Napoleon was able to rebuild his army after the disastrous Russian campaign of 1812, rearming over 200,000 troops by spring 1813 despite losses of men, equipment, and horses. However, he faced shortages in trained officers and non-commissioned officers to lead the new recruits, as well as horses for cavalry. The new conscripts also lacked proper uniforms, weapons, supplies, and training. Napoleon's rebuilding efforts were further hampered by the defection of Prussian and other German troops and the departure of Marshal Murat, weakening his forces as the campaign against the Sixth Coalition got underway.
Napoleon Part 2, session vi VoelkerschlachtJim Powers
This document provides context and details surrounding the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, also known as the Battle of the Nations. It describes Napoleon's strategic considerations and decision to renew his advance toward Berlin in April 1813 despite setbacks, hoping to defeat the Austrian army and draw Prussian and Russian forces north. The document also notes the situation in late April after a French defeat at Kulm, with the Allied armies positioned south and west of Berlin and the French marching east. Napoleon hoped to relieve pressure on the French forces in Berlin and take a central position against the three Allied armies.
This document provides context and details regarding Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. It discusses Napoleon assembling a massive army of nearly 600,000 troops from across Europe. On June 22nd, Napoleon issued a proclamation to his soldiers before crossing the Niemen River into Russia. By early July, Napoleon's forces had occupied key cities like Kovno and Vilna while Russian forces under Barclay retreated. However, supplying such a large invasion force over long distances into Russia would prove extremely challenging.
Napoleon's Polish campaign humbled Prussia and Russia. The bloody battle of Eylau ended in a draw, but Friedland was a decisive victory for Napoleon. The Peace of Tilsit left Britain as Napoleon's only opponent. Napoleon instituted the Continental System to strangle Britain economically by closing European ports to British trade. However, this proved his undoing. A Fifth Coalition formed between Britain and Austria. At Wagram, Napoleon avenged an earlier defeat and humiliated Austria once again, reaching the peak of his military power, though at a high cost in casualties.
This concludes the life of Napoleon, from the battle of Waterloo to his death on St Helena. The Postscript looks at the fate of his son, the French cult of Bonapartism and the continuing fascination which this man's life continues to evoke.
Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba after his abdication in 1814. While on Elba, Napoleon implemented economic and social reforms to improve life for the island's residents. However, Napoleon only stayed on Elba for 300 days before returning to France to begin the Hundred Days campaign. Meanwhile, the Congress of Vienna was convened to settle territorial and political issues in post-Napoleon Europe. The Congress was also known for the social scene in Vienna at the time, with balls and parties influencing the negotiations through relationships between diplomats and women.
Napoleon, Part 2, session iii, WellingtonJim Powers
The document discusses Wellington's first offensive against the French in Portugal during the Peninsular War. It describes Wellington's strategy of remaining firmly on the defensive for the first three years of the war, only fighting when the odds were favorable, in order to prevent the French from concentrating enough forces to defeat his army. It then discusses how the tide turned in 1812 when Napoleon invaded Russia and faced war on two fronts, allowing the Allies to go on the offensive. Within 18 months, the war was won. The document provides strategic context for Wellington's early cautious approach and later ability to shift to offense once Napoleon's position was weakened.
Napoleon was born in Corsica to Italian parents. Corsica had been ruled by the Republic of Genoa but sought independence and nationalism under Pasquale Paoli in the late 18th century. However, France took control of Corsica in 1769, forcing Paoli into exile in England. Napoleon's early political thoughts were shaped by Corsican nationalism and the desire for independence from Genoa and later France.
Napoleon Part 2, session vi VoelkerschlachtJim Powers
This document provides context and details surrounding the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, also known as the Battle of the Nations. It describes Napoleon's strategic considerations and decision to renew his advance toward Berlin in April 1813 despite setbacks, hoping to defeat the Austrian army and draw Prussian and Russian forces north. The document also notes the situation in late April after a French defeat at Kulm, with the Allied armies positioned south and west of Berlin and the French marching east. Napoleon hoped to relieve pressure on the French forces in Berlin and take a central position against the three Allied armies.
This document provides context and details regarding Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. It discusses Napoleon assembling a massive army of nearly 600,000 troops from across Europe. On June 22nd, Napoleon issued a proclamation to his soldiers before crossing the Niemen River into Russia. By early July, Napoleon's forces had occupied key cities like Kovno and Vilna while Russian forces under Barclay retreated. However, supplying such a large invasion force over long distances into Russia would prove extremely challenging.
Napoleon's Polish campaign humbled Prussia and Russia. The bloody battle of Eylau ended in a draw, but Friedland was a decisive victory for Napoleon. The Peace of Tilsit left Britain as Napoleon's only opponent. Napoleon instituted the Continental System to strangle Britain economically by closing European ports to British trade. However, this proved his undoing. A Fifth Coalition formed between Britain and Austria. At Wagram, Napoleon avenged an earlier defeat and humiliated Austria once again, reaching the peak of his military power, though at a high cost in casualties.
This concludes the life of Napoleon, from the battle of Waterloo to his death on St Helena. The Postscript looks at the fate of his son, the French cult of Bonapartism and the continuing fascination which this man's life continues to evoke.
Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba after his abdication in 1814. While on Elba, Napoleon implemented economic and social reforms to improve life for the island's residents. However, Napoleon only stayed on Elba for 300 days before returning to France to begin the Hundred Days campaign. Meanwhile, the Congress of Vienna was convened to settle territorial and political issues in post-Napoleon Europe. The Congress was also known for the social scene in Vienna at the time, with balls and parties influencing the negotiations through relationships between diplomats and women.
Napoleon, Part 2, session iii, WellingtonJim Powers
The document discusses Wellington's first offensive against the French in Portugal during the Peninsular War. It describes Wellington's strategy of remaining firmly on the defensive for the first three years of the war, only fighting when the odds were favorable, in order to prevent the French from concentrating enough forces to defeat his army. It then discusses how the tide turned in 1812 when Napoleon invaded Russia and faced war on two fronts, allowing the Allies to go on the offensive. Within 18 months, the war was won. The document provides strategic context for Wellington's early cautious approach and later ability to shift to offense once Napoleon's position was weakened.
