The National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) was set up in 2004 by the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government as an advisory body and a watchdog for the informal sector. That same year, the Prime Minister’s Office asked the NCEUS to examine the National Policy on Urban Street Vendors. The policy’s objective was to provide urban street vendors with a supportive environment in which they can earn their livelihoods. After consulting various stakeholders, the Commission recommended a revision of the policy’s implementation mechanisms.
The NCEUS noted that the urban poor in most Indian cities worked in the informal sector because of a lack of jobs in rural areas, few employment opportunities in the formal sector, and low levels of education that restricted access to better-paying jobs. As unorganised sector workers, street vendors did not have government-assisted social security.
Master Plan for Delhi–with the Perspective for the Year 2021
Here is the official Delhi Master Plan 2021. It is being uploaded by FSGOWS for Public viewing and downloading.
Master Plan for Delhi–with the Perspective for the Year 2021
Here is the official Delhi Master Plan 2021. It is being uploaded by FSGOWS for Public viewing and downloading.
Street Vending Policy of Telangana under the guidelines of Central Govt of India,
Goverment of India,Government of telangana,India,Telangana,Policy,svp
Vasna, a municipal ward under Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) was taken for study for Area Planning Studio -2013. The aim was to identify the key issues, opportunities and inherent development potential of the ward and to prepare a ward plan through a specific vision which could mitigate the current problems plaguing the ward and promote balanced development and thus serve the present and future population of the ward as well as the city.
The Mumbai Metropolitan Region extends over an area of 4355 sq. km and comprises Municipal Corporations of Greater Mumbai, Thane, Kalyan, Navi Mumbai and Ulhasnagar; 15 municipal towns; 7 non-municipal urban centers; and 995 villages. Its administrative limits cover Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban Districts, and parts of Thane and Raigad District. There are 40 Planning Authorities in the Region that are responsible for the micro-level planning of the different areas.
Review of Development Plans/ Master Plans of selected cities of India.KARTHICK KRISHNA
This is an academic assignment done for the purpose to draft a master plan/ development plan. This helps us to identify the concept and context of the various plans and its development proposals applicability and replicability.
Street Vendors are an important part of urban economy and provide goods and services at affordable prices and are located at convenient locations. Therefore, planners need to integrate this important use in the local area plans
Review of Mumbai Metropolitan regional development planAnoushka Tyagi
The presentation is a Review of the Mumbai Metropolitan regional development plan with respect to the details of the districts, tehsils, population distribution & density, the content of the regional development plan document, administrative setup in the district, the chronology of earlier plans and the SWOT related to the MMR region.
Development control rules,
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act,
Land acquisition act,
Village planning: Necessity and principles,
Rural developments- Growth
centre approach, Area Development approach, Integrated rural development
approach.
3.2 Maharashtra regional town planning actSachin PatiL
Development control rules,
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act,
Land acquisition act,
Village planning: Necessity and principles,
Rural developments- Growth
centre approach, Area Development approach, Integrated rural development
approach.
REGIONAL PLAN: A CASE OF MUMBAI METROPOLITAN REGIONYash Shah
Regional planning deals with the efficient placement of land-use activities, infrastructure, and settlement growth across a larger area of land than an individual city or town. Regional planning is a sub-field of urban planning as it relates land use practices on a broader scale. It also includes formulating laws that will guide the efficient planning and management of such said regions.
Regions require various land uses; protection of farmland, cities, industrial space, transportation hubs and infrastructure, military bases, and wilderness. Regional planning is the science of efficient placement of infrastructure and zoning for the sustainable growth of a region. Advocates for regional planning such as new urbanist Peter Calthorpe, promote the approach because it can address region-wide environmental, social, and economic issues which may necessarily require a regional focus.
A ‘region’ in planning terms can be administrative or at least partially functional, and is likely to include a network of settlements and character areas. In most European countries, regional and national plans are ‘spatial’ directing certain levels of development to specific cities and towns in order to support and manage the region depending on specific needs, for example supporting or resisting polycentrism.
The Mumbai Metropolitan Planning Committee (MMPC) was formed under the provisions of the Maharashtra Metropolitan Planning Committee Act 1999 and has been entrusted with the task of preparing a Regional Plan for the Mumbai Metropolitan Area with help from MMRDA. Currently, the Regional Plan 1996 is in operation which was prepared by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) and sanctioned in 1999. The MMRDA was established under the MMRDA Act, 1974 and undertook the revision of the First regional plan prepared by the Regional Planning Board and sanctioned in 1973, under the provisions of the MR& TP Act, 1966.
Urban Management & Governance Structures in IndiaRavikant Joshi
This PPT delivered to Scholars of Indian School of Public Policy explains various urban management and governance structure found in various States and urban local bodies of India and their limitations
Street Vending Policy of Telangana under the guidelines of Central Govt of India,
Goverment of India,Government of telangana,India,Telangana,Policy,svp
Vasna, a municipal ward under Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) was taken for study for Area Planning Studio -2013. The aim was to identify the key issues, opportunities and inherent development potential of the ward and to prepare a ward plan through a specific vision which could mitigate the current problems plaguing the ward and promote balanced development and thus serve the present and future population of the ward as well as the city.
The Mumbai Metropolitan Region extends over an area of 4355 sq. km and comprises Municipal Corporations of Greater Mumbai, Thane, Kalyan, Navi Mumbai and Ulhasnagar; 15 municipal towns; 7 non-municipal urban centers; and 995 villages. Its administrative limits cover Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban Districts, and parts of Thane and Raigad District. There are 40 Planning Authorities in the Region that are responsible for the micro-level planning of the different areas.
Review of Development Plans/ Master Plans of selected cities of India.KARTHICK KRISHNA
This is an academic assignment done for the purpose to draft a master plan/ development plan. This helps us to identify the concept and context of the various plans and its development proposals applicability and replicability.
Street Vendors are an important part of urban economy and provide goods and services at affordable prices and are located at convenient locations. Therefore, planners need to integrate this important use in the local area plans
Review of Mumbai Metropolitan regional development planAnoushka Tyagi
The presentation is a Review of the Mumbai Metropolitan regional development plan with respect to the details of the districts, tehsils, population distribution & density, the content of the regional development plan document, administrative setup in the district, the chronology of earlier plans and the SWOT related to the MMR region.
Development control rules,
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act,
Land acquisition act,
Village planning: Necessity and principles,
Rural developments- Growth
centre approach, Area Development approach, Integrated rural development
approach.
3.2 Maharashtra regional town planning actSachin PatiL
Development control rules,
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act,
Land acquisition act,
Village planning: Necessity and principles,
Rural developments- Growth
centre approach, Area Development approach, Integrated rural development
approach.
REGIONAL PLAN: A CASE OF MUMBAI METROPOLITAN REGIONYash Shah
Regional planning deals with the efficient placement of land-use activities, infrastructure, and settlement growth across a larger area of land than an individual city or town. Regional planning is a sub-field of urban planning as it relates land use practices on a broader scale. It also includes formulating laws that will guide the efficient planning and management of such said regions.
Regions require various land uses; protection of farmland, cities, industrial space, transportation hubs and infrastructure, military bases, and wilderness. Regional planning is the science of efficient placement of infrastructure and zoning for the sustainable growth of a region. Advocates for regional planning such as new urbanist Peter Calthorpe, promote the approach because it can address region-wide environmental, social, and economic issues which may necessarily require a regional focus.
A ‘region’ in planning terms can be administrative or at least partially functional, and is likely to include a network of settlements and character areas. In most European countries, regional and national plans are ‘spatial’ directing certain levels of development to specific cities and towns in order to support and manage the region depending on specific needs, for example supporting or resisting polycentrism.
The Mumbai Metropolitan Planning Committee (MMPC) was formed under the provisions of the Maharashtra Metropolitan Planning Committee Act 1999 and has been entrusted with the task of preparing a Regional Plan for the Mumbai Metropolitan Area with help from MMRDA. Currently, the Regional Plan 1996 is in operation which was prepared by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) and sanctioned in 1999. The MMRDA was established under the MMRDA Act, 1974 and undertook the revision of the First regional plan prepared by the Regional Planning Board and sanctioned in 1973, under the provisions of the MR& TP Act, 1966.
