AFMech Law

1. The National Agricultural and
Fisheries Mechanization
Program (NAFMP)
2017-2022

2. • Enacted on June 5, 2013.
• IRR of AFMech Law was issued on December 20, 2013.
• Section 5 of the AFMech Law states that the DA shall
formulate a National Agricultural and Fisheries
Mechanization Program (NAFMP).
• NAFMP shall serve as the overall agriculture and
fishery sector mechanization program to guide in the
planning, programing, budgeting and monitoring
activities of the DA.
AFMech Law
Agricultural and Fisheries Mechanization Law

3. I. Introduction
a. Mechanizing the Philippine Agriculture and Fisheries
b. The NAFMP: An Overview
II. Current Status of Philippine Agri-Fisheries Mechanization
a. Level of Mechanization
b. Farm Machinery Population
c. Agri-Fishery Machinery Industry
d. Testing, Certification and Standards
e. Manpower Supply and Employment
f. Government Programs and Interventions
III. Issues, Problems and Gaps
IV. Objectives
V. Components, Target and Responsible Agencies
VI. Budgetary Requirements
VII. Implementing Structure
VIII. Annexes
The NAFMP : Its Contents

4. Introduction
Mechanizing the Philippine Agriculture and Fisheries . . .
Development,
manufacture, adoption,
and use of appropriate
and cost-effective agri-
fisheries machinery
Improve land
and labor
productivity &
reduce post
harvest losses
MECHANIZATION
PRESSING SECTOR
CHALLENGES
1. Meeting Food
Demand
2. Ageing Farmers and
Fisherfolk
3. Expiration of Rice
Quantitative
Restriction
4. Regional Economic
Integration
5. Climate and Disaster
Risks
INCREASED
COMPETITIV
ENESS
FOOD
SECURITY
FARM
PROSPERITY

5. Mechanization
 improve land and labor productivity
increases cropping intensity, reduces labor
requirement and production cost
 reduce postharvest losses
 allows easier and timely production
and postharvest operations
 facilitates efficient use of expensive
farm inputs
 addresses labor shortage during
peak farming operations and its
attendant high cost.

6. Background
II. Current Status of Philippine
Agri-Fisheries Mechanization
a. Level of Mechanization
b. Farm Machinery Population
c. Agri-Fishery Machinery Industry
d. Testing, Certification and Standards
e. Manpower Supply and Employment
f. Government Programs and Interventions

7. The Status of Philippine Agri-Fisheries Mechanization
 ONE OF THE LOWEST LEVEL IN ASIA - from 0.52 hp/ha in
1990s to 1.23hp/ha for all crops & 2.31 hp/ha for rice
and corn in 2011 (PHilMech, 2011)
7.0 0
4.11
3.88
1.0 2
0 .79
0 .52 0 .40 0 .30
0 .0 0
1.0 0
2.0 0
3.0 0
4.0 0
5.0 0
6.0 0
7.0 0
J
a
p
a
n
K
o
r
e
a
C
h
i
n
a
P
a
k
i
s
t
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T
h
a
i
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a
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d
P
h
i
l
i
p
p
i
n
e
s
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
N
e
p
a
l
Countries Recent level
Japan 18.87 (2011)
Korea 9.38 (2011)
China 8.42 (2012)
Pakistan Not available
India 2.22 (2011)
Thailand 4.20 (2009)
Vietnam 1.20 (2010)
Iran NA
Philippines 1.23 (2011) for all crops
2.31 (2011) for rice &
corn
Bangladesh 1.46 (2008)

8. Level of Mechanization (hp/ha)
Country 1968 1990 Latest Year GROWTH RATE
(hp/yr)
1990 Latest
year
Japan 3.00 7.00 18.87 (2011) 0.18 0.57
Korea 0.435 4.11 9.38 (2011) 0.17 0.21
China n/a 3.88 8.42 (2012) 0.21
Thailand 0.348 0.79 4.2 (2009) 0.02 0.18
Vietnam n/a n/a
1.20 (2010)
1.56 (2011)
Philippines 0.198 0.52 1.23 (2011) 0.01 0.03
Source: Paper presented by Dr. William D. Dar during the Inter-Agency Forum on Mechanization
February 27-28, 2017 at PhilMech

