infants treated between 2005-2009, the study found:
1) Calfactant treatment was associated with a 49.6% greater likelihood of death compared to poractant alfa.
2) Beractant treatment showed a non-significant 37% higher mortality risk compared to poractant alfa.
3) There was no significant difference in mortality between calfactant and beractant.
4) Poractant alfa treatment was associated with significantly reduced mortality compared
This document reviews the evidence from clinical trials comparing different surfactant preparations used to treat respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. It discusses the benefits of natural surfactants over synthetic surfactants, noting that natural surfactants contain surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C which enhance their function. It also summarizes four key clinical trials that directly compared the efficacy of different natural surfactant preparations (Curosurf, Survanta, Infasurf, Alveofact), noting they used different doses and treatment protocols. The document concludes that while natural surfactants are generally preferred to older synthetic preparations, results of trials comparing newer synthetic surfactants to natural surfactants are
This document discusses the potential use of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for treating preterm births. It reviews evidence that hCG inhibits myometrial contractions through various mechanisms, preventing preterm labor. While current drugs can only delay preterm births briefly, studies in mice and limited human trials suggest hCG may more effectively prevent preterm births. The author argues for large randomized controlled clinical trials to further evaluate hCG's safety and effectiveness in reducing preterm births.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used to make plastics and resins. This document summarizes studies linking BPA exposure to prostate cancer risk. Animal and cell studies show BPA can disrupt cell division and centromeres, increasing abnormal cell growth. Urinary BPA levels correlate with earlier prostate cancer onset. However, human studies are needed to confirm effects, as animal results aren't always reproducible. While more research is warranted, current evidence raises concerns about BPA exposure and prostate cancer risk.
This study examined the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure on mammary cancer risk in mice. The researchers found that prenatal exposure to low and high doses of BPA led to earlier vaginal opening in female mouse offspring, indicating precocious puberty. While no differences in mammary gland development were observed, both BPA exposure groups had a statistically significant increase in susceptibility to mammary tumors induced by DMBA compared to controls. The study also found that BPA treatment promoted the growth of established MCF-7 human breast cancer tumors transplanted into mice, an effect that was reversed by tamoxifen treatment. The results suggest that BPA exposure may increase mammary cancer risk through at least two mechanisms: altering fetal mammary
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Experim toxicol pathology (mecanismo)
1. Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology
Manuscript Draft
Manuscript Number:
Title: Inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the polyphenol-induced ductus arteriosus
constriction in pregnant sheep
Article Type: Full Length Article
Keywords: polyphenols; ductus arteriosus; pregnancy; fetal echocardiography; oxidative stress;
inflammation; sheep
Corresponding Author: Prof. Solange Cristina Garcia,
Corresponding Author's Institution: Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
First Author: Guilherme B Bubols
Order of Authors: Guilherme B Bubols; Paulo Zielinsky; Antonio L Piccoli Jr; Luis H Nicoloso; Izabele
Vian; Angela M Moro; Mariele F Charão; Natália Brucker; Rachel P Bulcão; Sabrina N Nascimento;
Marília Baierle; Marcelo M Alievi; Rafael N Moresco; Melissa Markoski; Solange Cristina Garcia
3. COVER LETTER
Dear Editor,
I present the manuscript entitled “Inflammation and oxidative stress are
involved in the polyphenol-induced ductus arteriosus constriction in pregnant
sheep” for evaluation in Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, because I
consider this Journal very important in the area of Cardiovascular Pathology
and Toxicology aspects.
Moreover, the authors confirm that this article has not been published
previously in any journal and it is not under consideration for publication
elsewhere. If this article is accepted, it will not be published elsewhere, in
English or any other language. All authors approved this publication, being
responsible for its content.
The authors confirm also that there is no conflict of interest.
The correspondence Author:
Prof Dr Solange Cristina Garcia
E-mail address: solange.garcia@ufrgs.br (S. C. Garcia).
Address: Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
CEP.:90610-000.
Tel. (+55) 3308-5297. Fax (+55) 51 3308-5437
*Cover Letter
4. Inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the polyphenol-induced
ductus arteriosus constriction in pregnant sheep
Guilherme B. Bubolsa,b
, Paulo Zielinskyc
, Antônio L. Piccoli Jrc
, Luiz H.
Nicolosoc
, Izabele Vianc
, Angela M. Moroa,b
, Mariele F. Charãoa,b
, Natália
Bruckera,b
, Rachel P. Bulcãoa,b
, Sabrina N. Nascimentoa,b
, Marília Baierlea,b
,
Marcelo M. Alievid
, Rafael N. Morescoe
, Melissa Markoskic
, Solange C.