Napoleon was born in Corsica to Italian parents. Corsica had been ruled by the Republic of Genoa but sought independence and nationalism under Pasquale Paoli in the late 18th century. However, France took control of Corsica in 1769, forcing Paoli into exile in England. Napoleon's early political thoughts were shaped by Corsican nationalism and the desire for independence from Genoa and later France.
This document provides an overview of Napoleon's rise to power and the Napoleonic Empire. It discusses several key topics:
1) Napoleon relied on his military victories and glory to maintain his power as leader of France.
2) It examines Britain's naval power under Pitt the Younger and its role in allowing Britain to defeat France by controlling the seas and attacking French colonies.
3) It highlights several of Horatio Nelson's pivotal naval victories, including the Nile in 1798 and Trafalgar in 1805, that helped isolate Napoleon's forces and strengthen Britain's allies against France on land.
The Napoleonic era is one of the most studied and romanticized periods of history. Personified by
Napoleon Bonaparte himself, the years between 1800 and 1815 were full of colour, glory, and grandeur.
Napoleon captured the age, both in reality and in spirit. His Grande Armée's seemingly endless
variety of uniforms whether magnificent full dress or practical field gear-was a fitting background to his
career.
Napoleonic Uniforms is the only reference of its kind to depict accurately the entire Grande Armée in
detail. This two volume work portrays the French armies as seen by their contemporaries, and combines
authoritative text with lavish illustrations, enabling the reader to experience the spectacle first hand.
Napoleonie Uniforms also depicts the various types of soldiers within selected regiments of the
Grande Armée - officers, sergeants, color-bearers, bandsmen, drummers and trumpeters, privates, and
surgeons. In addition, the volumes contain material on lesser-known formations such as the A-rmy of
Egypt (1798-1801), the pre-Revolutionary French Army, and Napoleon's police and internal security
organizations.
Nine hundred and eighteen original watercolours by Herbert Knötel, an internationally acclaimed
authority on military uniforms, with a special talent for depicting men and horses in action, bring the
nineteenth-century French soldier to life. Together with Colonel John R. Elting's definitive captions,
they preserve a significant aspect of this famous era for historians, researchers, teachers, students, model
makers, "uniformologists," and the general reader interested in this historical period.
Sea power 2-session 7-napoleon and nelsonJim Powers
Horatio Nelson and Napoleon Bonaparte were two ambitious military leaders who came to symbolize their respective nations of Britain and France in the late 18th century. In 1798, Bonaparte led a French expeditionary force in invading Egypt, hoping to establish a base to threaten British control of India. Unbeknownst to Bonaparte, the British admiral Nelson was searching the Mediterranean for the French fleet. Nelson's and Bonaparte's fleets narrowly missed encountering each other off the coast of Egypt. Nelson then departed Alexandria, allowing Bonaparte's forces to land unopposed. A few weeks later, Nelson received word of where the French fleet was anchored and prepared for a decisive battle.
This document is the beginning of Adolf Hitler's autobiographical manifesto Mein Kampf. It provides background on Hitler's life and upbringing in Austria, his involvement in World War I and the German Labour Party. It also outlines the development of his racist, nationalist ideology and the beginnings of the Nazi movement. The document contains summaries of the two volumes of Mein Kampf and notes on references made in the text.
This document provides information on various aspects of World War 1 through a series of images and captions. It describes the effects of gas warfare on British soldiers in 1918. It also discusses the introduction of tanks to warfare by the British, as well as other weapons such as machine guns. Additionally, it shows images related to key events that sparked the war, such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.
Powerpoint presentation based on Strayer's 3rd edition Ways of the World for High School AP-Honors students. Covers 19th century China, Ottoman Empire and Japan.
I. Napoleon rose to power through military victories in Italy and Egypt in the late 18th century. He later seized power in France through a coup d'état in 1799.
II. Between 1803-1809, Napoleon dominated much of Europe through further military campaigns. However, his ill-fated invasion of Russia in 1812 marked a turning point, as his army was decimated in its retreat from Moscow.
III. Napoleon's empire went into decline after 1813, as the Wars of Liberation saw European nations rise up against French rule. He was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, sending him into exile and bringing an end to his reign.
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo. Over the next four years, the war engulfed Europe and much of the world, resulting in unprecedented carnage and destruction. It also had profound political consequences, including the collapse of several empires and the Russian Revolution. The aftermath of World War I redrew the map of Europe and laid the groundwork for new conflicts.
First World War Centenary: WW I in Photos(2)guimera
The document provides an overview of World War 1 on the Western Front through a series of photographs with captions. It describes the bloody stalemate that occurred over 4 years as opposing forces faced machine guns, barbed wire, mortars, and hand-to-hand combat in muddy trenches. The photos show scenes from the battlefield including soldiers in trenches, the use of new technologies like tanks and flamethrowers, and the human cost of the war through images of injured soldiers.
On May 7, 1915, the German submarine U-20 torpedoed and sank the British passenger liner Lusitania off the coast of Ireland. Of the 1,959 passengers and crew aboard, 1,195 people died, including 123 Americans. The sinking caused outrage in the United States and contributed to growing anti-German sentiment, though the US did not enter World War I until two years later. While some saw the attack as a legitimate military action, others viewed it as a violation of the rules of war due to the large loss of civilian lives.
First World War Centenary: WW I in Photos (1)guimera
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 1914 set off a chain of events that led to the outbreak of World War I. Over 30 nations were eventually involved in the war, mobilizing over 65 million soldiers. Modern weapons like machine guns and artillery vastly increased casualties. The war was fought across Europe, the Middle East, Africa and at sea, and lasted from 1914 to 1918. Key events and leaders from countries involved in World War I are described.