9. Low Mechanization- Use of non-mechanical power source such as man and animal
Intermediate Mechanization- non-mechanical power source in combination with
mechanical power operated by man
High Mechanization- solely use of mechanical power operated by man
Mechanization Status of Selected Philippine Crops
Operation Rice and Corn Vegetables,
Legumes and
Rootcrops
Coconut Sugarcane Fruits Fiber
Crops
Land Preparation Intermediate
to High
Low Intermediate to
High
Low Low
Planting/Transplanting Low Low Low Low to
Intermediate
Low Low
Crop Care Cultivation Low Low Low Low to High Low Low
Harvesting Low Low Low Low Low Low
Threshing/Shelling/
Dehusking
Intermediate
to High
Low (Legumes) Low
Cleaning Low
Drying Low Low (Legumes
and Rootcrops
Low Low
Milling/Village Level
Processing
High Low Low Low Low
Source : UPLB and BAR, 2001

10. Figure. Percent of rice area or volume of harvest using engine-powered
machines, 13 provinces, 2012-2013
0
20
40
60
80
100
Land Prep. Crop Mgt. Harvesting Threshing Drying
79
4
93
2

11. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Land prep. Crop Mgmt. Harvesting Shelling Drying
49
0 1
70
2
% Area or Volume Mechanized
Figure . Percent area or volume mechanized in corn operations, 13
provinces, 2012-2013

12. Agri-Fishery Machinery Industry
Regional Distribution of Machinery Manufacturers, Assemblers and Dealers
Source:Directory of Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors by PHilMech and AMTEC

13. Testing, Certification and Standards
Presently, the PAES has ten (10) volumes
consisting of 221 standards as follows:
a) General - 3
b) Production Machineries - 72
c) Post Harvest Machineries - 65
d) Engineering Materials - 20
e) Agricultural Structures - 26
f) Slaughterhouse equipment - 34
g) Farm-to-Market Road - 1

14. Free Flow of Services and Skilled Labor

15. Background
III. Issues and Problems
a. Local Assembly and Manufacture of Agri-
Fishery Machinery
b. Research, Development and Extension
c. Standards and Regulation
d. Support Services and Institutional
Development
e. Human Resource Development

16. LOCAL ASSEMBLY AND
MANUFACTURE

17. 1. Low competitiveness of locally manufactured
units and low manufacturing capability
 Lack of comprehensive manufacturing roadmap
 Dependence on imported machine components
including engines
- All agricultural engines are imported and relatively costly,
constitute around 60% of total cost of machineries
- Reducing cost of engines will reduce cost of agricultural
machineries
 Out-modeled manufacturing facilities
- Investment on expensive sophisticated fabrication
machinery and equipment is not viable for majority of
agricultural manufacturing firms (small-scale)

18. 1. Low competitiveness of locally manufactured
units and low manufacturing capability
 Lack of capitalization
 Lack of awareness on updated manufacturing
technologies
 High cost of imported raw materials and components,
which are subjected to high tariff rate
 High cost of raw materials and of electricity are
causes of disapproval of stockholders to invest in
manufacturing of machinery and equipment

19. 2. Weak organization/collaboration among
local assemblers/manufacturers
 There exist two agricultural manufactures’ organizations
but with membership less than 10 % of manufacturers in
the country
3. Inadequate support to exhibitions, trade
fairs, promotions and marketing activities
4. Insufficient Joint Venture Agreements with
Foreign Partners

20. STANDARDS AND REGULATION

21. 1. Proliferation of poor quality and sub-standard machinery
and equipment
- lack of regulation
- absence of a registration, classification and accreditation
system of agricultural and fishery machinery assemblers,
manufacturers, importers, suppliers, distributors and dealers
2. Limitations and Weak Enforcement of the Philippine
Agricultural Engineering Standards
- Incomplete and outdated Philippine National Standards (PNS)
/ Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) for
commonly purchased agricultural and fishery machinery
- Weak enforcement of PNS/PAES due to the absence of a
regulatory body to monitor the enforcement and lack of
knowledge and awareness.