Garciaa,b
.
a
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
b
Laboratório de Toxicologia (LATOX), Departamento de Análises Clínicas,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
c
Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/FUC (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre,
RS, Brazil.
d
Hospital de Ciências Veterinárias (HCV), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande
do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
e
Laboratório de Bioquímica Clínica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
(UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
* Direct correspondence to Prof Dr Solange Cristina Garcia. E-mail address:
solange.garcia@ufrgs.br (S. C. Garcia). Address: Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa
Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. CEP: 90610-000 Tel.: (+55) 3308-5297. Fax:
(+55) 51 3308-5437
*Manuscript
5. Abstract
Despite the promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols,
we have recently reported that maternal consumption of polyphenol-rich foods
(PRF) interferes with ductus arteriosus (DA) flow in sheep and human fetuses’
hearts, probably by an anti-inflammatory effect, and also shown that restriction
of human PRF ingestion reverses ductal constriction. In this work, an
experimental study was carried out with pregnant sheep after oral PRF
supplementation for 14 days. Fetal echocardiography, analysis of oxidative
stress and inflammatory biomarkers and total polyphenol (TP) urinary excretion
were performed. We report that high polyphenol intake induced DA constriction
(71.6% increase in systolic and 57.8% in diastolic velocities and 18.9%
decrease in pulsatility index), accompanied by a 1.7-fold increase in TP
excretion, 2.3-fold decrease in inflammatory NOx and changes in redox status,
such as higher protein carbonyls (1.09 ± 0.09 and 1.49 ± 0.31), CAT (0.69 ±
0.39 and 1.44 ± 0.33) and GPx (37.23 ± 11.19 and 62.96 ± 15.03) despite the
lower lipid damage (17.22 ± 2.05 and 12.53 ± 2.11) and nonprotein thiols (0.11
± 0.04 and 0.04 ± 0.01) found before and after treatment, respectively. Ductal
parameters correlated to NOx, CAT, GPx and protein carbonyls. These results
highlight the importance to reduce maternal intake of PRF in late pregnancy in
light of the possible induction of fetal duct constriction through an anti-
inflammatory action of polyphenols and the involvement of oxidative stress.
Keywords: polyphenols; ductus arteriosus; pregnancy; fetal echocardiography;
oxidative stress; inflammation; sheep.
6. 1. Introduction
Polyphenols are plant secondary metabolites which are well studied for
contributing to the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative
diseases (Arroo et al., 2009, Benavente-Garcia and Castillo, 2008, Linseisen
and Rohrmann, 2008, Zamora-Ros et al., 2012). Polyphenolic compounds are
found in a variety of food sources, especially vegetables, fruits, herbs, green tea
(Camellia sinensis), cocoa and nuts. Most health benefits ascribed to
polyphenols seem to be due to their prominent antioxidant and anti-
inflammatory effects, considering that oxidative damage and inflammation are
usually present in chronic and degenerative diseases (Biesalski, 2007, Dasuri et
al., 2012, Zilka et al., 2012). Polyphenol consumption is mostly related to dietary
ingestion but supplementation is also common. Despite the scarce evidence
about the safety of polyphenol consumption, these compounds are normally
well tolerated in usual amounts, presenting few adverse effects that may either
be found when polyphenol-rich foods (PRF) are ingested at higher doses
(Bonkovsky, 2006, Ferry et al., 1996, Shoskes et al., 1999) or after interactions
with other drugs (Dahan and Altman, 2004, Marzolini et al., 2004).
During the course of pregnancy, a vascular duct called ductus arteriosus
(DA) is open or patent and plays an important role in the fetal heart dynamics in
order to allow the blood flow to circulate into lower fetal portions. The patency of
the DA is controlled by local production of prostaglandins and nitric oxide, and
as gestation proceeds, the duct becomes less sensitive to dilating
prostaglandins and more sensitive to constricting influences, e.g. arterial
oxygen tension (Archer, 1996). The DA closes physiologically after birth with the
onset of the pulmonary circulation (Bergwerff et al., 1999). However, the
7. premature DA constriction in the third trimester of pregnancy is normally
associated to pulmonary hypertension in the newborn or even fetal death.
Premature DA constriction has been reported after administration of non-steroid
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) or glucocorticoids (Moise, 1993), thus
administration of these drugs is usually avoided in late-pregnancy or the fetuses
should be assessed by echocardiographical analysis.
Evidences indicate that maternal consumption of prostaglandin
synthetase inhibitors leads to DA sensibilization, which may cause its
constriction (Archer, 1996). Our group has previously reported that maternal
consumption of PRF interferes with ductal flow in human fetuses, probably by a
polyphenol-induced anti-inflammatory effect (Zielinsky et al., 2010), and also
that restriction of PRF consumption was able to reverse ductal constriction
(Zielinsky et al., 2012b). In this context, the present study aimed to investigate
the interrelations of fetal duct dynamics, oxidative damage and inflammation
after PRF administration to pregnant sheep in late pregnancy.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Experimental study
The study included six adult female Corriedale sheep (90-100kg) in late
pregnancy (gestational age >120 days), which corresponds to the third trimester
of pregnancy, were fed for 2 weeks with standardized amount of PRF (basal
intake+3100 mg/day). The ewes received the usual diets, which consisted of
alfafa, milled corn and mineral salt which was supplemented with polyphenol-
rich foods selected by nutritionist (dried tomatoes, dried apples, milled and dried
green tea leaves and raw soy grains) and the total polyphenol levels in the food
8. were quantified by the spectrophotometric Folin-Ciocalteu reaction. Before the
14-day period, the animals were adapted for 7 days in the experimentation site.