Sieg im Westen, 1939-1940; part 3 of 12-Year ReichJim Powers
This presentation describes the first year of the war, Poland, the Phony War, Denmark and Norway, the Low Countries, France, the Blitz, and Hitler's dilemma when Britain fails to give in.
The kaiser on_trial-george_sylvester_viereck-1937-570pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document summarizes the geopolitical tensions building around the world in the late 1930s that could potentially lead to a second World War. The author argues that ideological divisions between fascism and communism, as well as economic and territorial disputes left over from WWI, are intensifying conflicts between nations. While statesmen do not want war, circumstances could still propel the major powers into another global catastrophe within a few years. The U.S. must maintain strict neutrality to avoid being drawn into these escalating European and Asian disputes.
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationalists. Major European powers aligned into two military alliances: the Allies including Britain, France, and Russia, and the Central Powers led by Germany and Austria-Hungary. The war involved new industrialized warfare with trench warfare, airplanes, tanks, and chemical weapons. Over 15 million soldiers and civilians died before the Armistice in 1918 and the Treaty of Versailles the following year.
WW1 History 2.0 - A commemoration of Armistice DayJerry Daperro
“The First World War cut deep into the consciousness of Modern man. It reshaped the political order in Europe. It memorials stand in every town and village. ……. My aim has been to see the war in historical perspective. I have tried to explain what the war was about; particularly, to resolve the paradox that men were passionately engaged in the war and hated it at the same time. Each country fought ostensibly to defend itself yet sought also to conquer and to make great gains.” 1966.
Too many people still believe the greatness of their nations over others, of course most people love their own country too. Before the start of the Iraq War in 2003, a patriotic friend called me from the US and ask me “Are you not afraid of the coming Iraq war?”, with her rather blinding enthusiasm for the invasion. I did not answer her. Unknown to her, I was marching against the Iraq war. It was the biggest protest march I have ever seen. On that day, 1 million people marched in London to voice their opposition to the war. At least there were 1 million people who did not believed that Iraq had the Weapon of Mass Destruction neither were they able to stop the war, in an otherwise democratic country.
The Myths of Victory and Failure. German commander Erich Ludendorff suffered a mental collapse before he called for an armistice to end the war, and when he recovered and discovered the terms he had signed onto, he insisted Germany refuse them, claiming the army could fight on. But the new civilian government overruled him, as once peace had been established there was no way to keep the army fighting. The civilian leaders who overruled Ludendorff became scapegoats for both the army and Ludendorff himself.
The early cold war, 1945-50, follows my USN in WW II series. A major focus follows the Unification struggle leading to the DoD. The USN faces an even greater mission but must resist being stripped of the budget to carry it out.
The Anglo-French struggle for empire continues. The last of Louis xiv's wars of aggression. Marlborough and Prince Eugene on land and the Royal Navy at sea bring France to the peace table. Revised
229
Chapter 11
PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT
Project risk management typically involves the processes of risk management
planning, risk identification, risk analysis, risk response planning, and risk
monitoring and control. Project risk management is one of the critical activities
impacting the success of a project. This chapter contains four issue - based cases
relating to Project Risk Management, Chapter 11 of the PMBOK ® Guide .
1. Risk Policies in Project Russia
Risk Policies in Project Russia is a comprehensive case. It brings the
readers back in time to the war between France and Russia in 1812. The case
details project risk management in that famous war project.
2. Risk under the Microscope
As an issue - based case, Risk under the Microscope shows how a project
team practices project risk management. The case also illustrates how com-
munication plays an important role in successful risk management.
3. Monte Carlo in Italy
Monte Carlo in Italy is an issue - base cased. It portrays a risk management
practice of a company. The case discusses the use of Monte Carlo Analysis,
a quantitative risk analysis tool.
4. Probability and Impact
Probability and Impact is an issue - based case. It presents the use of prob-
ability and impact as a risk analysis procedure. The case also discusses the
development of appropriate risk thresholds for the nature of risk events.
CASE STUDIES IN PROJECT, PROGRAM, AND ORGANIZATIONAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Dragan Z . Milosevic, Peerasit Patanakul & Sabin Srivannaboon
Copyright 0 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
230 CASE STUDIES
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Name of Case
Area Supported
by Case Case Type Author of Case
Risk Policies in Project
Russia
Risk Management in a
War Project
Issue - based Case Dragan Z. Milosevic
Risk under the
Microscope
Risk Management
Process
Issue - based Case Ferra Weyahuni
Monte Carlo in Italy Risk Management
Process
Issue - based Case Meghana Rao
Probability and Impact Qualitative Risk Analysis Issue - based Case Jovana Riddle
231
Risk Policies in Project Russia
Dragan Z. Milosevic
This case study reviews some of the major risk management tactics used in a typi-
cal war project — Napoleon ’ s war with Russia in 1812. The war outcome had a
stunning end and caused turbulent ramifi cations for the European map. A lot of ink
was poured to explain the destruction of Napoleon ’ s forces, known as the Grand
Army, and experts only agreed on the fact that the Russian winter had a major
impact on the war outcome. In the study, we take a risk view of the war confl ict.
MISERY AND DEATH WAITED THE GRAND ARMY
For Napoleon, many dilemmas stayed unresolved even after entering Russia. He
looked amazed by the glory awaiting conquerors of Russia but at the same time
he ...
Invasion theyre coming: the German account of the D-day landings and the 80 d...Odal Rune
The document provides background on the events leading up to the D-Day invasion from the German perspective. It describes the uneasy wait by German forces as they monitored the weather and received reassuring forecasts that an invasion was unlikely due to rough seas and poor visibility. It also details planning meetings called by German high command to discuss fortifications as they did not believe an invasion was imminent. However, unknown to the Germans, Allied forces were preparing to launch the invasion on June 6th despite the unfavorable weather conditions.