Urban Management & Governance Structures in IndiaRavikant Joshi
This PPT delivered to Scholars of Indian School of Public Policy explains various urban management and governance structure found in various States and urban local bodies of India and their limitations
Street vendors’ rights to carry on their trade in public spaces, has been the subject matter of debate and discussion in India for a very long time. In fact it has taken numerous judgments of the Supreme Court and High Court to recognize their rights and shape up a statutory regime. This scenario raises an important question, as to what is the kind of property rights enjoyed by these street vendors. A study was undertaken to analyse this aspect and answer some key questions pertaining to the gradual changes that occurred in the overall concept of property rights in India.
Street Vendors are rising urban problem but in my view its an opportunity to curb urban unemployment if carefully addressed by Street Vendors Act by allocating vending space in Urban Local Bodies or Metropolitan cities.
This Street Vendor Presentation consists of details about Purnia Municipal Corporation Bihar. Planning Development Activities in Urban Local Bodies should focus on this urbane issue to bring out people from mental trauma of livelihood.
By Parijata Bharadwaj
Road accidents have become a common occurrence and it is predicted that soon they will become the leading killers in today’s motorized world overtaking AIDS and Tuberculosis. The worst hit by these accidents are the pedestrians. This paper aims at providing a detailed analysis of the present legal position of the pedestrian in India and the need to make modifications. The paper draws a comparison between the laws present in other countries as well as the initiative taken by the world community as a whole. In the end the paper suggests a model charter of rights and duties for the pedestrian in India.
Pedestrian Audit conducted in the city of Cochin, Kerala, India. The audit was conducted by www.cppr.in to assess the pedestrian facilities and infrastructure in Cochin
ACCESS TO FINANCE - STREET VENDORS’ DILEMMA IN TWO TOWNS OF SOUTH INDIAijmpict
Street Vendors and hawkers constitute entrepreneurial efforts at a micro level in the informal sector. This study attempts to explore the access to sources of finance in the informal sector of street vending in the two towns of South India, Tirunelveli and Nagercoil. A sample of 50 vendors in Tirunelveli and Nagercoil cities was analysed with respect to their initial capital requirements, sources of finance and daily working capital
requirements. Concurrently the study also sought to identify the street vendors, awareness of licensing requirement, existence of micro finance opportunities and access to the same. Findings showed that a majority of the street vendors utilized their daily earnings. None of them had any awareness of micro finance and the opportunities arising thereof. The study is significant in terms of revealing the financial
needs of the informal sector in tier three cities in South India. The study recommends awareness programs
or drives targeted at these informal entrepreneurs to sustain their micro entrepreneurial efforts.
Legal Protection of the use of Public Transport Services in Mandau District B...ijtsrd
The community in general uses city transportation services such as Microbuses, city buses or other city transportation to facilitate activities from one place to another. By realizing the importance of the role of transportation, traffic and road transportation must be arranged in an integrated national transportation system and be able to realize the availability of transportation services that are in accordance with the level of traffic demand and orderly, convenient, fast, smooth and affordable transportation services. peoples purchasing power. According to Undang Undang Number 22 2009 Concerning Road Traffic Traffic article 2, the public principles that apply to road traffic and transportation include transparent, accountable principles, sustainable principles, participatory principles, useful principles, efficient and effective principles, balanced principles, integrated principles , and the principle of self reliance. The responsibility of business operators transporters for public transport services has been confirmed in Article 14 of Peraturan Pemerintah Number 17 of 1965 concerning the implementation of compulsory passenger accident liability which states international civil treaties concerned with accidents that occur. Asrizal | Suhadi Sukendar Situmorang "Legal Protection of the use of Public Transport Services in Mandau District - Bengkalis District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29273.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/29273/legal-protection-of-the-use-of-public-transport-services-in-mandau-district---bengkalis-district/asrizal
The 2015-16 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) provides information on population, health and nutrition for each state and union territory in India. The survey was conducted by the International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, for the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
The fieldwork for Kerala was conducted in all 14 districts of the state. Information was collected from 11,555 households, 11,033 women in the 15-49 age group, and 2,086 men between the ages of 15 and 54.
This state report for Kerala presents findings on several key socio-economic indicators like water and sanitation, marriage, fertility, contraception, children’s immunisation, sexual behaviour and domestic violence. It makes important observations too, like the near-universality of births in a health facility, the low rate of infant mortality, and the preference for sons.
The Health Survey and Development Committee were was appointed by the Government of India in October, 1943 with Sir Joseph Bhore as its Chairman to make a broad broad survey of present position with regard to health conditions and health organization services in British British India. Its chairman was Sir Joseph William Bhore, an Indian Civil Service officer. and provide recommendations for future developments.
The Committee recommended It the laid emphasis on integration of curative and preventive medicine at all levels, the development of primary health care centres, and major changes in medical education. It made comprehensive recommendations for remodelling of health services in India. Volume I
This volume (Vol 1) of the Committee’s report attempts to draws a picture of the state of the public health in India the country and of the existing health organisation of health services.
In December 1941, Japan’s entry into the Second World War The entry of Japan into the war in December 1941 marked the stage at which war conditions began to hadve serious adverse effects on India. Thus, , thus the statistical and other information in this report, which have been included for the purpose of throwing light on the state of the public health, was have been limited to the year 1941 and the preceding period of ten10 years.
The eight-member National Commission on Farmers, chaired by Prof. M.S. Swaminathan, was set up in 2004 by the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government to assess the extent of India’s agrarian crisis. This first report was meant to assist central and state governments in arresting the decline of farm incomes and abating farmers’ distress. The report provides an overview of India’s agrarian economy and discusses the causes and effects of the agri-crisis, both environmental and policy-based. Its recommendations include setting up knowledge centres for farmers, framing a code of conduct for contract farming, ensuring better water management, providing food security, improving crop insurance and introducing insurance that covers accident, death and medical expenses. These steps, the report says, must be taken immediately to avert further damage. And that we must take Jawaharlal Nehru’s advice in this often-quoted remark from 1948: “Everything else can wait, but not agriculture.”
This report, by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP), provides price recommendations and non-price measures for mandated kharif crops for the 2017-18 market season. The CACP, set up in 1965, was originally called the Agricultural Prices Commission but was given its present name in 1985. It prescribes the minimum support price (MSP) for 23 agricultural commodities to the government. These include 7 cereals, 5 pulses, 7 oilseeds and 4 commercial crops. CACP is attached to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India.
In order to arrive at the MSP, the CACP takes into account factors such as cost of production, the overall demand-supply situation, domestic and international prices, changes in input costs, inter-crop price parity, terms of trade, efficient use of resources, and the impact of MSPs on price levels.
The report furnishes most of its data in tables, graphs and charts.
Since 2005, the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) has provided data on schooling and children’s ability to do basic reading and arithmetic. Since 2006, the report has focused on the age group 5-16. This report for 2017 focuses on rural youth in the age group aged 14-18 since they are close to an income-earning age. It tries to understand their preparedness to lead productive adult lives.
In particular, the report examines what the youth are doing, whether they can apply basic reading and arithmetic skills to everyday situations, their familiarity with routine digital and financial processes, and their educational and career goals. The findings are based on data gathered from 28,323 youths, 23,868 households, and 26 rural districts in 24 states.
The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) was conducted by the International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, for the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. It provides information on population, health and nutrition in each state and union territory of India. This report presents key findings of the survey’s fourth round, conducted in 71 districts of Uttar Pradesh from January 2015 to August 2016. Previous surveys were conducted in 1992-93, 1998-99 and 2005-06.
NFHS-4 surveyed 572,000 households in 640 districts of India as per the 2011 census. In Uttar Pradesh, data was gathered from 76,233 homes, and a total of 97,661 women (aged 15-49) and 13,835 men (aged 15-54) were interviewed.
The survey collected information on the socio-economic characteristics of households, fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning, reproductive health, maternal and child health, nutrition, water, sanitation, quality of health services and health insurance. In particular, it interviewed women about marriage, work, contraception, sexual behaviour, HIV/AIDS status and domestic violence as well as their children’s immunisations and illnesses. Similarly, men were interviewed on these topics, in addition to their attitudes towards gender roles and lifestyles.
The report furnishes district-wise data collected by the survey in tables and estimates of sampling errors in the appendix.
This gazetteer, published in 1907, describes various aspects of Odisha’s Baleswar (or Orissa’s Balasore in British times) district. It surveys the district’s economy, society, politics and administrative setup, as well as its history, geography, climate, biodiversity and natural resources. It says that the name Baleshwar is derived from a temple dedicated to “Mahadeo Baneswar, i.e. Siva, the Lord of the Forest.”