Animals were kept and handled in a proper location in the University Veterinary
Hospital (HCV/UFRGS) and water was available ad libitum for consumption
according to the guidelines of the local committee. This study was approved by
the Ethics Committee in Research (IC/FUC) under Nr. UP3888/06.
2.2. Collection of biological samples
Samples before treatment (BT) or basals as well as samples after
treatment (AT) were collected before and after the 14 days of experiment,
respectively. At both moments, venous blood samples were collected by
venipuncture into Vacutainer® (BD Diagnostics, Plymouth, UK) tubes with
EDTA, sodium heparin and without anticoagulants. Furthermore, urine samples
were collected in both moments of the study in sterile and light-protected
recipients, and stored at -80°C until analysis. The blood and urine collection
procedures were performed by experienced veterinaries.
2.3. Fetal Doppler echocardiography
Echocardiograms were obtained using two-dimensional Doppler color
flow imaging with convex transducers 7 or 5 MHz and/or a sectorial phased
array of 3.5 or 5 MHz with the General Electric Logic 4 system, with 2D pulsed
and continuous Doppler and color flow mapping capability. At 2D
echocardiography, the ductus arteriosus was imaged in sagittal or longitudinal
planes and Doppler velocities were measured by positioning the sample volume
in the descending aortic end of the ductus arteriosus, with a maximal insonation
9. angle of 20º. The ratio between right and left ventricular dimensions was
obtained on a four-chamber view in late diastole to assess right ventricular
repercussion. An increase in mean ductal velocities and a decrease in mean
pulsatility index greater than 20% after exposure were considered signs of
ductal constriction, as previously established in sheep by our group (Zielinsky et
al., 2012a). All examinations were performed by the same pediatric
cardiologists with experience in fetal echocardiography. The presence of ductal
flow turbulence, tricuspid and/or pulmonary regurgitation and leftward
interventricular septal bulging were searched. Pulsatility index was calculated
by (systolic peak velocity - diastolic peak velocity/ mean velocity).
2.4. Laboratorial analyses
2.4.1. Total polyphenol urinary excretion
Quantification of total polyphenols (TP) in urine was performed as
previously reported (Medina-Remon et al., 2009). Briefly, urine samples stored
at -80ºC were thawed for 3 h on ice bath and centrifuged at 4ºC for 10 min.
Samples were diluted, acidified and then a cleanup procedure by solid phase
extraction with Waters Oasis ® MAX 30-mg cartridges (Milford, MA, USA) was
performed. Extracted eluates were added to 96-well microplates for the reaction
with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent 2M and 20% sodium carbonate and incubated
for one hour in the dark. Absorbances were read at 765 nm. Urinary creatinine
was determined in order to correct TP excretion by spectrophotometry using
commercial kits (Doles reagents, Goiânia, GO, Brazil). Results were expressed
as mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g-1
creatinine.
10. 2.4.2. Lipid peroxidation
Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by the measurement of thiobarbituric
acid reactive substances (TBARS), in which plasma-EDTA samples were
processed and absorbance was measured at 535 nm as previously described
(Ohkawa et al., 1979). TBARS levels were estimated as μmol malondialdehyde
(MDA) equivalents L-1
using tetramethoxypropane as a standard.
2.4.3. 3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT) levels
3-Nitrotyrosine levels were assessed in plasma by a noncompetitive
ELISA method (Weber et al., 2012). Total proteins were measured by the
Bradford method and plasma was diluted to 2 mg protein mL-1
and incubated in
Maxisorb multiwallplates (Nunc Immuno 96 Microwell™ Maxisorp) overnight at
4ºC in the dark. Polyclonal anti-nitrotyrosine (Millipore) and monoclonal goat
anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-conjugate (Millipore) were used as primary and secondary
antibodies, respectively. After color development, the reaction was stopped and
the absorbance was measured at 492 nm in triplicates and results were
expressed as ρmol mg-1
protein.