The campaign which puts paid to Napoleon's chances for ultimate victory. The Army of England is stymied by the Royal Navy in1803-1805. So Napoleon develops his Grand Design. With negative results.
This document provides summaries and recommendations for resources about Napoleon and the Napoleonic era. It begins with summaries of four documentary films on Napoleon that range from 4 hours to 1 hour and 28 minutes. It then summarizes several books on Napoleon and his armies, including comprehensive works by John Elting and David Chandler. Further recommendations include historical fiction novels by Bernard Cornwell, websites containing resources on Napoleon, and episodes from a television drama about Napoleon's life. The document is aimed at providing concise overviews and guidance for further viewing, reading, and surfing on topics related to Napoleon.
This document provides an overview of Napoleon's rise to power and the Napoleonic Empire. It discusses several key topics:
1) Napoleon relied on his military victories and glory to maintain his power as leader of France.
2) It examines Britain's naval power under Pitt the Younger and its role in allowing Britain to defeat France by controlling the seas and attacking French colonies.
3) It highlights several of Horatio Nelson's pivotal naval victories, including the Nile in 1798 and Trafalgar in 1805, that helped isolate Napoleon's forces and strengthen Britain's allies against France on land.
The Napoleonic era is one of the most studied and romanticized periods of history. Personified by
Napoleon Bonaparte himself, the years between 1800 and 1815 were full of colour, glory, and grandeur.
Napoleon captured the age, both in reality and in spirit. His Grande Armée's seemingly endless
variety of uniforms whether magnificent full dress or practical field gear-was a fitting background to his
career.
Napoleonic Uniforms is the only reference of its kind to depict accurately the entire Grande Armée in
detail. This two volume work portrays the French armies as seen by their contemporaries, and combines
authoritative text with lavish illustrations, enabling the reader to experience the spectacle first hand.
Napoleonie Uniforms also depicts the various types of soldiers within selected regiments of the
Grande Armée - officers, sergeants, color-bearers, bandsmen, drummers and trumpeters, privates, and
surgeons. In addition, the volumes contain material on lesser-known formations such as the A-rmy of
Egypt (1798-1801), the pre-Revolutionary French Army, and Napoleon's police and internal security
organizations.
Nine hundred and eighteen original watercolours by Herbert Knötel, an internationally acclaimed
authority on military uniforms, with a special talent for depicting men and horses in action, bring the
nineteenth-century French soldier to life. Together with Colonel John R. Elting's definitive captions,
they preserve a significant aspect of this famous era for historians, researchers, teachers, students, model
makers, "uniformologists," and the general reader interested in this historical period.
Sea power 2-session 7-napoleon and nelsonJim Powers
Horatio Nelson and Napoleon Bonaparte were two ambitious military leaders who came to symbolize their respective nations of Britain and France in the late 18th century. In 1798, Bonaparte led a French expeditionary force in invading Egypt, hoping to establish a base to threaten British control of India. Unbeknownst to Bonaparte, the British admiral Nelson was searching the Mediterranean for the French fleet. Nelson's and Bonaparte's fleets narrowly missed encountering each other off the coast of Egypt. Nelson then departed Alexandria, allowing Bonaparte's forces to land unopposed. A few weeks later, Nelson received word of where the French fleet was anchored and prepared for a decisive battle.
This document is the beginning of Adolf Hitler's autobiographical manifesto Mein Kampf. It provides background on Hitler's life and upbringing in Austria, his involvement in World War I and the German Labour Party. It also outlines the development of his racist, nationalist ideology and the beginnings of the Nazi movement. The document contains summaries of the two volumes of Mein Kampf and notes on references made in the text.
This document provides information on various aspects of World War 1 through a series of images and captions. It describes the effects of gas warfare on British soldiers in 1918. It also discusses the introduction of tanks to warfare by the British, as well as other weapons such as machine guns. Additionally, it shows images related to key events that sparked the war, such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.
Powerpoint presentation based on Strayer's 3rd edition Ways of the World for High School AP-Honors students. Covers 19th century China, Ottoman Empire and Japan.
I. Napoleon rose to power through military victories in Italy and Egypt in the late 18th century. He later seized power in France through a coup d'état in 1799.
II. Between 1803-1809, Napoleon dominated much of Europe through further military campaigns. However, his ill-fated invasion of Russia in 1812 marked a turning point, as his army was decimated in its retreat from Moscow.
III. Napoleon's empire went into decline after 1813, as the Wars of Liberation saw European nations rise up against French rule. He was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, sending him into exile and bringing an end to his reign.
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo. Over the next four years, the war engulfed Europe and much of the world, resulting in unprecedented carnage and destruction. It also had profound political consequences, including the collapse of several empires and the Russian Revolution. The aftermath of World War I redrew the map of Europe and laid the groundwork for new conflicts.
First World War Centenary: WW I in Photos(2)guimera
The document provides an overview of World War 1 on the Western Front through a series of photographs with captions. It describes the bloody stalemate that occurred over 4 years as opposing forces faced machine guns, barbed wire, mortars, and hand-to-hand combat in muddy trenches. The photos show scenes from the battlefield including soldiers in trenches, the use of new technologies like tanks and flamethrowers, and the human cost of the war through images of injured soldiers.
On May 7, 1915, the German submarine U-20 torpedoed and sank the British passenger liner Lusitania off the coast of Ireland. Of the 1,959 passengers and crew aboard, 1,195 people died, including 123 Americans. The sinking caused outrage in the United States and contributed to growing anti-German sentiment, though the US did not enter World War I until two years later. While some saw the attack as a legitimate military action, others viewed it as a violation of the rules of war due to the large loss of civilian lives.
First World War Centenary: WW I in Photos (1)guimera
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 1914 set off a chain of events that led to the outbreak of World War I. Over 30 nations were eventually involved in the war, mobilizing over 65 million soldiers. Modern weapons like machine guns and artillery vastly increased casualties. The war was fought across Europe, the Middle East, Africa and at sea, and lasted from 1914 to 1918. Key events and leaders from countries involved in World War I are described.