22. Poor after-sales service
- limited availability of agri-fishery service centers and machinery spare
parts and accessories
- minimal product traceability
Limited Agri-Fishery Machinery Testing and Evaluation
- Accessibility, manpower and equipment constraints of AMTEC
For 2016, AMTEC
• Received 566 applications
• Tested 335 machinery and equipment
• Prepared 269 reports

23. Limited Agri-Fishery Machinery Testing and Evaluation
- Reports that manufacturers/ suppliers deliver brand and model of
machines that are different from the one tested by AMTEC
- Non-declaration of correct rating/ capacity of the delivered
machinery
- Submission of falsified documents of machinery / equipment
- the performance tests being conducted by AMTEC do not address
the problems on standards on durability.

24. RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT
AND EXTENSION

25. Cross Cutting Issues and Problems
Issues Contributing Factors
1. Inadequate RDE
resources and
capability
 Lack of manpower to conduct agricultural engineering
RDE
 Insufficient budget for the conduct of agriculture and
fishery mechanization RDE activities
 Inadequate skills and capability to conduct R&D
 Insufficient facilities to support RDE on agri-fishery
mechanization
2. Overlapping and
uncoordinated
activities
 Overlapping and uncoordinated activities of RDE
institutions in the regions
 Lack of unified, harmonized RDE agenda on agricultural
and fishery mechanization
 IPR applications delay the extension/ dissemination of
R&D results
3. Slow transfer of R&D
results from RDIs/
SUCs to extension
institutions/ end-
users
 Inadequate transfer mechanisms
 Resistance to change by the end users/stakeholders
 Weak Extension Resource Linkage

26. HUMAN RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT

27. 1) Limited supply of skilled/competent agri-fishery
machinery operators and technicians
2) Limited /absence of agricultural engineer plantilla
positions (DA and LGUs)
3) Hazards/Accidents in farm machinery operations
4) Low and seasonal wages/compensation
5) Displacement of farm labor in some areas

28. SUPPORT SERVICES AND
INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

29. - High cost of acquisition and maintenance
- Inappropriate machine with respect to the area and
needs of farmers
1. Poor Access to Appropriate Farm Machinery
- Limited cooperation and small number of
entrepreneurs who engage in the business
- Limited knowledge in the management and operation
of service centers
- Limited availability of spare parts and accessories as
well as service centers
2. Poor Access to Machinery Service Centers

30. 3. Poor and Limited Access to Information
- Absence of Agricultural Engineering Division/Section
and Agricultural Engineer Positions in many Local
Government Units
- DA-Regional Agricultural Engineering Section remains
to be ad-hoc for the last sixteen (16) years and there
are limited agricultural engineering positions
4. Weak Institutional Capacity

31. - Voluminous documents and tedious processing
required by credit facilities and financing institutions
- Small and medium local manufacturers has limited
access and assistance from rural credit windows and
government financing institutions
5. Poor Access to Credit and Marketing Support

32. - No comprehensive national program that will address
the problems of agricultural mechanization
- Many of the LGUs do not have the Agricultural and
Fishery Mechanization Plan
- Some LGUs are not supportive and participative
during consultation and implementation of DA
Mechanization and Postharvest Master Plan
6. Inadequate Policy, Planning and Project
Monitoring

33. Background
Objectives of NAFMP
The National Agri-Fishery Mechanization Program (NAFMP) aims to:
1. Promote and support through the provision of research grants, credit, transparent
and predictable regulation, the local development and manufacture of agricultural
and fisheries machinery by the private sector;
2. Unify, lead and support the efforts of various institutions in the research, design
and development of agricultural and fisheries machinery;
3. Establish quality, safety and performance standards for agricultural and fisheries
machinery;
4. Support the establishment of quality, safety and performance testing centers for
the certification of agricultural and fisheries machinery in strategic localities
in the country;
5. Establish guidelines for the registration of ownership of agricultural and fisheries
machinery; and
6. Promote the adoption of certified agricultural and fisheries machinery for
improving agriculture and fishery productivity.