By the time of the 1901 census, the district had an average population density of about 200 persons per square kilometre. This was a mobile population with a high rate of migration – large numbers of people moved to the Sunderbans to work as cultivators and field labourers and to Kolkata to work as porters and manual labourers. The caste system, the gazetteer says, was deeply ingrained in the region. The lower castes preferred to work in the mills, where people of different castes worked alongside each other.
The Bengal District Gazetteers were prepared by British colonial administrators for the districts of Angul, Balasore, Cuttack, Koraput and Puri, and the ‘Feudatory States of Orissa’. Ten years after Independence, in 1957, the responsibility of compiling the district gazetteers was transferred from the Centre to the states. In 1999, this responsibility (in Odisha) was transferred from the Revenue Department to the Gopabandhu Academy of Administration.
The Aadhaar Act aims to provide “efficient and transparent” delivery of subsidies, benefits and services to Indian residents by assigning them unique identity numbers. The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), set up under this Act, is responsible for helping people ‘enroll’ or sign up for Aadhaar numbers, verifying their identity information, issuing Aadhaar numbers, and authenticating information provided by individuals on the request of public or private entities.
The Bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley on March 3, 2016, and it became an Act on March 26, 2016. An earlier version, the National Identification Authority of India Bill, 2010, was introduced in the Lok Sabha on December 3, 2010, but withdrawn in March 2016. The UIDAI became a statutory authority after the Aadhaar Act was passed, but it had been functioning as an office attached to the Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog) since 2009. Around 30 petitions challenging the government on different aspects of the Aadhaar Act have reportedly been submitted to the Supreme Court, and the matter will come up for hearing later this year.
This gazetteer, published in 1908, is the first of Angul district in Odisha. It describes various aspects about the district – its economy, society, politics and administrative setup, as well as its history, geography, climate, biodiversity and natural resources. It does so for the district’s two sub-divisions: Angul and the Khondmals.
The Marathas, who had maintained half a century of suzerainty over Odisha, surrendered Angul to the British in 1803. Angul’s chief entered into an agreement with the East India Company; he promised to say loyal to it and pay an annual tribute. After a series of rebellions though, the British invaded and occupied Angul in 1848. The district came under direct colonial rule and in 1891 it was merged with the Khondmals.
The Bengal District Gazetteers were prepared by British colonial administrators for the districts of Angul, Balasore, Cuttack, Koraput and Puri, and the ‘Feudatory States of Orissa’. After Independence, in 1957, the responsibility of compiling the district gazetteers was transferred from the Centre to the states. In 1999 in Odisha, this responsibility was transferred from the Revenue Department to the Gopabandhu Academy of Administration.
This article from Social Science & Medicine, a peer-reviewed journal, uses the lens of medicine to understand India’s social history. The author examines how different systems of medicine – biomedicine (based on biological or biochemical principles), Ayurveda, Unani, among others – were perceived in mainstream Indian national politics in the first half of the 20th century. Not only did the British colonial state give biomedicine “cultural authority” over indigenous medical systems, but nationalist leaders and later governments did too. This has greatly shaped the contemporary view of medical practices. The article discusses the three main positions (listed in the Factoids) of policy-makers and the influential Indian elite on national healthcare, including the opposing views of former prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi. The author uses as his source material the proceedings of the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) Legislative Assembly and the published views of national leaders. He concludes that the bias of both the colonial and national governments is the major reason for the “deterioration and decline” of Indian indigenous medical systems.
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare developed the National Health Accounts (NHA) in 2001–02 to support the governance of health systems and enable the design of more effective health policies. This report provides an estimate of the total health expenditure for 2004-05 (taking into consideration the launch of the National Rural Health Mission in 2005), and gives provisional estimates of the health expenditure from 2005-06 to 2008-09.
In the computation of NHA, the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) definition of health expenditure was adopted. NHA includes expenditure on inpatient and outpatient care, hospitals, specialty hospitals, health promotion centres, rehabilitative care centres, capital expenditure on health, medical education, and research and training. It excludes expenses on water supply, sanitation, environmental health and the mid-day meal programme.
The Hindu centre for Politics and Public Policy is an offshoot of the Hindu publications group. It aims at promoting research and debates on public institutions delivery and policy frameworks.
The report describes the processes – and the politics – that led to the creation of ‘Other Traditional Forest Dwellers’ (OTFDs), which includes forest-dwelling Dalits. The report explores the limitations of the Act, which precludes forest-dwelling Dalit communities from accessing their rights and forest resources.
The report also documents movements of resistance by Dalit forest dwellers and Adivasis in Chitrakoot and Sonbhadra districts of Uttar Pradesh, and Kandhamal district of Odisha. At times, there were conflicts between Dalits and the scheduled tribes (STs); at other times, they came together to fight for their rights. The report suggests amendments to the Forest Rights Act and caste-sensitive strategies that recognise the rights of these communities.
This article from the Economic and Political Weekly, a peer-reviewed journal, discusses India’s various medical systems and the historical conditions under which allopathy or modern medicine (usually a synonym for ‘western’ medicine) assumed dominance. British rule in India, it says, was responsible for allopathic medicine becoming the backbone of independent India’s health services. The article adds that India’s ruling classes and upper castes advocated the cause of biomedical science because they saw it as a sign of ‘modernisation’. All of this contributed to the entrenchment of three streams of health providers in independent India. The articles lists these as: ‘qualified’ allopathic doctors (who have dominance over the other streams), ‘qualified’ ayurvedic, unani and homeopathic doctors (who have been relegated to a secondary position) and ‘unqualified’ health providers (who sometimes become the mainstay of health services in rural areas).
This article from the Economic and Political Weekly, a peer-reviewed journal, examines the political motivations that have historically shaped India’s public health services. It says that while the state was committed to providing healthcare, there were contradictions in its approach, which explain its ineffectiveness. For instance, its ambition could not be matched with its infrastructure and resources, so it relied heavily on foreign aid, which supported mostly techno-centric – and not people-centric – programmes like malaria eradication. It says that the failure of this programme left a huge dent in the India’s commitment to public health.
The National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (NCMH) was established in March 2004 to strengthen disease control and primary healthcare in India. Its overall objective was to assess how increased investments in the health sector impact poverty and economic development.
In this report, the Commission discusses the economic basis for investing in health and how public financing can be most effectively utilised. It discusses the critical issues plaguing the health sector, such as inequitable access to basic services, inefficiencies in the system, and an absence of patients’ rights.
The report states that liberalisation of the economy increased employment opportunities and incomes, thus reducing poverty levels. These developments also introduced changes in lifestyles, increased urbanisation and connectivity, and enhanced access to information. Together, this has had a profound impact on the epidemiologic and health-seeking behaviour of people.
The rising demand for health services has revealed the inadequacies of the current healthcare system, both in the public and private domains. It is the responsibility of the government to provide an efficient healthcare system, along with health education, preventive programmes, curative services, and affordable health services for the poor. This report reviews the public and private healthcare systems, and provides policy makers with a framework to improve the funding of public health.
The National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) was set up in 2004 by the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government as an advisory body and a watchdog for the informal sector. This report by the NCEUS recommended a social security scheme for unorganised workers, which would cover minimum benefits such as old age pension, life insurance, maternity benefit, disability benefit (accident compensation), minimum healthcare and sickness benefit. The NCEUS argued that the government needed to move beyond limited social assistance schemes and introduce a full-fledged social security programme for all kinds of workers, especially unorganised workers. The Commission also drafted the Unorganised Workers’ Social Security Bill, which forms part two of this report.
This article from the Economic and Political Weekly, a peer-reviewed academic journal, traces the history and development of medical science in India, ranging from systems of witchcraft to allopathy. The author also compares the Chinese, Greek and Egyptian systems of medicine to Ayurveda and outlines their similarities. He discusses the growth of modern medicine and the dismal state of the public healthcare system in India. The article concludes that the country’s poor healthcare structure can be attributed to its strong feudal culture, which promoted both rational and irrational medical practices.
The National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) was set up in 2004 by the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government as an advisory body and a watchdog for the informal sector. This NCEUS report reviews labour laws and social security systems that apply to workers in the unorganised sector.
It observes that while existing laws have some provisions for conditions of work for certain workers, there is no comprehensive legal framework for the “basic and minimum conditions of work” for unorganised sector workers. Therefore, it proposes comprehensive and protective laws for agricultural and non-agricultural workers in the unorganised sector that will regulate conditions of work, social security, welfare and livehood promotion. Given the differences in the conditions of work for agricultural and non-agricultural workers, two bills are proposed.