2.4.4. Protein carbonyl (PCO) levels
Protein carbonyls were determined by a described noncompetitive ELISA
method following some modifications (Buss et al., 1997). Total protein levels in
plasma were measured by the Bradford method. Plasma was diluted with PBS
buffer (4 mg protein mL-1
) and then derivatized with 2,4-dinitro-phenylhydrazine
(DNPH) and incubated in Maxisorb multiwallplates (Nunc Immuno 96
Microwell™ Maxisorp) overnight at 4ºC in the dark. Protein carbonyls were
11. detected using a dinitrophenyl rabbit IgG-antiserum (Sigma, Deisenhofen,
Germany) as the primary antibody and a monoclonal anti-rabbit immunoglobulin
G peroxidase conjugate (Sigma) as the secondary antibody. Color was
developed with o-phenylenediamine and H2O2 addition and the reaction was
stopped with H2SO4 after 15 min incubation at 37ºC. Absorbances were
measured at 492 nm in triplicates and results were expressed as nmol mg-1
protein.
2.4.5. Reduced nonprotein thiol groups
Determination of reduced nonprotein thiol groups in erythrocytes was
performed by a spectrophotometric method (Ellman, 1959). Red blood cells
(RBC) samples were hemolyzed by Triton X-100, and after 10 min were
precipitated with 20% trichloroacetic acid (w/v). After centrifugation, 10 mM 5,5′-
dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) was added to the supernatant aliquots.
DTNB, also known as Ellman's reagent, reacts with reduced thiols to produce a
mixed disulfide (Ellman's derivate) and the anion 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoate (TNB),
which is quantified by its strong visible absorbance at 412 nm as an indirect
measure of reduced thiols. Reduced non protein thiol levels were expressed as
μmol mL-1
RBC.
2.4.6. Enzymatic antioxidants
Catalase (CAT) activity was determined by a previously described
method based on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by catalase
(Aebi, 1984). Enzymatic activity was evaluated by monitoring the rate of
decrease in H2O2 absorbance at 240 nm during 5 min with readings every 20s
12. at 37ºC. CAT activity was expressed as K CAT mg-1
protein. For the
determination of the enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), a
method was adopted in which absorbances were monitored at 340 nm during 6
min with readings every 20s at 37ºC (Paglia and Valentine, 1967). GPx activity
was expressed as µmol NADPH min-1
mg-1
protein. Furthermore, glutathione S-
transferase (GST) activity was determined at 340 nm using 1-chloro-2.4-
dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrate and 0.15 M glutathione (GSH) (Habig et
al., 1974). GST activity was expressed as nmol CDNB conjugated with GSH
min-1
mg-1
protein.
2.4.7. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels
PGE2 levels were measured by commercial kit based on a competitive
EIA method (Enzo Life Sciences, Farmingdale, NY, USA), following the
manufacturer’s instructions. Absorbance was determined at 405 nm and results
were expressed as ρg mL-1
.
2.4.8. Nitrite/nitrates (NOx) ratio
Nitrites/nitrates levels were determined in serum according to the
modified Griess method (Tatsch et al., 2011). First, nitrates present in samples
were reduced to nitrites after reaction with vanadium (III) chloride (VCl3) 0.08%.
Then a mixture of sulphanilamide 2%, N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine (NED)
0.2% and orthophosphoric acid in distillated/deionized water (Griess reagent)
was added to the samples. Sulfanilamide reacts with nitrites in the samples to
form a diazonium salt that reacts with NED to produce a purple-azo-dye
13. product, which is measured at 540 nm in Cobas Mira® (Roche Diagnostics,
Basel, Switzerland). Results were expressed as μmol L-1
.
2.5. Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed utilizing IBM SPSS Statistics software (version 19.0)
and all study variables were tested for normality by the Shapiro-Wilk test.
Comparisons between groups were performed by the Student’s t-test, for
variables with normal distribution, and the Mann-Whitney test for variables with
non normal distribution. Results are expressed as mean ± standard error of the
mean (SEM) or median (interquartile range), according to the distribution of
variables. Correlation tests used were Pearson’s correlation coefficient and
Spearman’s rank, for normal and non normal variables, respectively. Significant
differences were considered when p≤0.05.
3. Results
In order to investigate the flow dynamics in the fetal ductus arteriosus,
fetal hearts were analyzed by Doppler echocardiography. Analysis of
echocardiographical parameters showed a significant increase in systolic and
diastolic velocities (Figure 1A), as well as a decrease in pulsatility index (Figure
1B) in the animals after 14 days of dietary intervention when compared to the
basal state. Percentual differences between BT and AT, respectively, were
71.6% for SV (0.75 and 1.28 m s-1
), 57.8% for DV (0.18 and 0.29 m s-1
) and
18.9% for PI (2.49 and 2.02). Besides, echocardiographical images indicated a
constriction of the ductus arteriosus in the PRF-treated animals (Figure 1D) in
14. comparison to basals (Figure 1C), compatible with the previous parameters that
showed signs of ductal constriction.
Total polyphenol levels excreted in urine from the pregnant sheep after
PRF intake were significantly increased in the 14-day treated group compared
to basal (Figure 2).