34. Background
Components of NAFMP
a. Local Assembly and Manufacture of
Agri-Fishery Machinery
b. Research, Development and
Extension
c. Standards and Regulation
d. Support Services and Institutional
Development
e. Human Resource Development

35. a. Increase the competitiveness of locally
manufactured machinery
• Formulation of the Philippine Agri-Fishery Machinery
Assembling and Manufacturing Competitiveness Roadmap
• Creation of enabling technical, operational and investment
environments that will attract investor; and
• Organization of the manufacturers to engage in product
specialization (e.g. manufacturing of spare parts)
PROGRAM COMPONENT 1
Local Assembling and Manufacture of Agri-Fishery Machinery

36. PROGRAM COMPONENT 1
b. Improve the manufacturing capability of assemblers
and manufacturers
Local Assembling and Manufacture of Agri-Fishery Machinery
• Upgrading of manufacturing tools, equipment and facilities
through a special loan and technical assistance program for
manufacturers and service providers.
• Provision of incentives, subsidies and grant aids for pioneer
projects and upgrading of small enterprises.
• Information dissemination activities and campaigns on new
and state of the art tools, equipment and facilities for
assembling and manufacturing.
• Formulation of Guidelines on the establishment and provision
of common service manufacturing equipment and facilities.

37. PROGRAM COMPONENT 1
c. Strengthen the organization/collaboration among
local assemblers/ manufacturers
Local Assembling and Manufacture of Agri-Fishery Machinery
• Conduct of a nationwide inventory, profiling,
assessment, consultation and strengthening of local
manufacturers.
• Organization and classification of local assemblers,
manufacturers, suppliers and distributors.

38. PROGRAM COMPONENT 1
d. Provision of adequate support to local and
international exhibitions, trade fairs and promotion
and marketing activities
Local Assembling and Manufacture of Agri-Fishery Machinery
• Organize and conduct national and regional exhibitions,
trade fairs and road shows
• Participation to international exhibitions and trade fairs.

39. PROGRAM COMPONENT 1
Local Assembling and Manufacture of Agri-Fishery Machinery
e. Encourage Joint Venture Agreements with Foreign
Partners
• Review of policies and regulations of BOI, DOLE and
other agencies to create the enabling technical,
operational and investment environments that will
attract local investor and foreign partner to a joint
venture agreement.
• Identification of potential local investor and foreign joint
venture partner will be identified.
• Conduct of foreign trade missions to attract foreign
investors.

40. PROGRAM COMPONENT 2
Research, Development and Extension
a. Formulation of the National Agricultural and
Fisheries Mechanization Research, Development
and Extension (RDE) Agenda
• Development, pilot testing and commercialization of appropriate,
location specific and cost-effective agricultural and fisheries
machinery and equipment in support to contiguous farming and
machinery pooling;
• Design and testing of new machineries and equipment;
• Local manufacture and assembly of agricultural engines and
equipment;
• Development of efficient production and postproduction
mechanization systems

41. PROGRAM COMPONENT 2
Research, Development and Extension
a. Formulation of the National Agricultural and
Fisheries Mechanization Research, Development
and Extension (RDE) Agenda
• Development and utilization of renewable and non-conventional
energy resources such as wind, biomass, hydro, solar and
biofuels for agricultural and fisheries equipment and
machineries
• Training of farmers, fisher folk, manufacturers, extension
workers, agricultural engineers, technicians, and operators
engaged in the agricultural and fisheries mechanization
• Promotion of technologies through agricultural and industrial
extension activities and techno-demo centers

42. PROGRAM COMPONENT 2
Research, Development and Extension
b. Organization of the Agriculture and Fishery Mechanization
Research, Development and Extension Network
• Set direction, formulate and implement the unified
NAFMechRDE agenda;
• Gather information on the mechanization needs, problems
and other issues related to mechanization;
• Prepare mechanization roadmaps for the priority concerns
of the DA;
• Integrate RDE concerns and prioritize which among the
programs, projects and activities shall be recommended for
funding and recommend to potential fund sources;

43. PROGRAM COMPONENT 2
Research, Development and Extension
• Evaluate and recommend proposals for funding and
implementation in accordance with the parameters
established ; and
• Establish and implement a Monitoring and Evaluation
Scheme to keep an update on the status of implementation
of the approved priority programs and projects;
b. Organization of the Agriculture and Fishery Mechanization
Research, Development and Extension Network

44. PROGRAM COMPONENT 3
Standards and Regulations
a. Standards Development and Updating
• Development of new PNS/PAES and updating of existing
PAES.
• Participation in the international meetings for standards
alignment/ harmonization shall likewise be encouraged