Sieg im Westen, 1939-1940; part 3 of 12-Year ReichJim Powers
This presentation describes the first year of the war, Poland, the Phony War, Denmark and Norway, the Low Countries, France, the Blitz, and Hitler's dilemma when Britain fails to give in.
The kaiser on_trial-george_sylvester_viereck-1937-570pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document summarizes the geopolitical tensions building around the world in the late 1930s that could potentially lead to a second World War. The author argues that ideological divisions between fascism and communism, as well as economic and territorial disputes left over from WWI, are intensifying conflicts between nations. While statesmen do not want war, circumstances could still propel the major powers into another global catastrophe within a few years. The U.S. must maintain strict neutrality to avoid being drawn into these escalating European and Asian disputes.
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbian nationalists. Major European powers aligned into two military alliances: the Allies including Britain, France, and Russia, and the Central Powers led by Germany and Austria-Hungary. The war involved new industrialized warfare with trench warfare, airplanes, tanks, and chemical weapons. Over 15 million soldiers and civilians died before the Armistice in 1918 and the Treaty of Versailles the following year.
WW1 History 2.0 - A commemoration of Armistice DayJerry Daperro
“The First World War cut deep into the consciousness of Modern man. It reshaped the political order in Europe. It memorials stand in every town and village. ……. My aim has been to see the war in historical perspective. I have tried to explain what the war was about; particularly, to resolve the paradox that men were passionately engaged in the war and hated it at the same time. Each country fought ostensibly to defend itself yet sought also to conquer and to make great gains.” 1966.
Too many people still believe the greatness of their nations over others, of course most people love their own country too. Before the start of the Iraq War in 2003, a patriotic friend called me from the US and ask me “Are you not afraid of the coming Iraq war?”, with her rather blinding enthusiasm for the invasion. I did not answer her. Unknown to her, I was marching against the Iraq war. It was the biggest protest march I have ever seen. On that day, 1 million people marched in London to voice their opposition to the war. At least there were 1 million people who did not believed that Iraq had the Weapon of Mass Destruction neither were they able to stop the war, in an otherwise democratic country.
The Myths of Victory and Failure. German commander Erich Ludendorff suffered a mental collapse before he called for an armistice to end the war, and when he recovered and discovered the terms he had signed onto, he insisted Germany refuse them, claiming the army could fight on. But the new civilian government overruled him, as once peace had been established there was no way to keep the army fighting. The civilian leaders who overruled Ludendorff became scapegoats for both the army and Ludendorff himself.
The early cold war, 1945-50, follows my USN in WW II series. A major focus follows the Unification struggle leading to the DoD. The USN faces an even greater mission but must resist being stripped of the budget to carry it out.
The Anglo-French struggle for empire continues. The last of Louis xiv's wars of aggression. Marlborough and Prince Eugene on land and the Royal Navy at sea bring France to the peace table. Revised
229
Chapter 11
PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT
Project risk management typically involves the processes of risk management
planning, risk identification, risk analysis, risk response planning, and risk
monitoring and control. Project risk management is one of the critical activities
impacting the success of a project. This chapter contains four issue - based cases
relating to Project Risk Management, Chapter 11 of the PMBOK ® Guide .
1. Risk Policies in Project Russia
Risk Policies in Project Russia is a comprehensive case. It brings the
readers back in time to the war between France and Russia in 1812. The case
details project risk management in that famous war project.
2. Risk under the Microscope
As an issue - based case, Risk under the Microscope shows how a project
team practices project risk management. The case also illustrates how com-
munication plays an important role in successful risk management.
3. Monte Carlo in Italy
Monte Carlo in Italy is an issue - base cased. It portrays a risk management
practice of a company. The case discusses the use of Monte Carlo Analysis,
a quantitative risk analysis tool.
4. Probability and Impact
Probability and Impact is an issue - based case. It presents the use of prob-
ability and impact as a risk analysis procedure. The case also discusses the
development of appropriate risk thresholds for the nature of risk events.
CASE STUDIES IN PROJECT, PROGRAM, AND ORGANIZATIONAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Dragan Z . Milosevic, Peerasit Patanakul & Sabin Srivannaboon
Copyright 0 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
230 CASE STUDIES
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Name of Case
Area Supported
by Case Case Type Author of Case
Risk Policies in Project
Russia
Risk Management in a
War Project
Issue - based Case Dragan Z. Milosevic
Risk under the
Microscope
Risk Management
Process
Issue - based Case Ferra Weyahuni
Monte Carlo in Italy Risk Management
Process
Issue - based Case Meghana Rao
Probability and Impact Qualitative Risk Analysis Issue - based Case Jovana Riddle
231
Risk Policies in Project Russia
Dragan Z. Milosevic
This case study reviews some of the major risk management tactics used in a typi-
cal war project — Napoleon ’ s war with Russia in 1812. The war outcome had a
stunning end and caused turbulent ramifi cations for the European map. A lot of ink
was poured to explain the destruction of Napoleon ’ s forces, known as the Grand
Army, and experts only agreed on the fact that the Russian winter had a major
impact on the war outcome. In the study, we take a risk view of the war confl ict.
MISERY AND DEATH WAITED THE GRAND ARMY
For Napoleon, many dilemmas stayed unresolved even after entering Russia. He
looked amazed by the glory awaiting conquerors of Russia but at the same time
he ...
Invasion theyre coming: the German account of the D-day landings and the 80 d...Odal Rune
The document provides background on the events leading up to the D-Day invasion from the German perspective. It describes the uneasy wait by German forces as they monitored the weather and received reassuring forecasts that an invasion was unlikely due to rough seas and poor visibility. It also details planning meetings called by German high command to discuss fortifications as they did not believe an invasion was imminent. However, unknown to the Germans, Allied forces were preparing to launch the invasion on June 6th despite the unfavorable weather conditions.