The bills also incorporate a National Security Scheme for agricultural labourers and non-agricultural workers in the unorganised sector. In case of disputes over the implementation of the bills, the NCEUS recommends conciliation through resolution instead of bureaucractic and time-consuming legal procedures. The dispute resolution process may involve the participation of workers’ representatives or elected representatives of local bodies.
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare published the first Annual Report to the People on Health in September 2010. The report’s objective was to examine critical macro-level issues related to health, in particular, the constraints faced by the government in providing universal healthcare, and the challenges in the organisation, financing and governance of health services.
The report provides information about key health indicators such as life expectancy at birth, infant mortality and maternal mortality, and explains the variation in their numbers in different states. It also provides an overview of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), which was launched in 2005 to revitalise and scale up basic health services in rural areas. Besides this, it discusses the non-availability of skilled healthcare providers and their uneven distribution across the country, and suggests remedies for this problem.
Lastly, the report lists key policy issues related to health that, according to the ministry, need to be debated widely and drafted into a new health policy. Some of these issues are increased public investment in healthcare, public-private partnerships in the health sector, access to safe drinking water and sanitation, good quality education for healthcare providers, use of modern technology and technological audits of the sector, rising out-of-pocket expenditure on drugs, reduced emphasis on preventive healthcare, limited participation of community organisations, and investment of the states in primary healthcare.
The National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) was set up in 2004 by the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government as an advisory body and a watchdog for the informal sector. In this report, the Commission discusses the technological needs of the unorganised sector and makes recommendations to increase the productivity, employment and earnings of the sector’s enterprises and the workers.
The report states that more than 94 per cent of enterprises in India are in the unorganised sector, many of them in rural India – micro, khadi and village enterprises such as handlooms, handicrafts, coir, leather, apparel, food processing and retail trade, which contribute over 31 per cent to GDP. The Third All India Census of Small Scale Industries (2001-02) says that more than 85 per cent of the total registered small-scale industry (SSI) units did not have access to technical know-how.
The post-liberalisation business environment had become difficult for micro and small enterprises because of increased domestic and international competition. They were not prepared for the ensuing challenges. This report highlights the consequent issues, including low incomes, inadequate credit, low education levels, a lack of training, difficulties in procuring materials, logistics and low sales margins. It lists recommendations to overcome each of these challenges, with a focus on improving the overall efficiency of the sector.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
National Policy on Urban Street Vendors: Report & Recommendations
1. NATIONAL POLICY
ON
URBAN STREET VENDORS
_________
REPORT & RECOMMENDATIONS
May 2006
Chapter Name Page
1. Preface 1
2. Background 2
3. National Policy on Urban Street Vendors 10
2. 1
Chapter 1
Preface
1.1 In its National Common Minimum Programme, the United Progressive
Alliance (UPA) Government, which was elected in 2004, stated that:
“The UPA government is firmly committed to ensure the welfare and well-
being of all workers, particularly those in the unorganized sector who
constitute 93% of our workforce. Social security, health insurance and
other schemes for such workers like weavers, handloom workers,
fishermen and fisherwomen, toddy tappers, leather workers, plantation
labour, beedi workers, etc will be expanded.”
1.2 In line with the commitment made by the United Progressive Alliance
(UPA) Government, in the National Common Minimum Programme, the
National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector was set up,
under the Chairmanship of Dr. Arjun Sengupta, in September 2004 with the
mandate to examine the problems of small enterprises and suggest measures
to overcome them. The Terms of Reference mandate the Commission,
amongst others to;
i. Identify constraints faced by small enterprises with regard to freedom
of carrying out the enterprise, access to raw materials, finance, skills,
entrepreneurship development, infrastructure, technology and markets
and suggest measures to provide institutional support and linkages to
facilitate easy access to them; and
ii. Suggest the legal and policy environment that should govern the
informal/unorganized sector for growth, employment, exports and
promotion.
1.3 While the Commission was engaged in the exercise of identifying
constraints faced by small and micro enterprises and suggesting measures to
overcome them, the Prime Minister’s Office requested the Commission to
examine and comment on priority on the National Policy on Urban Street
Vendors prepared in early 2004.
1.4 The Commission has considered the views made available by the
various stakeholders. The Commission’s recommendations are now being
provided to the Hon’ble Minister of State (I/C) for Urban Employment and
Poverty Alleviation for further action, to consider and implement the same.
3. 2
Chapter 2
Background
2.1 Street vendors form a very important component of the urban informal
sector in India. According to a study conducted during 1999-2000, by the
National Association of Street Vendors of India (NASVI), Mumbai has the
largest number of street vendors numbering around 250,000. Kolkatta has
more than 150,000 street vendors. Ahmedabad and Patna have around
80,000 each and Indore, Bangalore and Bhubaneshwar have around 30,000
street vendors.
2.2 In order to find out the total number of street vendors, the Commission
has computed the data available in the 55th
round of National Sample Survey
conducted during 1999-2000. There are two ways of estimating these
numbers. According to the first, workers engaged in retail trade according to
their location of work were identified, the details of which are given in Table 1
below. As per the Table, 43.64 lakh workers are engaged in retail trade either
in rural or urban streets or without any fixed place of work. The second
method is to estimate the number of street vendors by identifying workers who
describe themselves as street vendors and boot polishers working in different
locations including urban/ rural streets or without any fixed location. Table 2
gives the details of these estimates at 30.50 lakh workers. If we identify those
who describe themselves as street vendors working in urban/rural streets and
without any fixed location, the total number will come down to 13.87 lakh. As
per these estimates, the total number of street vendors (1999-2000) would
range from 30 to 43 lakh both in rural and urban areas. For urban areas
alone, it would range between 17 to 25 lakh. The difference between the
lower and the higher estimate might be due to the fact that a number of
‘workers engaged in retail trade and working in streets or without any fixed
place of work’ do not describe themselves as street vendors.
TABLE- 1.
Distribution of workers based on location of work place for retail trade
(NIC-52) by sex and residence (in Lakh)
Rural Urban Combined
Location M F Total M F Total M F Total
Without
fixed
place 10.39 1.79 12.18 9.64 3.43 13.07 20.03 5.22 25.25
Rural:
street with
fixed 4.88 0.91 5.79 1.34 0.34 1.69 6.22 1.26 7.48
4. 3
location
Urban:
street with
fixed
location 0.67 0.04 0.71 8.59 1.62 10.21 9.26 1.66 10.92
Total 15.93 2.74 18.68 19.58 5.39 24.97 35.51 8.13 43.64
TABLE- 2.
Distribution of workers(street vendors and boot polishers) by location sector
and sex (NCO 431 & 599) (in Lakh)
Rural Urban Combined
Location M F Total M F Total M F Total
Without fixed
place 4.00 0.62 4.62 3.36 0.86 4.21 7.36 1.47 8.83
Rural:
Street with
fixed location 1.22 0.32 1.54 0.36 0.23 0.58 1.58 0.54 2.12
Urban:
Street with
fixed location 0.23 0.02 0.25 2.01 0.64 2.66 2.24 0.67 2.91
Total 5.46 0.95 6.41 5.72 1.73 7.45 11.18 2.68 13.87
All Locations 11.24 2.07 13.31 14.33 2.86 17.19 25.57 4.93 30.50
Source: Computed from NSSO 55th
round 1999-2000.
Note: Workers covered belong to both Usual Principal status and Subsidiary
status.
2.3 In most Indian cities the urban poor survive by working in the informal
sector primarily due to poverty, but also due to a variety of factors such as
lack of gainful employment in the rural areas, shrinkage of employment in the
formal sector, and low levels of skill and education required for the better paid
jobs in the formal sector. Street vendors are mainly those who are
unsuccessful or unable to get regular jobs. They try to solve their problems
through their own meagre resources. The NASVI study mentioned above
report an average earning for street vendors (in 2000) between Rs. 40 and
Rs. 80 per day, for work over 10 hours a day, under gruelling conditions.
