oral contraceptives

1. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Ratnam Institute of Pharmacy nellore
Submitted by:
G. HARI CHANDANA
IV Year B.Pharmacy
(17DM1R0026)
Under the guidence:
Dr.Y.Ramesh
M.Pharm., Ph.D.
Department of Pharmaceutics
Ratnam Institute of pharmacy

2.  DEFINITION
 TYPES OF CONTRACEPTIVES
 COMBINED PILL
 MODE OF ACTION
 FEED BACK MECHANISM
 COMMON ADVERSE EFFECTS
 BENEFICIAL EFFECTS
 PROGESTOGRN PILL ONLY
 MODE OF ACTION
 BENEFICIAL EFFECTS
 OTHER DRUGS
 CONCLUSION

3. Oral contraceptives are medicines taken by
oral route to help prevent pregnancy.
 They are also known as “birth control pills”.

4.  Type of oral contraceptives
1.The combined pill
2.The progestogen only pills

5.  Formulations may be :
1. Monophasic (each tablet contains a fixed
amount of estrogen and progestin);
2. contains Biphasic (each tablet a fixed amount
of estrogen, while the amount of progestin
increases in the second half of the cycle); or
3. Triphasic (the amount of estrogen may be
fixed or variable, while the amount of progestin
increases in 3 equal phases).

6.  The estrogen in most combined preparations (second
generation pills) is ethinylestradiol, although a few
preparations contain mestranol instead
 The estrogen content is generally 20-50μg of
ethinylestradiol or its equivalent, and preparation is chosen
with the lowest estrogen and progestogen content that is
well tolerated and gives good cycle control in the individual
woman.

7.  estrogen inhibits secretion of FSH via negative
feedback on the anterior pituitary, and thus
suppresses development of the ovarian follicle
 progestogen inhibits secretion of LH and thus
prevents ovulation; it also makes the cervical
mucus less suitable for the passage of sperm

8. estrogen and progestogen act in concert to
alter the endometrium in such a way as to
discourage implantation.
 They may also interfere with the coordinated
contractions of cervix, uterus and fallopian
tubes that facilitate fertilisation and
implantation.

9. Feed back Mechanisms

10.  weight gain, owing to fluid retention or an
anabolic effect, or both.
 mild nausea, flushing, dizziness, depression or
irritability.
 skin changes (e.g. acne and/or an increase in
pigmentation)
 amenorrhoea of variable duration on cessation
of taking the pill.

11.  The combined pill markedly decreases
menstrual symptoms such as irregular periods
and intermenstrual bleeding.
 Iron deficiency anemia and premenstrual
tension are reduced, as are uterine fibroids and
functional cysts of the ovaries.
COMBINED PILL

12. The drug used in progestogen only
pills include norethisterone,
Levonorgestrel or ethynodiol.
the pill is taken daily without
interrution.

13.  The mode of action is primarily on the cervical
mucus, which is made inhospitable to sperm.
The progestogen probably also hinders
implantation through its effect on the
endometrium and on the motility and
secretions of the fallopian tubes.

14.  Progestogen-only contraceptives offer suitable
alternative to the combined pill for some women
in whom estrogen is contraindicated, and are
suitable for women whose blood pressure
increases unacceptably during treatment with
estrogen.
 However, their contraceptive effect is less reliable
than that of the combination pill, and missing a
dose may result in conception. Disturbances of
menstruation (especially irregular bleeding) are
common.

16. ORMELOXIFENE
 Ormeloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor
modulator (SERM).
 Marketed as Centchroman, Centron, or Saheli,
it is pill that is taken once per week.
 Ormeloxifene is legally available only in
India

17. POSTCOITAL (EMERGENCY)
CONTRACEPTION
 Oral administration of levonorgestrel, alone
(1.50mg usually) or combined with estrogen, is
effective
 if taken within 72 hours of unprotected
intercourse,repeated 12 hours later. Nausea and
vomiting are common. (replacement tablets can
be taken with an antiemetic such as domperidone

18.  Combined pill and progestogen pill are
effectively used emergency contraceptives.
 Progestogen is only pill has higher efficacy
and more side effects.
 Mostly to prevent the pregnancy and
menstrual cramps or prevent anemia.

19. THANK YOU