The campaign which puts paid to Napoleon's chances for ultimate victory. The Army of England is stymied by the Royal Navy in1803-1805. So Napoleon develops his Grand Design. With negative results.
This document provides summaries and recommendations for resources about Napoleon and the Napoleonic era. It begins with summaries of four documentary films on Napoleon that range from 4 hours to 1 hour and 28 minutes. It then summarizes several books on Napoleon and his armies, including comprehensive works by John Elting and David Chandler. Further recommendations include historical fiction novels by Bernard Cornwell, websites containing resources on Napoleon, and episodes from a television drama about Napoleon's life. The document is aimed at providing concise overviews and guidance for further viewing, reading, and surfing on topics related to Napoleon.
The life of admiral lord nelson and the battle of trafalgarFPSKid
Horatio Nelson was a courageous yet strict British naval commander who played a pivotal role in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. As the leader of the British fleet, Nelson used innovative tactics like breaking the enemy line in two places to allow his ships to flank the French from multiple angles. During the battle, Nelson was fatally shot by a French sniper. Before dying, he learned that his tactics had secured a decisive victory over Napoleon's combined French and Spanish fleet. Nelson's final words exemplified his lifelong dedication to serving his country.
Overview of trench warfare in WWI with effects it had on the war and the soldiers involved. At the end, it includes an assignment for students to practice writing a "primary" document.
General Jean Joseph Amable Humbert led a French expeditionary force that landed in Killala Bay, Ireland in 1798. They captured the towns of Killala and Ballina with the help of Irish rebels. On August 27th, Humbert defeated a larger British force at the Battle of Castlebar, capturing the town. However, the Franco-Irish army was later defeated by British forces led by General Lake at the Battle of Ballinamuck on September 8th, bringing the rebellion to an end. Humbert was imprisoned but later distinguished himself in the American wars.
To what extent did Geographical factors....docxSophie Raymond
Geographical factors significantly hindered Napoleon's 1812 campaign in Russia and expansion of his empire. The campaign was planned for a short duration but poor weather, vast distances with limited infrastructure, and inadequate supply planning led to supply lines breaking down. Troops faced extreme cold, snow, lack of food and supplies. Over 600,000 men with 250,000 horses marched through sparsely populated land with few roads. Poor weather damaged roads and supplies could not keep up, leading to starvation and the loss of hundreds of thousands of soldiers. The failure of the campaign halted Napoleon's expansion into Russia.
This document provides context about early colonial settlements in North America between the 15th and 17th centuries. It discusses the Columbian Exchange and trade routes that emerged after 1492. Specific commodities traded are highlighted, such as gold, silver, cochineal dye from beetles, and beaver pelts. The establishment of colonies by several European powers is also summarized, including the Spanish and Portuguese in Mexico and South America, the Dutch colony of New Netherlands (New York), the French colony of New France (Canada), and the Puritan colonies in New England. Challenges between colonists and Native Americans, such as King Philip's War, are briefly described.
US Navy in WW II; session iv; the struggle for the MedJim Powers
In many ways this battle is the turning point in the European Theater. The story is a real cliffhanger. I also use the visual material in my Annapolis textbook to demonstrate the interpretation of charts and graphs.
The document summarizes the context and organization surrounding the 101st Airborne Division's defense of Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge. It describes how Bastogne was strategically important due to its network of roads. The German plan called for capturing Bastogne to maintain their rear area communications, though different German units had varying interpretations of this objective. It also outlines the depleted state of the German units involved in the initial attack, including the XLVII Panzer Corps which lacked troops, tanks, weapons and was overall unprepared to take Bastogne as planned.
The document provides biographies of historical figures from the Greco-Persian Wars, including Darius I of Persia who established a vast empire and faced revolts, as well as military leaders on both sides such as Leonidas I of Sparta who led a legendary last stand at Thermopylae against Xerxes I's massive invasion force. The Greco-Persian Wars saw the Persian Empire attempt to expand westward by conquering the Greek city-states, but they were resisted in battles such as Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea, deciding the fate of Western civilization.
This document summarizes Shetland's involvement in World War 1, specifically focusing on the role of the Gordon Highlanders regiment. It describes how over 200 Shetland men marched from Lerwick to serve with the Gordon Highlanders in 1915. By the end of 1916, 22 Shetland men had been killed in the Battle of the Ancre, most serving with the Gordon Highlanders. The document then provides details about Shetland losses during specific engagements on the Somme in 1916, such as 10 men from the 7th Gordon Highlanders perishing in the fighting for Y-Ravine. In total, the Battle of the Ancre had a significant impact on Shetland as a small community that lost
Alexander the Great meticulously planned the logistics of supplying his armies, arranging for provisions to be collected in advance from local officials. The Roman army transported wine in large clay amphorae via ships and overland routes, establishing new vineyards as they expanded the empire. Throughout history, armies relied heavily on foraging and plundering local areas for supplies when long-distance transport broke down or regions were unable to be resupplied from afar.
The document provides a detailed overview of World War 2 from the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939 to the defeat of Germany in 1945. It describes key events including the Nazi blitzkrieg tactics, Britain and France declaring war on Germany, Germany's rapid conquest of Western Europe in 1940, the Battle of Britain, Operation Barbarossa invading the Soviet Union, the Battle of Stalingrad turning the tide, D-Day in 1944 opening a second front in Europe, and the final defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 with Soviet forces capturing Berlin and Germany's unconditional surrender.
This document provides a summary of Napoleon Bonaparte's plan to secretly transport 60,000 troops across the Alps to surprise the Austrian forces in Italy. It describes the difficult terrain of the mountain passes and Napoleon's meticulous preparations, including collecting supplies, repair shops, and hospitals along the route. On May 7th, 1800, Napoleon departed Paris to begin the movement of troops across the Alps, hoping to descend into Italy and cut off the Austrians from reinforcements.