As depicted in Table 1, the oxidative biomarkers were determined in
blood samples from the studied animals. Oxidative damages were evaluated by
biomarkers of lipid and protein damages. Lipid peroxidation as estimated by
TBARS levels showed a reduction after 14 days of study compared to the basal
state. Protein damage was investigated by the determination of protein carbonyl
(PCO) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) levels. Our results indicated that PCO was
significantly increased in the animals after 14 days of treatment and no
significant difference was found in 3-NT levels (p>0.05).
In addition, erythrocyte levels of reduced nonprotein thiols were
decreased in the treated group, comparing basal to 14 days (Table 1).
Considering the enzymatic antioxidant systems, the activities of glutathione
peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) were significantly increased after 14-day
treatments, while no significant changes were observed in glutathione S-
transferase (GST) activity.
Inflammatory biomarkers were investigated in serum from the studied
animals. Polyphenol treatment in sheep at the third trimester of pregnancy was
found to induce a decrease in NOx ratio after 14 days in comparison to the
basal state (Figure 3). Serum prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was also determined
and no significant difference was found before and after 14-day treatment in
pregnant animals (data not shown).
15. Figure 4 shows negative correlations between NOx levels and GPx
activity (r=-0.755, p=0.004) and also between NOx levels and catalase activity
(r=-0.812, p=0.001). In addition, we have observed a positive correlation
between lipid peroxidation and NOx levels (r=0.748, p=0.005) and a negative
correlation between lipid peroxidation and the total polyphenol excretion (r=-
0.622, p=0.030 (Figure 5).
Ductal constriction parameters presented significant correlations between
each other. A positive correlation was found between SV and DV (r=0.686,
p=0.028) and a negative correlation between SV and IP (r=-0.712, p=0.021)
was observed. We also found that echocardiographical parameters were
associated to biomarkers of protein and lipid oxidative damage. Protein
carbonyls were correlated to SV (r=0.629, p=0.028), DV (r=0.905, p=0.0001)
and to IP (r=-0.772, p= 0.003). However, in relation to lipid peroxidation, we
found that TBARS presented inverse correlations to the echocardiographical
parameters, i.e. TBARS vs. SV (r=-0.746, p=0.013), TBARS vs. DV (r=-0.825,
p=0.003) and TBARS vs. IP (r=0.660, p=0.038). Antioxidant enzymes also
presented correlations with ductal parameters, for example CAT vs. SV
(r=0.672, p=0.033) and GPx vs. IP (r=-0.629, p= 0.05). In addition, significant
correlations between echocardiographical measures and inflammatory NOx
levels were also observed (Figure 6).
4. Discussion
In the present study, a high polyphenol intake in female sheep during late
pregnancy induced alterations in the ductal flow dynamics characteristic of fetal
duct constriction. Systolic and diastolic velocities were significantly increased
16. after the treatment with polyphenols in pregnant sheep compared to the basal
state (Figure 1A). A significant decrease in pulsatility index (Figure 1B) was also
found. A previous study from our group has demonstrated that green tea
extract, which also presents significant contents of polyphenols, when orally
administered to pregnant sheep was able to induce similar echocardiographical
alterations as observed in the present study (Zielinsky et al., 2012a), however
the underlying mechanisms responsible for the DA constriction were not
evaluated. In this scenario, this work aimed first to confirm that polyphenols
were effectively associated to the echocardiographical alterations and then to
propose the possible mechanisms involved in this process considering the most
frequently reported effects of polyphenolic compounds.
The increase in TP urinary excretion in pregnant sheep (Figure 2)
indicates that the oral administration of PRF was effective once polyphenols
were absorbed and eliminated in urine, representing an important biomarker of
total polyphenol intake. Once we could establish that the polyphenols ingested
were absorbed, the determination of biological effects and the possible
mechanisms of action of polyphenols become possible.
Subsequently, a mechanistic approach was performed by determining
oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers. Lipid peroxidation is usually
represented by the byproduct malondialdehyde and other aldehydes such as
hydroxynonenal, which are produced in the ROS-induced peroxidation of
membrane lipids and may be estimated as thiobarbituric acid reactive species
or TBARS. Our results indicated that polyphenol consumption was responsible
for a reduction in the lipid peroxidation found in sheep at the third trimester of
gestation. Polyphenols are markedly associated to antioxidant properties in
17. several studies (Biesalski, 2007, Bubols et al., 2012, Proteggente et al., 2002),
and the lower TBARS levels found in our study is in accordance to these
previous data. Lipid peroxidation during pregnancy has also been
demonstrated, especially with the approximation of labor, which is known for an
increasing ROS production (Mocatta et al., 2004).
