Learning grammar in a simple and easy way.

1. Class 10 Grammar

2. What you will need to
know for the quiz:
Phrases
Irregular Verbs:
to lie vs. to lay
Clauses
Need to review?
• Four kinds of sentences
• Four kinds of complements

3. Review
Kinds of Sentences
Complements
Home

4. Four Kinds of Sentences
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
Home
Click here for sentences tree.

5. 1. Simple Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains a main
(or independent) clause—a subject and
verb (or predicate)
Example:
Kate ran to the restaurant.
Back to kinds of sentences.
Home

6. 2. Compound Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains two or
more main (or independent) clauses and no
subordinate (or dependent) clauses
Example:
Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb
walked.
Back to kinds of sentences.
Home

7. 3. Complex Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains one
main (or independent) clause and at least
one subordinate (or dependent) clause
Example:
Crying out loud, Kate ran to the
restaurant.
Back to kinds of sentences.
Home

8. 4. Compound-Complex
Sentence
Definition: a sentence that contains at least
two main (or independent) clauses and one
or more subordinate (or dependent) clauses
Example:
Crying out loud, Kate ran to the
restaurant, and Caleb walked.
Back to kinds of sentences.
Home

9. Complements
Definition:
a word or words used to complete the sense
of a verb.
Click here for four types.
Home
Click here for complements tree.

10. Four Types of Complements
1. Predicate noun (subject complement):
Rhoda became a star.
2. Predicate adjective:
Betty was courageous.
3. Direct Object:
Janet loves Jill.
4. Indirect Object:
Give me the hammer, please.
Back to definition of complements.
Question for review: Which are linking verbs?

11. Sentences one and two
contain linking verbs:
Rhoda became a star.
Betty was courageous.
Home.
Back to kinds of complements.

12. Clauses
MAIN
SUBORDINATE
Home
Click here for clauses tree.

13. Main Clause
Definition: All sentences include a main
clause (or independent clause)—
that is, a subject and a verb.
Example:
The dog jumped over the plate.
Back to clauses.
Home

14. Subordinate Clauses
Adjective
Noun
Home
Adverb

15. Adjective Clause
Definition: a subordinate (or dependent)
clause that functions as adjective (tells
more about the noun)
Example:
Hilda, who hated all things fuzzy, hugged a
little bunny.
Back to kinds of subordinate clauses.
Home

16. Adverb Clause
Definition: a subordinate (or dependent)
clause that functions as adverb (tells the
when, why, how, where, under what
condition)
Example:
Before we go, I must put on my shoes.
Back to kinds of subordinate clauses.
Home

17. Noun Clause
Definition: a subordinate (or dependent)
clause that functions as noun
(as subject, direct object, indirect object,
subject complement,object of preposition,
or appositive)
Back to kinds of subordinate clauses.
Home
Click here for kinds of noun clauses.

18. Kinds of Noun Clauses
as subject as direct object
as indirect object
as predicate noun
(or subject complement)
as appositive
Back to definition of noun clause.
As object of preposition

19. Noun Clause: As Subject
That it snowed surprised me.
Back to kinds of noun clauses.

20. Noun Clause:
As Predicate Noun
(or Subject Complement)
The question was how to
cross the bridge.
Back to kinds of noun clauses.

21. Noun Clause:
As Object of Preposition
You give the drum to
whoever wants it.
Back to kinds of noun clauses.

22. Noun Clause:
As Direct Object
Chapin girls know that reading
is fun.
Back to kinds of noun clauses.

23. Noun Clause:
As Indirect Object
Sally told whoever was nearby
her story about the fish.
Back to kinds of noun clauses.

24. Noun Clause: As Appositive
My teacher’s wish that I
become a lifelong lover of
literature could happen.
Back to kinds of noun clauses.

25. Phrases
PREPOSITIONAL
VERBAL
Home
Click here for phrases tree.

26. Phrases: Verbals
Gerund
Participial
Back to kinds of phrases.
Infinitive
Home

27. Infinitive Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of
an infinitive and all the words related to it
(an infinitive is a verb form that can be
used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb).
An infinitive usually begins with “to.”
Question for review:
What is the infinitive alone? Back to kinds of verbals.
Home
Click here for kinds of infinitive phrases.