This document provides an overview and description of a book titled "Exercises in Modern English Grammar" by A. S. Saakyan. It was published in 2006 by Iris-Press as part of their higher education series. The book contains 448 pages and is intended as a study guide for high school students and university students to review and strengthen their knowledge of English grammar. It covers morphology and syntax through analytical, practice, and creative exercises. Each section concludes with test exercises and answers to allow for self-assessment. The book aims to reflect the latest developments in the English language from the late 20th and early 21st centuries. It is designed to be a flexible resource that can be used alongside any basic English language course.
Similar to Napoleon Part 2, session v The Sixth Coalition (19)
19 c Europe, Part 1, 1815-1848; General ObservationsJim Powers
The introduction to this twenty-two part series on nineteenth century Europe, 1815-1914. It also describes the college textbook which I have chosen to illustrate and annotate.
19 c Europe, session 1; The Great Powers and the Balance of Power, 1815 1848Jim Powers
Beginning with the Vienna settlement, 1814-15, we follow the efforts of the Concert of Europe to preserve the peace and prevent revolutionary disturbances.
19 c Europe, Part 1, session 2; The Eastern Powers: Absolutism and its Limita...Jim Powers
This document summarizes political developments in Eastern Europe from 1815-1848, focusing on Russia, Prussia, and Austria. It describes how absolutism dominated these states and led to repression of revolutionary and liberal ideas. In Russia, Tsar Alexander I initially promised reforms but failed to deliver, and repression increased under Nicholas I and his minister Arakcheyev. Serfdom remained the dominant economic system, stifling development and leading to peasant revolts. Absolutism sought to maintain control and resist new ideas, as philosophers like de Maistre argued, but change was occurring beneath the surface that would challenge this control.
19 c Europe, part 1, session 3; France: The Restoration and the July MonarchyJim Powers
This document provides an overview of the economic and social organization of France following the Napoleonic era. It discusses how the French Revolution permanently changed France by abolishing the feudal system and creating a more centralized state. Economically, France modernized its agriculture and industries like textiles expanded, while socially the nobility's power declined and the middle class rose politically. The majority of French people remained rural farmers or urban workers who faced difficult living and working conditions.
19 c Europe, session 4; great britain: social unrest and social compromiseJim Powers
This document provides an overview of economic and social conditions in Great Britain following the Napoleonic Wars from 1815 to 1848. It describes the postwar economic depression, the enclosure movement that displaced many rural workers, rising social unrest and violence between 1815-1819 due to high unemployment and poverty. It also discusses the conservative government under Lord Liverpool that took a repressive approach to dealing with unrest rather than reform, and moderate reformers like William Cobbett who advocated for making parliament more representative through legal means.
19 c Europe, Part 2, 1850-1871; General ObservationsJim Powers
Between 1850-1871, industrial production in Europe saw unprecedented growth. The application of machinery to coal mining doubled French coal production and tripled Germany's in ten years. This drove growth in metallurgy, with the introduction of the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes doubling European iron and steel production by 1860. Transportation was also revolutionized through new technologies like screw propellers and compound engines, as well as infrastructure projects like the Suez Canal. Overall, this period saw Europe in the midst of the Industrial Revolution and rapid economic expansion.
19 c Europe, session 2.6; The breakdown of the concert and the crimean warJim Powers
The document summarizes the breakdown of the Concert of Europe and the causes of the Crimean War in the 19th century. It discusses how the revolutions of 1848 weakened the Concert by introducing a new generation of statesmen who were less inclined to restraint and compromise in diplomacy. The Crimean War was briefly fought from 1853 to 1856 between Russia on one side, and an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia on the other. The war resulted from Russia's ambitions to gain territories from the declining Ottoman Empire, and was one of the final conflicts of the Concert system of international relations established after the Napoleonic Wars.
19 c Europe, session 2.9; The German Question, 1850-66Jim Powers
Now we look at the question which had faced Germans since the great upheaval of 1848, should Germany be unified with or without the Austrian Empire. It will be decided in the Seven Weeks War.
19 c Europe, session 2.10; The Reorganization of Europe, 1866-1871Jim Powers
We conclude Part Two of this mid-century survey with Great Britain from Palmerston to Gladstone, Russia under Alexander II, and the showdown between France and Germany.
19 c Europe, Part 3; General ObservationsJim Powers
The document discusses several key developments in 19th century Europe from 1871-1914. It notes that liberalism, which was ascendant in the 1870s, was in retreat by the end of the period as new intellectual tendencies emphasized irrational factors in human behavior. Economic trends also weakened liberal parties and philosophy. New problems from population growth, urbanization, and unemployment crises emerged without a shared faith that reason could solve them, increasing the potential for domestic conflict and international insecurity during this era.
19 c europe, session.3.14; third french republic Jim Powers
The French Republic from humiliating defeat, the Paris Commune, and the end of royalism to republican success and three crises, to the coming of the Great War.
19 c Europe, session 3.15; The Second ReichJim Powers
The document discusses the political structure and development of Germany from 1871 to 1914. It describes how Germany under Bismarck and Wilhelm II had a pseudo-constitutional system where parliamentary processes existed but real power was held by unelected authorities. Under Bismarck from 1871-1890, political parties emerged but had limited power. Wilhelm II's rule from 1890-1914 saw economic growth but a turn toward absolutism that failed to adapt to rising democratic ideals in Europe. This pseudo-constitutional system ultimately contributed to Germany's defeat in World War I.
19 c Europe, session 3.16; Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and TurkeyJim Powers
The document discusses political and social developments in Central and Southeast Europe from 1871-1914. It focuses on the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, describing the rise of nationalist parties in both the Austrian and Hungarian parts. It also examines the Balkan states of Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and the declining Ottoman Empire's role in the Balkans. Key figures and events discussed include the Christian Social Party in Austria, Zionism founder Theodor Herzl, and tensions between Austria-Hungary and the Balkan states that contributed to World War I.