45. b. Testing and Evaluation
• Promulgation of Testing and Evaluation Guidelines;
• The strengthening of the testing and evaluation capability of
AMTEC at UPLB through the regularization of the AMTEC
budget and improvement of testing facilities and
infrastructure of AMTEC;
• Establishment of AMTEC satellite training center in Visayas
and Mindanao and accreditation of new testing centers;
• Accreditation of Test Engineers.
• Benchmarking and harmonization of testing and evaluation
procedures within ASEAN, Asia-Pacific
PROGRAM COMPONENT 3
Standards and Regulations

46. c. Registration, Classification, Accreditation of
Manufacturers, Fabricators, Assemblers and Importers
etc. and Registration of Ownership of Agricultural and
Fisheries Machinery
• Formulation of guidelines on the registration of agri-fishery machinery
• Baseline mapping of machinery according to type, capacity and
ownership
• Registration by City and Municipal LGUs.
• Development of Registration Database at the Municipal, City,
Provincial, Regional and National Level;
• Development and Maintenance of online registration of facilities
• Formulation of guidelines on the creation of NAMDAC and
accreditation of manufacturers.
PROGRAM COMPONENT 3
Standards and Regulations

47. d. Standards and Regulations Enforcement
• Promulgation of Enforcement Guidelines on Agri-Fisheries
Mechanization and Engineering Standards and Regulations
• Enforcement of PAES
• Regulations Compliance Monitoring
• Investigation and Adjudication of Violations
PROGRAM COMPONENT 3
Standards and Regulations

48. PROGRAM COMPONENT 4
Support Services and Institutional Development
a. Facility and Equipment Assistance
• Conduct of social preparation;
• Conduct of baseline survey, inventory, assessment, mapping and
feasibility study of available or emerging or location-specific
technologies and existing machineries or equipment;
• Establishment and update the list of eligible or legitimate farmers
organizations and non-government organizations to improve
selection of beneficiaries;
• Distribution of equipment and facilities to qualified beneficiaries
with the provision of training on operation and maintenance; and
• Provision of capacity building.

49. PROGRAM COMPONENT 4
Support Services and Institutional Development
b. Establishment of Agri- Machinery Service Centers
• Identification of farm machinery service center;
• Preparation of business plans and feasibility studies for each
proposed service centers;
• Identification of farmers’ organization, State University and
Colleges and Local Government Units;
• Conduct of capacity building activities;
• Establishment of the machinery service center; and
• Monitoring and evaluation

50. PROGRAM COMPONENT 4
Support Services and Institutional Development
c. Contiguous Farming and Infrastructure Support
• Promote farm land clustering;
• Undertake farm development planning;
• Strengthen farmers cooperatives and associations

51. PROGRAM COMPONENT 4
Support Services and Institutional Development
d. Agri-Fisheries Mechanization and Engineering
Resource Network
• Create the National Committee on AFMechERN
• Strengthen the agri-machinery and postharvest information
system of PHilMech and other mechanization related
agencies, and develop new databases/information systems.

52. PROGRAM COMPONENT 4
Support Services and Institutional Development
g. Policy, Planning and Project Monitoring
e. Institutional Strengthening (DA and LGUs Agri
Eng’g Groups, AFCs=AFMeC
f . Credit and Marketing Support
• Updating of Regional/Local Agricultural and Fishery
Mechanization Plan/ Program for inclusion to the Local
Development Plan.
• Strengthening of existing monitoring activities of
Agricultural Fishery Councils (AFCs) will be undertaken.

53. PROGRAM COMPONENT 5
Human Resource Development
a. Manpower Supply and Employment
• Skills Certification of Agricultural Machinery
Operators and Technicians
- Development of Training Regulations
- Accreditation of TVET Competency Assessors
and Trainers
- Accreditation of TVET Training and Assessment
Centers
• Skills Inventory and Mapping
• Career Guidance and Advocacy
• Implementation of ABE Deployment Program
• International Alignment of Qualifications

54. PROGRAM COMPONENT 5
Human Resource Development
b. Training and Development
• Formulation and Implementation of Training Programs
for Agri-Fisheries Mechanization Sector
• Provision of Scholarships
• Modernization of Agri-Fishery Mechanization and
Engineering Schools

55. PROGRAM COMPONENT 5
Human Resource Development
c. Compensation, Welfare and Benefits
• Advocate, enforce and monitor compliance to the Labor
Code and other Compensation Policies. The DOLE shall
also study/review Compensation/Wage Structure per
occupational classification for Agri-Fisheries
Mechanization;
• Develop a profit sharing scheme advantageous to both
parties, the agri-fishery machinery owners and the
operators; and
• Development and implementation of Career Progression
Plan for Agri-Fisheries Mechanization and Engineering
Workers by BOAE, DOLE, CSC, CHED and TESDA in
accordance with the Philippine Qualification Framework.