28. to speak
(the infinitive)
Back to infinitive phrase.
Home

29. Kinds of Infinitive Phrases
Back to definition of infinitive phrase.
as subject
as predicate noun
(or subject complement)
as direct object
as appositive

30. Infinitive Phrase: As Subject
To snow hard is a wonder.
Back to kinds of infinitive phrases.

31. Infinitive Phrase:
As Predicate Noun
(or Subject Complement)
The trick was to carry the egg
slowly.
Back to kinds of infinitive phrases.

32. Infinitive Phrase:
As Direct Object
Chapin girls like to study hard.
Back to kinds of infinitive phrases.

33. Infinitive Phrase:
As Appositive
My teacher’s wish to climb
Bear Mountain could
happen.
Back to kinds of infinitive phrases.

34. Prepositional Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of
a preposition, a noun or pronoun that
serves as the object of the prep., and any
modifiers of that object (they can function
as adjective or adverb in a sentence)
Example: Brenda the brave, in blue jeans
(adj.), screeched with laughter (adv.).
Question for review:
Where is the appositive? Back to kinds of phrases.
Home

35. On the ferris wheel Brenda the brave
screeched with laughter.
(the appositive)
Back to prepositional phrases.
Home

36. Participial Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of
a participle and words related to it (a
participle is a verb form that is used as an
adjective—present ends in -ing; past ends
in -ed or -en)
Click here for examples.
Home
Back to kinds of verbals.

37. Participial Phrase:
Examples (present and past)
Tapping my foot, I looked out the
window with longing.
Filled with anger, the woman stormed
into the building.
Question #1 for review:
What are the participles alone?
Home
Back to definition
of participial phrase.
Question #2 to test your knowledge
of gerunds vs. participles.

38. filled
(past participle)
tapping
(present participle)
Home.
Back to participial phrase examples.

39. Gerund Phrase
Definition: a group of words consisting of
a gerund and words related to it (a gerund
is a verb form that ends in -ing—not to be
confused with present participles!—and
functions as a noun)
Back to kinds of verbals.
Home
Click here for kinds of gerund phrases.

40. Which is the gerund?
Which is the participle?
Walking on my tiptoes is fun.
Walking down the street that windy
day, I wished I took the bus.
Back to partipial phrase examples.
Click here for answer.

41. Participle:
Walking down the street that
windy day, I wished I took the
bus.
Gerund:
Walking on my tiptoes is fun.
Back to examples of participial phrases.

42. Kinds of Gerund Phrases
Back to definition of gerund.
as subject
as predicate noun
(or subject complement)
as object of preposition
as direct object
as indirect object
as appositive

43. Gerund Phrase: As Subject
Running in water is good for
your legs.
Back to kinds of gerund phrases.

44. Gerund Phrase:
As Predicate Noun
(or Subject Complement)
Her hope was getting a good
seat.
Back to kinds gerund phrases.

45. Gerund Phrase:
As Object of Preposition
You’ll need shoes for
walking through the mud.
Back to kinds of gerund phrases.

46. Gerund Phrase:
As Direct Object
I love playing the piano.
Back to kinds of gerund phrases.

47. Gerund Phrase:
As Indirect Object
Back to kinds of gerund phrases.
She gave playing the
piano a chance.

48. Gerund Phrase:
As Appositive
Mary’s role, playing Nora in
A Doll House, was a great
opportunity for her.
Back to kinds of gerund phrases.

49. To Lay: to put, place
• Present: I lay, you lay, she lays, etc.
• Past: I laid, you laid, etc.
• Present perfect: I have laid, you have
laid, etc.
• Past progressive: I was laying, you
were laying, etc.
To Lie
Home

50. To Lie: to recline
• Present: I lie, you lie, she lies, etc.
• Past: I lay, you lay, etc.
• Present perfect: I have lain, you have
lain, etc.
• Past progressive: I was lying, you were
lying, etc.
Click here to quiz yourself.
Home
Back to “to lay.”

51. Is this correct?
The old man lay on the couch.
Click here for answer.
Home

52. Yes!
Back to “to lie” page.
Home

53. Back to phrases.

54. Back to complements.

56. Click here for clauses.