2.4 Street vendors are regarded as public nuisance and it is aggressively
argued for restoration of pavements as public space when street vendors
‘encroach’ on them. The Supreme Court in the Sodhan Singh versus NDMC,
1989 case ruled that:
“If properly regulated according to the exigency of the
circumstances, the small traders on the side walks can
considerably add to the comfort and convenience of the general
public, by making available ordinary articles of everyday use for
5. 4
a comparatively lesser price. An ordinary person, not very
affluent, while hurrying towards his home after a day’s work can
pick up these articles without going out of his way to find a
regular market. The right to carry on trade or business
mentioned in Article 19(1)g of the Constitution, on street
pavements, if properly regulated cannot be denied on the
ground that the streets are meant exclusively for passing or re-
passing and no other use.”
2.5 This decision of the Supreme Court has emphasized several important
aspects of street vending and use of public space and notes the positive role
of street vendors in providing essential commodities to common people at
affordable prices and at convenient places. It also notes that street vending
cannot be denied merely on the ground that pavements are meant exclusively
for pedestrians and that street vendors are exercising their constitutional right
to carry out trade or business. Hence it should be regulated properly and not
abolished.
2.6 In a recent decision of ‘Sudhir Madan & others versus MCD & others’
2006 the Supreme court has ruled that:
“We have also to keep in mind the principle that the right to use
the pathway, footpath etc. is that of the citizens. No hawker can
claim a right to defeat the rights of other citizens. The hawkers
are large in number, but the population of citizens is many
times more than that of hawkers and, therefore, the
fundamental rights of the citizens cannot be put in jeopardy by
permitting hawkers and squatters to block roads, footpaths,
public parks, etc., etc. The Authority, which frame a scheme,
has to keep this paramount consideration in mind. Consistent
with the rights of citizens, if it is possible to provide any space to
hawkers, squatters etc., that may be done consistent with the
policy to be framed by the concerned Authority. The Authority
will have to consider on what principles hawking and
no hawking zone have to be carved out. It will also
have to consider in which zones no hawking activity
can be permitted. It will also have to consider what nature of
goods can be sold by hawkers, squatters, etc. so that
cleanliness is maintained and at the same time free flow of
traffic and movement of pedestrians is not obstructed…….”
2.7 This decision gives further emphasis on, location of the Street Vendors
in a planned manner so that the Street Vendors carry on their business
without obstructing the free flow of traffic or movement of pedestrians. The
Commission while suggesting the policy as enumerated in the following pages
has ensured that it is conformity with the letter and spirit of the observations of
the Supreme Court on the subject.
2.8 Despite the Supreme Court’s rulings, street vendors conduct their
business amidst insecurity. Whenever eviction drives are conducted their
6. 5
wares are confiscated or even destroyed. Section 34 of the Police Act
empowers the police to remove any obstructions on the streets. Even licensed
street vendors can be evicted under this law. In order to overcome these
restrictions street vendors organize themselves into unions or local
associations who negotiate with the local authorities (the officers in the
municipal wards and police stations) for occupying public space. This
invariably means offering rents (bribes) to the authorities for warding off
eviction drives or forewarning them of impending drives. There are other
forms of extracting rents. In some cases local musclemen, more often than
not with the backing of local political leaders, collect protection fees through
threats. The above mentioned Act is a classic example of how a well meaning
Act for peaceful civic life has become a source of rent-seeking through
extraction of bribes.
2.9 In order to evolve a National Policy on Urban Street Vendors the
Commission has had interaction with different stakeholders such as National
Alliance for Street Vendors of India (NASVI), Self Employed Women’s
Association (SEWA), and Manushi and considered the comments received on
the 2004 draft. The main suggestions from them are as follows:
(a) The stakeholders expressed their concern on the continuing
harassment of street vendors and lack of security for carrying on their
business despite the landmark judgment of the Supreme Court
recognizing freedom of profession as one of the fundamental rights.
(b) They expressed their preference for direct relationship with the Urban
Local Bodies for payment of fees and other dues and asked for
immediate discontinuance of the practice of farming out of Tehbazari
(fee) to contractors and other intermediaries, as it results in exploitation
of street vendors by anti-social elements. It has been their experience
that Tehbazari (fee) contracts are captured by the mafia enjoying
political/bureaucratic patronages, who exploit the street vendors with
impunity.
(c) They suggested that the prescribed license fees could be paid at the
designated banks directly by the vendors.
(d) They sought an immediate end to eviction of street vendors and the
practice of confiscation of their goods.
(e) They demanded that identity cards specifying the authorized place of
vending should be issued to all street vendors to enable them to carry
on their profession and earn a decent livelihood. For this purpose, they
suggested that city-wise census of street vendors should be carried
out, followed by regular updating of the database.
(f) They suggested that the Town Vending Committees should be made
responsible for allocation of space to the street vendors. These
Committees may also determine the fee to be charged from the street
vendors considering the local conditions. The right of every vendor to
7. 6
ply his trade should be recognized and in case of a conflict, the Town
Vending Committees should be empowered to decide on the allocation
of space. If there is a shortage of space, vending space should be
allotted in new sectors on payment of the prescribed fees. The fees
collected should be used for the welfare of the street vendors.
(g) They stressed the need for legal protection to Street Vendors who are
registered and have paid the prescribed fee. They demanded the
imposition of stiff penalties on the policemen and municipal employees,
who attempt to evict any registered vendor.
(h) They were of the opinion that the street vendors would be willing to
contribute to specially designed schemes for providing insurance cover
for their assets and for taking care of such contingencies and
eventualities as death, disability, sickness and old age. The need for
provision of basic amenities such as water and toilet facilities at the
vending sites was also stressed upon.
2.10 Based on its interaction with the stakeholders and on consideration of
the comments received, the Commission is of the view that the 2004 policy
required revision on important aspects of the mechanism of implementation of
the policy. The overarching objective to be achieved through this Policy is to
provide and promote a supportive environment for earning livelihoods to the
vast mass of urban Street Vendors while ensuring that such activity does not
lead to overcrowding and unsanitary conditions in public spaces and streets.
2.11 The important changes suggested by the Commission and
incorporated in the National Policy on urban Street Vendors are as under:
2.11.1. Considering the resistance by Resident Welfare Associations (RWAs),
street vending in private areas has been recommended only with the consent
of the residents.
2.11.2. The centre piece of this Policy is the role of Town Vending
Committees (TVCs) to be constituted on a Ward-wise basis for all towns by
the Municipal Authorities. This would make the entire process and thereby the
Policy participatory, more near to the ground level realities, take care of the
local conditions and more particularly the Ward they represent and, take into
account the local knowledge to arrive at a consensus for resolution of
disputes. The earlier policy recommended ward-wise TVCs only for bigger
towns and was silent on the point as to who would constitute it.
2.11.2.1 The Commission recommends a revised composition of the
TVCs wherein it feels that market associations, traders’ associations and
RWAs have no role to play.
2.11.2.2 The Commission recommends the following functions for the
TVCs:
8. 7
a) Registration of the Street Vendor and ensuring issue of the identity
card to the Street vendor after its preparation by the Municipal
Authority;
b) Monitor the facilities to be provided to the street vendors by the
Municipal Authorities;
c) Identify areas for hawking with no restriction, areas with restriction with
regard to the dates, days and time, and, areas which would be marked
as no-vending zones;
d) Set the terms and conditions for hawking;
e) Take corrective action against defaulters; and,
f) Collect revenue.
2.11.2.3 In order to implement the decisions of TVCs, the concerned
Municipal Authority shall appoint an official, who shall act as the Convenor of
the TVCs as well as be responsible for implementing its decisions.
2.11.2.4 The functions as specified in the earlier policy were not so
elaborate and there was no mechanism suggested for implementation of the
decisions of the TVCs.
2.11.3. The demarcation of hawking zones should be city/town specific.
Therefore, this Policy recommends conducting surveys of street vendors and
their location by competent professional institutions.
2.11.4. As regards allocation of space, the Commission recommends that the
Municipal Authorities should regulate allocation of space based on previous
occupancy. If the number of applicants exceeds the number of spaces
available, a transparent system of selection such as lottery should be
followed. All allotments should be based on payment of a prescribed fee fixed
by the Municipal Authorities based on the recommendation of the TVCs. The
earlier policy recommended the allocation by lottery and fee wherein the
market forces would curtail the number of vendors.
2.11.5. A system of registration of hawkers and issue of Identity Cards with
revised details is recommended. Such Cards are to be issued by the TVCs.
2.11.6. To encourage the street vendors to obtain registration as envisaged in
this Policy and to provide them opportunities for upward occupational mobility,
the Commission recommends that the registered street vendor shall have
preference of allotments whenever licenses are issued by the Municipal
Authorities for setting up new shops, depending on the length of registration.