Furthermore, in relation to oxidative damage, we have also shown that
protein carbonyls were increased in the treated animals (Table 1). Protein
damage was found despite the decrease in lipid damage, indicating the inability
of polyphenols to prevent oxidative damage through one signaling pathway, i.e.
protein damage rather than lipid damage. 3-Nitrotyrosine levels were not
significantly altered in the animals (p>0.05), which could be ascribed to the
short half-life of 3-NT in plasma described by other investigators as 1-2 hours
and the transient alterations in its levels is discussed as a consequence of
mechanisms such as protein degradation, repair or clearance (Greenacre and
Ischiropoulos, 2001, Ischiropoulos, 2009).
In this sense, it is expected that antioxidant defenses be naturally
mobilized as an attempt to prevent oxidative damages to biomolecules through
different mechanisms, such as enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants or
exogenous antioxidants (Berchieri-Ronchi et al., 2011, Poston et al., 2011). In
our study, the levels of reduced nonprotein thiols in sheep were decreased after
the experimentation period (Table 1). This finding suggests that despite the high
polyphenol consumption, the increase in the production of reactive species
typical of late pregnancy induced a mobilization of antioxidant defenses such as
nonprotein thiols in order to preserve tissues from oxidative damage.
18. Some alterations in the endogenous enzymatic antioxidants were
observed. Catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymatic activities were
increased after the treatment (Table 1), confirming the previous results that
indicate the ROS overproduction in late pregnancy (Michelakis et al., 2004,
Mocatta et al., 2004, Reeve et al., 2001). Taken together, our results of GPx
enzymatic activity, TBARS and nonprotein thiols indicate the involvement of the
GPx and GSH system to scavenge the lipid peroxides generated in order to
avoid damage to lipid membranes.
We report that polyphenol consumption was able to induce a premature
constriction of the fetal duct as well as changes in the antioxidant status in
sheep. Polyphenols, which are well recognized exogenous antioxidants (Bubols
et al., 2012, Proteggente et al., 2002, Rice-Evans and Miller, 1996), possibly
acted synergistically with endogenous antioxidant defenses against ROS
unbalance, but were still associated to important echocardiographical
alterations in fetuses’ hearts. This dual behavior (protective and involved in DA
constriction) however is still to be fully understood. Considering that
polyphenols also present relevant anti-inflammatory activities (Marzocchella et
al., 2011, Middleton et al., 2000), the mechanism for ductal constriction may be
mostly due to the anti-inflammatory effect of polyphenols in comparison to their
antioxidant properties. In the present study, analysis of the oxidative damage
parameters indicated that protein damage was present in sheep during the third
trimester of pregnancy, in spite of the high polyphenol consumption, so the
overproduction of ROS in pregnancy could not be completely scavenged by the
endogenous antioxidant systems and some extent of oxidative stress could
19. have contributed to the premature cardiovascular alterations found in the
fetuses, in addition to the modulation of immune system.
Indeed, previous reports back up the involvement of ROS overproduction
in the induction of DA constriction through the activation of different signaling
pathways, such as by inhibiting voltage-gated potassium channels and
activating Rho-kinase signaling, which are associated to smooth muscle
contraction (Kajimoto et al., 2007, Michelakis et al., 2002, Thebaud et al., 2004)
and also affecting the mitochondrial redox state (Reeve et al., 2001).
Nitric oxide (NO) is a reactive nitrogen species (RNS) formed from the
action of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) that determines several
biological functions by acting as a signaling molecule, especially leading to
vasodilatation, neurotransmission and inflammation (Dusse et al., 2005). The
NO radical has a very short serum half-life and reacts with circulating reactive
species to produce different stable inorganic metabolites, such as nitrites and
nitrates (Romitelli et al., 2007), thus nitrite/nitrate (NOx) levels are often used as
a measure of NO production.
Lower NOx levels were found in the animals after higher polyphenol
ingestion (Figure 3). NO is a dilating substance to the vascular system which is
closely related to the immune system, and its lower levels in PRF-treated sheep
indicates that polyphenols were responsible for vascular constriction and an
anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, studies have reported that during pregnancy
the dilating NO is responsible for maintaining the patency of the ductus
arteriosus, and that this influence is inverted in late pregnancy, as the fetal duct
becomes physiologically less sensitive to NO, which is responsible for the DA
constriction (Archer, 1996, Bergwerff et al., 1999). We have shown that
20. polyphenols are able to accelerate the physiological fetal duct constriction when
consumed in late pregnancy and thereby lead to a premature DA constriction.
Our results are in agreement with a clinical trial from Keller and co-workers
(2005), who demonstrated that premature newborns with patent ductus
arteriosus (PDA) presented an increased DA constriction after treatment with
both NOS inhibitor L-NMMA and indomethacin, showing the role of NO-
mediated anti-inflammatory effect in the induction of ductal constriction (Keller
et al., 2005).