56. PROGRAM COMPONENT 5
Human Resource Development
d. Social Protection
• Information, Education, Communication (IEC) materials
development and implementation;
• Conduct of Workshops/training on Agri-fishery
mechanization health and occupational safety;
• Accreditation and Deployment of Safety Officers for the agri-
fishery mechanization facilities/projects;
• Conduct ocular inspections and compliance monitoring on
the safety and health standards for the agri-fishery
mechanization sector.
• Emergency and sustainable livelihood assistance for
displaced laborers.

57. BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS
COMPONENT
FUNDING REQUIREMENT ( P MILLION)
%
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 TOTAL
Local
Assembling and
Manufacturing
148.5 585.9 581.1 584.1 578.7 717.6 3,195.7 24
Research,
Development
and Extension
177.2 224.4 242.9 217.6 256.6 257.2 1,375.8 10
Standards and
Regulations
114.1 234.5 225.3 287.3 308.0 278.3 1,447.5 11
Support Services
and Institutional
Development
Component
982.5 653.2 554.6 520.8 447.6 383.2 3,541.8 26
Human Resource
Development
606.7 1,016.9 654.2 566.3 520.9 519.9 3,884.9 29
TOTAL 2,029.0 2,714.9 2,257.9 2,176.0 2,111.8 2,156.1 13,445.7 100

58. IMPLEMENTING STRUCTURE
Program Management
Office (BAFE)
Local
Assembling
and
Manufacturing
 PCAF-Lead
 BAFE
 PhilMech
 PhilRice
 DOST
 DTI/BOI
 AMMDA/
MIAP/
LAMMA
Research,
Development
& Extension
 PhilMech-
Lead
 AFMechRDEN
 BAFE-Lead
 BAFS
 AMTEC
 PRB-ABE
 PSAE
 LGUs
 Others
Standards
and
Regulations
Support
Services &
Institutional
Development
Human
Resource
Development
 BAFE-Lead
 DAR
 PCAF
 LGUs
 Banks/ GFIs
 PSAE
 AMMDA
 Others
 ATI-Lead
 PRB-ABE
 TESDA
 CHED
 DOLE
 DepED
 PSAE
 Others
USEC for Agri-Fisheries
Mechanization
Secretary of Agriculture
NAFCouncil
Regional/Local Implementing Group

61. Agricultural and Fisheries Machinery
Agricultural and Fisheries Machinery – refers to
machinery and equipment for the production, post-
production, harvesting, processing, storage, manufacture,
preserving, transporting and distribution of agricultural and
fisheries products. It includes, but not limited to, tractors and
their attachments, power tillers, seeders, transplanters,
windmills, harvesting machines, crop protection and
maintenance equipment, irrigation equipment and
accessories, greenhouses and other thermal conditioning
equipment, livestock equipment, fishery equipment,
slaughtering equipment, meat/fishery and crop processing
equipment, postharvest machines such as milling machines,
dryers, threshers, grain and other strippers.

62. Agricultural and Fisheries Mechanization
Agricultural and fisheries mechanization refers to the
development, adoption, assembly, manufacture and application
of appropriate, location-specific and cost-effective agricultural
and fisheries machinery using human, animal, mechanical,
electrical, renewable and other nonconventional sources of
energy for agricultural production and
postharvest/postproduction operations consistent with
agronomic conditions and for efficient and economic farm and
fishery management towards modernization of agriculture and
fisheries

63. Philippine Agri-Machinery Sales
Imported : Four Wheel Tractors and Engines
Locally Manufactured- power tillers, pumps, transplanters,
seeders, weeders, reapers, and postharvest equipment but high
import content since the engines, electric motors, gearboxes,
bearings, chains, sprockets, cold roll steels and perforated sheet
metals are all imported