2.11.7. The Commission recommends the collection of revenue by Municipal
Authorities through TVCs which would ensure that it is based on a
predetermined rate of fee. If complaints on this account are registered with
the TVCs, adequate measures should be taken to redress the same.
2.11.8. The Commission suggests a detailed monitoring mechanism at three
levels: (a) TVCs at the Ward level; (b) Chief Executive Officer at the Municipal
level, and (c) concerned official at the State level. This is very important as
9. 8
legislation without proper implementation would not redress the grievances of
this vast mass of street vendors.
2.11.9. As regards eviction, the Commission feels that it is resorted to by the
Municipal Authorities on the ground that they cause danger, obstruction or
injury to any person in any public way or public line of navigation under
section 283 of the IPC (danger or obstruction in public way or the line of
navigation) and under section 34 of the Police Act. These two provisions
create contradiction between a legal ‘licensed’ vendor and ‘illegal’ obstruction
or causing nuisance, resulting in physical eviction of even licensed vendors.
To redress the situation experienced by the street vendors, the Commission
recommends that, the Central Government may amend Section 283 of the
IPC and Section 34 of the Police Act, to exempt the street vendors from their
purview with reasonable restrictions. Such reasonable restrictions are
specified by the Commission. In the view of the Commission such reasonable
restrictions should specify the areas where the exemptions from the two
Sections shall not apply in larger public interest. It shall also specify the
month, day, date and time during which the exemption shall not apply.
2.11.9.1 Mechanism of Eviction: The Commission suggests a
mechanism of eviction by due notice for clearing of space as first step, and in
the second step, if the space is not cleared in the notified time, fine should be
imposed. If the space is not cleared even after the notice and imposition of
fine, only then eviction should be resorted to.
2.11.9.2 In regard to the confiscated goods, the Commission suggests
that the street vendors shall be entitled to get their goods back within a
reasonable time on payment of prescribed fee, determined by the TVCs.
2.11.10. The Commission recommends measures of self regulation by the
street vendors in matters of hygiene and cleanliness.
2.11.11. As regards social security, the Commission recommends the
application of legislation on Social Security for Unorganised Sector Workers
as promised in the National Common Minimum Programme for which it has
recommended the ‘Unorganised Sector Workers Social security Bill,2005’.
2.11.12. The Commission also recommends the applicability of legislation in
the ‘Unorganised Sector Workers (Conditions of Work & Livelihood
Promotion) Bill, 2005’ to address issues relating to livelihood promotion of
street vendors.
2.11.13. As regards access to credit and insurance, the Commission
recommends that TVCs be entrusted with the responsibility of disseminating
information pertaining to availability of credit, especially providing micro credit
and link the street vendors with the credit giving institutions.
2.11.13.1 The Commission recommends extension of financial
arrangements under the Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for small industries
(CGTSI), designed by the Ministry of Small Scale Industries, Government of
10. 9
India and the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) to the
Street Vendors, with suitable modifications, to enhance their credit off take in
the system. It is recommended that in the CGTSI scheme a further risk
coverage of 10% may be built in for street vendors to enable the banks to
enhance credit to this sector and reduce their risk.
2.11.14. The Commission recommends a detailed action plan for various
levels namely; Government of India, State Governments, Municipal
Authorities, concerned Ministry of the Government of India, for proper and
effective implementation of the policy.
2.11.15 The Commission recommends that the TVCs be made
responsible for redressal of grievances and resolution of disputes arising
amongst the Street vendors or between the Street Vendors and third parties
in the implementation of this policy.
11. 10
Chapter 3
National Policy on Urban Street Vendors
3.1. Introduction:
Street vending as a profession has been in existence in India since
times immemorial. According to one study, Mumbai has the largest number of
Street Vendors numbering around 250,000, while Delhi has around 200,000.
Kolkatta has more than 150,000 Street Vendors and Ahmedabad has around
100,000. Women constitute a large number of Street Vendors in almost every
city. As per the 55th
round of National Sample Survey, workers who
describe themselves as street vendors in urban areas working in all
locations is around 17 lakh, while workers engaged in retail trade
without a fixed place or working in urban streets is around 25 lakh.
Urban vending is not only a source of employment but provide ‘affordable’
services to the majority of urban population.
3.1.1. This Policy would like to highlight the ruling of the Supreme
Court that “if properly regulated according to the exigency of the
circumstances, the small traders on the side walks can considerably add to
the comfort and convenience of the general public, by making available
ordinary articles of everyday use for a comparatively lesser price. An ordinary
person, not very affluent, while hurrying towards his home after a day’s work
can pick up these articles without going out of his way to find a regular
market. The right to carry on trade or business mentioned in Article 19(1) g of
the Constitution, on street pavements, if properly regulated cannot be denied
on the ground that the streets are meant exclusively for passing or re-passing
and no other use.”
3.1.2. This Policy would also like to highlight Articles 39 (a) and (b)
of the Constitution which mentions that the State shall in particular direct its
Policy so that –
(a) the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate
means of livelihood.
(b) the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are
so distributed as best to sub-serve the common good.
3.1.3. Street Vendors provide valuable services to the urban population while
trying to earn a livelihood and it is the duty of the State to protect the right of
this segment of population to earn their livelihood. This Policy aims to ensure
that this important section of the urban population finds recognition for its
contribution to society, and is conceived of as a major initiative for urban
poverty alleviation.
12. 11
3.1.4. The role played by the Street Vendors in the economy as also in
the society needs to be given due credit. But, the ground reality is such
that the Street Vendors are considered as unlawful entities and are
subjected to continuous harassment by Police and Municipal
Authorities. This situation needs to be redressed taking into account the
right to livelihood of this class of working poor and the service they
provide to the society.
3.1.5. The centre piece of this Policy is the role of Town Vending
Committees to be constituted on a Ward-wise basis by the Municipal
Authorities (hence forth referred to as TVCs). This would make the entire
process and thereby the Policy participatory, more near to the ground
level realities, would take care of the local conditions and necessities
more particularly the Ward they represent, and, would take into account
the local knowledge to arrive at a consensus for resolution of disputes.
3.2. Definition:
For the purposes of this Policy, a Street vendor is broadly
defined as a person who offers goods or services for sale to the public without
having a permanent built up structure in a street.
3.2.1. This Policy recognises three basic categories of Street
Vendors. First, those Street Vendors who carry out vending on a regular
basis with a specific location; Second, those Street Vendors who carry
out vending not on a regular basis and without a specific location, for
example, Vendors who sell goods in weekly bazaars during holidays and
festivals and so on; Third, the Mobile Street Vendors.
3.2.2. Thus, the Street Vendors may be stationary by occupying
space on the pavements or other public places and/or private areas (with
implicit or explicit consent), or may be mobile in the sense that they move
from place to place carrying their wares on push carts or in cycles or baskets
on their heads, or may sell their wares in moving bus, etc. In this Policy
document, the term urban vendor is inclusive of both traders and service
providers, stationary as well as mobile Vendors and incorporates all other
local/region specific terms used to describe them, such as, hawkers,
pheriwallas, rehri-patri wallas, footpath dukandars, sidewalk traders, etc.
3.3. Overarching Objective:
3.3.1. The overarching objective to be achieved through this Policy is to
‘Provide and promote a supportive environment for earning livelihoods
to the vast mass of urban Street Vendors while ensuring that such
activity does not lead to overcrowding and unsanitary conditions in
public spaces and streets’.
3.3.2 Specific Objectives:
13. 12
The specific objectives of the Policy are as following:
a) Legal: To give Street Vendors legal status by formulating appropriate
laws and providing legitimate hawking zones in urban development/
zoning plans and ensuring their implementation;
b) Facilities: To provide facilities for appropriate use of identified space
including the creation of hawking zones in the urban development/
zoning plans, mentioned above;
c) Regulation: To eschew imposing numerical limits on access to public
spaces by discretionary licenses and instead moving to nominal fee-
based regulation of access, where previous occupancy of the space
by the Street Vendor for vending purposes, determines the
allocation of space.