In our study, no significant difference in PGE2 levels could be observed
in the animals. However, further biomarkers related to the prostaglandin
biosynthesis pathways should be evaluated, such as additional prostaglandins,
isoprostanes and arachidonic acid in serum or ciclooxigenases (COX) isoforms
in blood lymphocytes (Kallapur et al., 2011, Takahashi et al., 2000). In a recent
study, Chen and co-workers (2012) revealed the involvement of isoprostanes as
novel biomarkers associated to the oxidative stress and especially responsible
to promote a constriction of the ductus arteriosus in mice. The exposures to 8-
iso-PGF2α and 8-Iso-PGE2 isoprostanes were able to induce a fetal DA
constriction in preterm pregnant mice under fetal oxygen conditions through
binding thromboxane A2 (TxA2) receptors (Chen et al., 2012). Isoprostanes are
produced from the oxidative damage to membrane lipids, especially arachidonic
acid, while prostaglandins are released as a result of the enzymatic activity of
ciclooxigenases (Milne et al., 2007).
Polyphenol consumption in our study could have interfered mostly with
isoprostane synthesis compared to prostaglandins, indicating that COX-
mediated prostaglandin synthesis may not be entirely involved in the process,
21. as we reported by the absence of significant PGE2 alterations. The preference
for the isoprostane pathway is likely in the present study, considering the
concomitant involvement of oxidative stress and the anti-inflammatory action of
polyphenols, as previously demonstrated, and naturally deserves further
confirmatory studies.
The studies available on the ductus arteriosus dynamics have been
basically based on determining the influence of anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs or glucocorticoids) either in the induction of premature DA constriction
(Levy et al., 1999, Paladini et al., 2005, Rasanen and Jouppila, 1995) or in
cases of PDA, in which the pharmacological closure of the DA is searched
because the patency of the fetal duct is maintained after birth (Sivanandan et
al., 2013). Therefore, few studies have been conducted with a premature
constriction of the DA without any relation to NSAIDs intake (Kapadia et al.,
2010, Zielinsky et al., 2010, Zielinsky et al., 2012b), which is noteworthy since
these drugs are anti-inflammatory agents, while polyphenols in general present
anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities leading to a situation in which
simultaneous effects are elicited, and as shown in our results.
Zielinsky and co-workers (2010) demonstrated that PRF intake during
late pregnancy was able to induce premature DA constriction in human fetuses
(Zielinsky et al., 2010) and recently reported the reversal of ductal constriction
after pregnant women were instructed not to consume foods with high
polyphenol contents (Zielinsky et al., 2012b). Similar observations have also
been detected in a case report described by Kapadia and co-workers (2010),
who associated the prenatal closure of the DA with the maternal ingestion of a
22. juice blend containing anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (Kapadia et al.,
2010).
In addition to the increase in protein damage by protein carbonyl levels
(Table 1), we interestingly observed that oxidative modification to proteins was
associated to ductal alterations by the high correlations between PCO and SV,
PCO and DV and PCO and IP, indicating that the ductal constriction in pregnant
sheep was influenced by the involvement of protein damage, which may be
explained by the higher ROS production in late pregnancy. On the other hand,
lipid peroxidation was decreased in pregnant sheep after PRF intake (Table 1),
and echocardiographical parameters (SV, DV and IP) were inversely associated
to lipid damage, corroborating that lipid damage did not contribute to ductal
constriction and suggesting that polyphenols were able to promote some
protection against lipid damage thus diminishing TBARS.
Considering that polyphenols diminished lipid damage (Figure 5B) and
that polyphenols also led to a reduction of NOx levels (Figure 3A), it could be
explained that the PRF-treated animals, presenting diminished plasma NOx as
a result of polyphenols anti-inflammatory effect, would present less lipid
damage, as evidenced in Figure 5A, due to a polyphenol-induced antioxidant
effect and protection against lipid damage, once both activities were exerted by
polyphenols. Also, NO and its stable products nitrites and nitrates are reactive
nitrogen species (RNS) that could lead to lipid damage (O'Donnell et al., 1999),
so lower NOx levels could be responsible for the decreased lipid peroxidation.
Figure 6 presents negative correlations between both systolic and
diastolic velocities to NOx levels as well as the positive correlation between
pulsatility index and NOx. These findings corroborate the influence of the
23. decreased NOx levels in the development of fetal duct constriction in pregnant
sheep under high polyphenol consumption.
In addition to reactive nitrogen species (RNS), the increasing oxygen
tension that occurs in fetuses during late pregnancy near birth is responsible for
the physiological DA constriction (Archer, 1996, Michelakis et al., 2002) and
also increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been reported in the
approximation of labor (Mocatta et al., 2004), corroborating our results of the
involvement of oxidative stress by the activation of the antioxidant enzymes
GPx and CAT in the third trimester of sheep gestation (Table 1), despite the
antioxidant effect found after high polyphenol consumption. The correlations of
SV versus CAT and IP versus GPx also confirm the involvement of antioxidant
enzymes in the premature ductal constriction. Regarding these endogenous
antioxidant enzymes, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory behaviors of
polyphenols are observed in Figure 4, which shows that NOx was negatively
correlated to both GPx and CAT, showing that the increase in both endogenous
enzymatic antioxidants was associated to an anti-inflammatory activity after
polyphenol intake in sheep. Previous reports have shown that NO is able to
reversibly bind and inhibit catalase (Brown, 1995), explaining the high negative
correlation between both markers found in our study (Figure 4B).