The Municipal Authorities should regulate allocation of space
based on previous occupancy. If demand for space is in excess of
supply, a transparent system of selection such as lottery should
be followed. All allotments should be based on payment of a
prescribed fee fixed by the Municipal Authorities based on the
recommendation of the TVCs.
d) Role in distribution: To make Street Vendors a special component of
the urban development /zoning plans by treating them as an integral
and legitimate part of the urban distribution system;
e) Self Regulation: To promote self-regulation in matters relating to
hygiene, including disposal of waste amongst Street Vendors
both in the individually allotted areas as well as in areas occupied
by the Street Vendors as a whole.
f) Organization: To promote, if necessary, organizations of Street
Vendors e.g. Unions / Co-operatives/ Associations and other forms of
organization to facilitate their empowerment;
g) Participation: To set up participatory mechanisms with representation
by urban Vendors’ organizations, (Unions / Co-operatives/
Associations), Voluntary organizations, Municipal Authorities, the
police, Residents Welfare Association (RWAs) and others for orderly
conduct of urban vending activities;
h) Rehabilitation of Child Vendors: to prevent vending by children
and seek their rehabilitation where ever such practice exists, in
conformity with the Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation)
Act,1986;
i) Social Security: To provide protective Social Security to take care
of contingencies such as sickness, maternity and old age;
14. 13
j) Promotional Measures: to promote access to such services as
credit, housing and upgradation of skills. For such promotion, the
services of Self Help Groups (SHGs)/ co-operatives/ Federations/
Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) etc should be encouraged.
3.4. Elements of the Policy:
3.4.1 Planning Norms:
Following the Supreme Court orders, some cities drafted guidelines for
regulating urban vending activities. However, the provisions made so far do
not generally recognize the fact that demand for their wares/ services is highly
specific and varies as to location and time, manifesting as a natural propensity
of Street Vendors to locate in various places at particular times. On the
contrary, the present urban planning norms completely disregard the
formation of such natural markets. They also do not have implementation
systems in place. Planning norms should be supportive of such natural
markets.
3.4.1.1 Spatial Planning norms - demarcation of vending zones:
The demarcation of hawking zones should be city/town specific. To make the
plans conducive and adequate for the Street Vendors of the respective city /
town, the following should be adhered to:
a) It should take into account the natural propensity of the Street Vendors
to locate in certain places at certain times in response to patterns of
demand for their goods/services. Therefore, this Policy recommends
conducting surveys of Street Vendors and their location by
competent professional institutions. This will be sponsored by the
Ministry of Urban Employment & Poverty Alleviation/ concerned
department of State Governments/ Municipal Authorities.
b) City Authorities should provide sufficient spaces, designated as
‘Vendors markets’ in layout plans at locations of such natural markets,
for the number of Street Vendors (static and mobile) which can cater to
the demand for their wares / services. The Municipal Authorities
should regulate allocation of space based on previous occupancy.
If the number of applicants exceeds the number of spaces
available, a transparent system of selection such as lottery should
be followed. All allotments should be based on payment of a
prescribed fee fixed by the Municipal Authorities based on the
recommendation of the TVCs.
c) Mobile urban vending should be permitted in all areas even outside the
designated Vendors’ markets, unless designated as ‘no-vending zone’
through a participatory process. The ‘no-vending zones’ may be
notified both in terms of location and time.1[1] Locations should not be
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designated as ‘no-vending’ zones for frivolous reasons; the public
benefits of declaration of a no-vending zone should clearly outweigh
the potential loss of livelihood and non-availability of goods and
services that it would involve.
d) With the growth of city/town every new area should have adequate
provisions for Street Vendors.
e) Designation of Vendors markets / no-vending zones should not be left
to the sole discretion of any civic or police authority, but, must be
accomplished by a participatory process by TVCs, to be constituted
by the Municipal Authorities. It will consist of the following:
(i) Designated official of Municipal Authorities;
(ii) Traffic and Local Police;
(iii)Public Land Owning Authority;
(iv) Representative from associations of Street Vendors; and,
(v) Representative from a bank in the local area.
The Street Vendors’ representatives should preferably constitute at least 25% to 40%
ofthetotalnumberofmembersoftheTVCs. Atleast1/3rdoftherepresentativesofStreet
Vendors should be women. Process for selection of Street Vendors’ representatives
shouldbebasedonthefollowingcriteria:
· Membership based organisations
· Financial Accountability
f) The concerned TVCs should ensure that provisions for space for
Vendors’ markets are pragmatic, consistent with formation of natural
markets, sufficient for existing demand for Street Vendors’ goods and
services, as well as likely increase in line with anticipated population
growth.
g) Provisions of space may include temporary designation as Vendors’
markets (e.g. as weekly markets) whose use at other times may be
different (e.g. Public Park, parking lot). Timing restriction on urban
vending should correspond to the needs of ensuring non-congestion of
public spaces / public hygiene.
h) The TVCs should ensure continuation and up-gradation of weekly
markets
Other functions of the TVCs are described below:
3.4.1.2 Quantitative Norms: refer to the norms on amount of space to be
provided for Vendors’ markets. At the town/city level enough space should be
designated for Vendors’ markets. Each town/city may evolve its own
quantitative norms, but after proper surveys.
3.4.1.3 Qualitative guidelines: refer to facilities to be provided at
Vendors’ markets by the Municipal Authorities. They would invariably
include:
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(i) Provisions for solid waste disposal;
(ii) Public toilets to maintain cleanliness;
(iii)Aesthetic design of mobile stalls/ push carts ;
(iv)Provision for electricity;
(v) Provision for drinking water;
(vi)Provision for protective covers to protect their wares as well as
themselves from heat, rain, dust etc; and,
(vii) Storage facilities including cold storage
TVCs should monitor the implementation and the functioning of
these facilities. Shortcomings, if any, will be brought to the notice of the
Municipal Authorities by the TVCs.
3.4.2 Registration:
A system of registration of hawkers and non-discretionary regulation of
access to public spaces in accordance with the planning standards and nature
of trade/ service should be adopted. This is described in greater detail below.
3.4.2.1 Registration System:
a) The power to register would be vested with the TVCs. Upon
registration, the Municipal Authority would issue an identity card with
Code Number etc. to the Street Vendor, through the TVCs.
b) All Vendors in each city should be registered at a nominal fee to be
decided by the Municipal Authorities based on a reliable means of
identification. There should preferably be no numerical restriction or
quotas, or prior residential status requirements of any kind.
c) Registration should be renewed after every three years.
d) The registration process must be simple.
e) The Vendors will be issued Identity Cards which would contain:
(i) Name, Address and Photograph of the Vendor;
(ii) Name of any one nominee from the family;
(iii) Nature of business; and,
(iv)Category (Stationary /Mobile).
f) Children below 14 years would not be allowed in the card for conduct
of business.
The registered Street vendor shall have preference of allotments
whenever licenses are issued by the Municipal Authorities for setting up
new shops, depending on the length of registration. This will encourage
the Street Vendors to obtain registration as envisaged in this Policy.
17. 16
This will also provide them opportunities for upward occupational
mobility.
3.4.3 Functions of the TVCs:
The TVCs shall perform the following functions:
a) Registration of the Street Vendors and ensuring issue of the
identity card to the Street vendor after its preparation by the
Municipal Authority;
b) Monitor the facilities to be provided to the Street Vendors by the
Municipal Authorities;
c) Identify areas for hawking with no restriction, areas with
restriction with regard to the dates, days and time, and, areas
which would be marked as no-vending zones;
d) Set the terms and conditions for hawking;
e) Take corrective action against defaulters; and,
f) Collect fees or other charges as authorised by the competent
authority.
In order to implement the decisions of TVCs, the concerned
Municipal Authority shall appoint an official, who shall act as the
Convenor of the TVCs as well as be responsible for implementing its
decisions.
3.4.4 Collection of Revenue:
The Street Vendors would be charged a monthly fee for access to
various services. There should be direct linkage between the Municipal
Authorities and Street Vendors for collection of:
a) Registration fee;
b) Monthly maintenance charges – differentiated according to
location/type of business; and,
c) Fines and other charges, if any.
3.4.4.1. The TVCs should be made available a proportion of revenue
generated from registration fees and monthly fees from their Ward to run their
operations subject to a minimum grant from the Municipal Authorities.
3.4.4.2. The collection of revenue by Municipal Authorities through
TVCs should ensure that it is based on a predetermined rate of fee and
should not give scope for any kind of extortion. If complaints on this
account are registered with the TVCs, adequate measures should be
taken to redress the same.
3.4.5 Monitoring Mechanism:
Monitoring will be carried on at the following levels:
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a) TVCs : As elaborated in this policy, TVCs will be responsible to
monitor the implementation of this policy at the Ward level;
b) Chief Executive Officer of Municipal Authority: Chief Executive
Officer of each Municipal Authority shall maintain a register of all
TVCs within the Municipality along with a list of registered Street
Vendors (stationary/mobile) of each TVC. The Municipal Authority
would continuously monitor the functioning and activities of the
TVCs and shall send an annual report on the same to the
Secretary of the concerned department of the State Government
containing the following details:
(i) Number of registered Street Vendors;
(ii) Revenue collected;
(iii)Promotional and other measures undertaken;
(iv)Complaints registered; and,
(v) Expenditure incurred.
c) State level: State level official shall send an annual report to the
Central Government containing relevant statistics and other
details of the TVCs and the conditions of the Street Vendors in the
State.
3.5. Eviction, relocation and confiscation:
One of the major problems faced by the Street Vendors is frequent
eviction resorted to by the Municipal Authorities on the ground that they
cause danger, obstruction or injury to any person in any public way or
public line of navigation under section 283 of the IPC (danger or
obstruction in public way or the line of navigation). They also face
eviction under section 34 of the Police Act due to the following:
‘Cause obstruction in any street or public place by:
a) Allowing animals or vehicle;
b) Leaving any vehicle standing or fastening any cattle in the street
or in the public place;
c) Using any part of a street or public place as a halting place for
vehicles or cattle;
d) Leaving any box, bale package or other things whatsoever or
upon a Street for an unreasonable length of time or contrary to
any regulation; and,
e) By exposing anything for sale or setting out anything for sale in or
upon any stall, booth, board, cask, and basket or in any other way
whatsoever.’
3.5.1. These two provisions create contradiction between a legal
‘licensed’ vendor and ‘illegal’ obstruction or causing nuisance, resulting
in physical eviction of even licensed Vendors.
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3.5.2. To redress the situation experienced by the Street Vendors, the
Central Government shall amend Section 283 of the IPC and Section 34
of the Police Act, to exempt the Street Vendors from their purview with
reasonable restrictions. Such reasonable restrictions shall specify the
nature of obstruction that might be caused to the general public. For
example, hawking and Street vending in and around hospitals, offices
and other important places; obstruction of passage in streets with high
vehicular density; etc. Reasonable restriction should specify the areas
where the exemptions from the two Sections shall not apply in larger
public interest. It shall also specify the month, day, date and time during
which the exemption shall not apply.
3.5.3. Corresponding enactments, if necessary, should be carried out by
the State Governments and Municipal Authorities within a reasonable
period of time, not exceeding one year from the date of announcement
of this Policy.
3.5.4. In case, where public obstruction is caused, there should be a
mechanism of imposing fines, with due notice for clearing of space. The
Street Vendors should be warned/informed before starting the clearing
up process. In case, where vending is done in a no- vending zone
causing public obstruction, notice of at least few hours to clear the
space should be given. In the second step, if the space is not cleared in
the notified time, fine should be imposed. If the space is not cleared
even after the notice and imposition of fine, only then eviction should be
resorted to.
3.5.5. In regard to the confiscated goods, the Street Vendors shall be
entitled to get their goods back within a reasonable time on payment of
prescribed fee, determined by the TVCs.
3.6. Self regulation:
This Policy advocates collective arrangements initiated by the
Street Vendors to redress any harmful effects on the locality caused by
the occupation of street vending. These could be waste disposal,
hygiene in the area of vending place of the Street vendor as well as in
the location occupied for Street vending as a whole.
3.6.1 Hygiene and cleanliness:
Every Street vendor shall keep a waste collection basket in the
place of vending. He/She shall contribute/promote to the collective
disposal of waste. Similarly public toilet facilities or similar
arrangements may also be organized by associations of/for Street
Vendors, which may be run on “pay and use” basis. To promote such
regulations, Central Government/ State Governments / Municipal
Authorities shall encourage organisations of/for Street Vendors, by
providing financial assistance.
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3.7. Others:
3.7.1 Social Security:
Street Vendors as a group belong to the unorganised sector of the
economy. As such, they don’t have government-assisted social security.
However, in some states, social security schemes such as Old Age
Pension and other benefits are being provided through the Welfare
Boards and similar bodies. But, their number is very small. There are
few Non Government Organisations (NGOs), who organize social
security schemes for the Street Vendors. It is the Policy of the
Government of India, to extend social security cover in the unorganised
sector as a whole, for which the Government is considering legislation
as promised in the National Common Minimum Programme. Once this is
in place, it shall equally apply to the Street Vendors. The national efforts
may be supplemented by the State Governments / Municipal Authorities
/ organisations of/for Street Vendors.
3.7.2 Promotional Measures:
3.7.2.1 Access to credit and insurance:
Credit is an important requirement in street vending, both to sustain
existing activity and to upscale it. Since vendors work on a turnover
basis, they often resort to high interest loans from non-institutional
sources. Although they usually demonstrate high repayment capacity,
absence of collateral and firm domiciliary status usually debars them
from obtaining institutional credit.
Self-help groups (SHGs) and organizations of street vendors should be
enabled by the Municipal authorities to the banks for access to credit.
The TVCs shall disseminate information pertaining to availability of
credit, specially micro credit and shall link street vendors with the credit
giving institutions. Street vendors should also be assisted in obtaining
insurance through Micro-insurance and other agencies.
With respect to credit, the Commission has noted that Ministry of Small
Scale Industries, Government of India and the Small Industries
Development Bank of India (SIDBI) have designed the Credit Guarantee
Fund Scheme for small industries (CGTSI), with a view to resolving the
problem of collaterals, and to induce banks to gradually move away
from a completely risk-averse stance towards Small Scale Industries.
CGTSI guarantees upto 75% of the credit risk subject to loan cap of Rs.
25 lakh and guarantee cap of Rs. 18.75 lakh per borrower.
These financial arrangements may be extended to the Street Vendors,
with suitable modifications, to enhance their credit off take in the
system. It is recommended that in the CGTSI scheme a further risk
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coverage of 10% may be built in for street vendors to enable the banks
to enhance credit to this sector and reduce their risk.
The registration done by the TVCs and the domiciliary status confirmed
by them on the identity card as also in their records along with the
enhanced risk coverage mentioned earlier should make it possible to
cover a large number of Street Vendors for institutional credit.
3.7.2.2 Training and Skill up-gradation:
Street Vendors being micro enterprises should be provided with
training to upgrade their technical and business skills so as to increase their
income as well as to look for alternatives.
3.7.2.3 Other Promotional Measures:
The Government of India is considering legislation as promised in
the National Common Minimum Programme for promotion of livelihood
of the workers in the unorganised sector. Once this is in place, it shall
equally apply to the Street Vendors.
3.8. Organizing the Street Vendors:
To get the benefits of the social security schemes and other
promotional measures in an effective manner, it is essential that the
Street Vendors form organizations. Trade Unions and other voluntary
organisations should take active role and help the Street Vendors to
form their organisations by providing counselling and guidance
wherever required.
3.9. Role of State Governments:
All State governments should ensure that institutional arrangements,
legislative frameworks and other necessary actions achieve conformity with
the National Policy for Street Vendors
3.10. Action Plan for stake holders:
i. It shall be the responsibility of the Government of India to initiate
amendments to the IPC and the Police Act as indicated in this
Policy.
ii. It shall be the responsibility of the State Government to legislate
and frame rules on the basis of Central legislation, to suit the local
conditions.
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iii. It shall be the responsibility of the Municipal Authorities to
implement legislation and other initiatives as indicated in this
Policy.
iv. As soon as this Policy comes into force, but not later than one
year, the Municipal Authority shall constitute ward wise Town
Vending Committees to implement the National Policy at the local
level.
v. It shall be the responsibility of the concerned Ministry of the
Government of India to initiate surveys and studies to build up an
adequate data and information base pertaining to the Street
Vendors in the metropolitan towns. In addition, the Government of
India shall assist such institutions and organisations who come
forward to study the problems of Street Vendors in other towns.
vi. The State Governments and Municipal Authorities shall also
assist institutions and organisations to undertake studies and
projects relating to the conditions of Street Vendors as well as
planning and implementation of promotional measures for Street
Vendors in their respective areas.
3.11. Dispute Resolution:
The TVCs shall be responsible for redressal of grievances and
resolution of any dispute arising amongst the Street Vendors or between
the Street Vendors and third parties including municipal officials and
policemen in the implementation of this Policy.
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