To date, there is need for knowledge from animal models on all the
mechanisms involved in ductal constriction. The present study not only reports
that the consumption of high polyphenol levels during late pregnancy induces
constriction of the ductus arteriosus, but also indicates that the ability of
polyphenols to modulate the immune response is responsible for the
mechanism of ductal constriction induced by these compounds. Moreover, this
24. is to our knowledge the first work to confirm the involvement of anti-
inflammatory effect through NO downregulation as well as the modulation of
oxidative pathways in the premature induction of DA constriction in fetal lambs
after high polyphenol consumption from pregnant sheep. Although the
antioxidant mechanism was clearly involved after PRF intake and responsible
for benefits in the antioxidant status in the animals, the role of polyphenols’
antioxidant effect in the induction of fetal duct constriction seems to be
important in conjunction with the anti-inflammatory effect and worthy of future
investigations.
Finally, the present results stress the importance of dietary orientation to
decrease polyphenol consumption in late pregnancy to avoid premature DA
constriction and, importantly, provide evidence that the anti-inflammatory effect
of polyphenols was involved in sheep suffering from the ductal constriction
process as well as oxidative stress even after dietary polyphenol consumption.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Fapergs PPSUS Nr. 09/0023-0 grant to P.
Zielinsky. S.C. Garcia was granted CNPq/Universal (Nr. 479613/2009-5 and
484096/2011-7) and Fapergs (PqG-2010). G.B. Bubols is recipient of CAPES
Masters Degree fellowship; S.C. Garcia and P. Zielinsky are recipients of CNPq
Research Fellowships.
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31. Figure captions
Figure 1. Fetal Doppler echocardiography from sheep at the third trimester of
pregnancy after high polyphenol consumption. Bars represent systolic and
diastolic velocities (A) and the pulsatility index (B). Echocardiographical images
of the ductus arteriosus before (C) and after treatment (D). *Significant
differences in relation to basal (p<0.05, Student’s t-test). BT: before
treatment/basal; AT: after treatment.
Figure 2. Total polyphenol urinary excretion in pregnant sheep after dietary
supplementation with polyphenol-rich foods (PRF). *Significantly different from
basal (p<0.05, Mann-Whitney test). BT: before treatment/basal; AT: after
treatment.
Figure 3. Serum NOx levels in pregnant sheep submitted to high polyphenol
ingestion in the third trimester of pregnancy. *Significant difference in relation to
basal (p<0.05, Mann-Whitney test). BT: before treatment/basal; AT: after
treatment.
Figure 4. Associations between NOx levels and antioxidant enzymes. (A) GPx
versus NOx (r=-0.755, p=0.004, n=12) and (B) CAT versus NOx (r=-0.812,
p=0.001, n=12). Spearman’s rank used for both statistical correlations.
32. Figure 5. Associations of lipid damage with (A) NOx levels (r=0.748, p=0.005,
n=12) and (B) total polyphenol excretion (r=-0.622, p=0.030, n=12). Spearman’s
rank used for both statistical correlations.
Figure 6. Associations between NOx levels and fetal echocardiographical
parameters. (A) NOx versus SV (r=-0.853, p=0.0004, n=12), (B) NOx versus DV
(r=-0.705, p=0.010, n=12), (C) NOx versus PI (r=0.599, p=0.039, n=12).
Spearman’s rank used for all statistical correlations.
33. Tables
Table 1. Oxidative stress biomarkers in pregnant sheep submitted to high
polyphenol ingestion in the third trimester of pregnancy.
Biomarkers BT AT
TBARS (μmol L-1
) 17.22 ± 2.05 12.53 ± 2.11*
3-NT (ρmol mg-1
protein) 5.34 ± 0.91 6.48 ± 2.02
PCO (nmol mg-1
protein) 1.09 ± 0.09 1.49 ± 0.31*
Nonprotein thiols (μmol mL−1
RBC) 0.11 ± 0.04 0.04 ± 0.01*
GPx (µmol NADPH min-1
mg-1
protein)
37.23 ± 11.19 62.96 ± 15.03*
GST (nmol CDNB-GSH min-1
mg-1
protein)
2.04 ± 1.03 1.38 ± 0.46
CAT (K CAT mg-1
protein) 0.69 ± 0.39 1.44 ± 0.33*
Results are shown as mean ± standard error. *Significant differences in relation
to basal (p<0.05). BT: before treatment/basal; AT: after treatment.
Table