The document discusses economic conditions in Imperial Russia between 1871-1914. It notes that while industry grew during this period, led by the textile and metallurgical industries supporting railway expansion, it did not grow enough to relieve pressure from agricultural overpopulation. Agriculture continued to struggle with low yields due to outdated practices, lack of credit, and the continuation of the commune system. Efforts at reform were sporadic and aimed more at relieving misery temporarily rather than enacting fundamental change, for fear of alienating the landed classes. The condition of the peasantry continued to be one of deepening poverty.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
8. The campaign of 1813 proved to be one of the longest, most expensive and
ultimately decisive of all the struggles of the Napoleonic Wars. Following
the cataclysm of 1812, Napoleon was desperately attempting to regain the
initiative and repair the damage sustained by both his armies and his
reputation in the depths of Russia. For their part, the Russians--joined
successively by the Swedes, Prussians and Austrians besides a number of
German princelings--were determined to liberate Germany from the
shackles of the French connection and to carry the war to the very
frontiers of France itself. With his Empire crumbling away in Central
Europe, over 200,000 troops and several of his ablest subordinates tied
down in conducting a deteriorating struggle in Spain, his ports blockaded
by the Royal Navy, his allies falling away--Napoleon was faced with one of
the greatest challenges of his career.
Chandler, p. 865
9. The true issue was simply one of survival, but in early 1813 no thought of
ultimate catastrophe yet darkened the Emperor’s mind and he steadfastly
refused all suggestions of negotiating a compromise peace. He was still
convinced that complete victory was attainable--and indeed at certain
moments during the first part of the campaign such an outcome seemed
distinctly possible. In the end, however, a combination of awakening
German nationalism and fast exhausting French resources resulted in
heavy defeat and the loss of almost all terrain lying to the east of the
Rhine.
Chandler, p. 865
10. Notwithstanding the immense losses Napoleon suffered in Russia, his
extraordinary administrative skills enabled him to rebuild his army by the
spring of 1813.
Fremont-Barnes, Napoleon, p. 36
11. Rearming
✦ 19 December 1812-the day after he arrived in Paris-”I am extremely pleased with the spirit of
the nation. The people are prepared to make every kind of sacrifice,” he wrote to Murat
✦ 31December--only 13 days after his return--he notified Berthier, “on Sunday I reviewed about
25-30,000 troops”
✦ he had bought nearly 5,000 horses and had contracted for 5,000 more in France, 2,000 from
Warsaw, nearly 5,000 from Hanover with more to come from Prussia and Hamburg
✦ early January 1813-“Come spring I shall march with an army larger than the Grand Army at
the beginning of the [last] campaign,” he wrote the Danish king
✦ 31 January-250,000 conscripts and volunteers were being trained and equipped
✦ mobile columns were rounding up an estimated 100,000 conscripts who had fled the colors
✦ rich young gentlemen had volunteered as cavalry, each with his own mount, weapons & servants
✦ the gendarmerie had been culled to provide troops and horses
✦ 40,000 naval gunners were transferred to the artillery
12. The thousands of teenagers pressed into service
after the Russian campaign were nicknamed the
Marie-Louises after the equally young empress
who signed their conscription decrees in
Napoleon’s absence. Through necessity, the
uniform was stripped down to its most basic…
[but the shako was still ornate, seen here in its
foul-weather cover]….
‘On taking the field, everyone reduced his kit
to the smallest possible dimensions, ridding
himself of all useless articles’
A well-packed haversack (1) might contain
spare shoes (2) [note the condition of the pair
he’s wearing!] a change of shirt (3) a sewing kit
(4) containing needles, thread, awl and also a
bag of cleaning brushes….The soldier’s few
personal possessions including a spoon (5) comb
(6), playing cards (7), pocket knife (8), tobacco
pouch (9), pipe (10), and a handkerchief could
be kept in his coat’s internal pockets.
[note also the oiled rag wrapped around his
musket’s lock to keep it dry in wet weather and
“dinner” hanging from his haversack]
COLOUR PLATE COMMENTARY, pp. 62-63
Osprey, French Napoleonic Infantryman 1803-15, PLATE G
13. The renascence of military might continued despite two unforeseen
blows. One was the treachery of General Yorck whose Prussian corps, at
least 17,000 men and 60 guns, formed Marshal Macdonald’s rear guard to
Tilsit. Having fought little in the campaign Yorck defected to
Wittgenstein’s corps under terms said to have been negotiated mainly by
Carl von Clausewitz* who had joined the Russian service shortly after the
Prussian-French treaty of 1812. Yorck shortly would take his force back to
Prussia to form the nucleus of a new army allied with Russia.
The other event was Marshal Murat’s impulsive decision at Posen to
leave the Grand Army and return to his Neapolitan kingdom. Each blow
was disappointing, neither an immediate disaster. “I find Murat’s conduct
very extravagant--I can think of nothing similar,” Napoleon wrote Viceroy
Eugène. “This is a brave man in battle, but he lacks intelligence and moral
courage.” Napoleon gave the command to Eugène: “I am annoyed at not
having given it to you upon my departure.” Eugène was to send as many
redundant generals as possible to France along with battalion cadres
necessary to build new regiments.
Asprey, pp. 282-283
*Clausewitz would become famous for his On War, a work still widely read by military professionals
14. It is difficult to fault either Napoleon’s or the French nation’s incredible
activity during these four months, but there were some major drawbacks.
The officers and non-commissioned officers needed to train recruits…were
in very short supply. Equally serious was a shortage of horses. Napoleon’s
initial claims of availability soon proved [overly optimistic]. Contracts
signed outside of France failed to be met in whole or in part, nor did the
home country live up to expectations. By early February the army had
received only 11,000 mounts, a very serious situation in view of cavalry,
artillery and supply requirements. To worsen matters, the troops lacked
nearly everything from crossbelts to sabers, cooking utensils, water bottles,
shoes, shirts, often muskets and bayonets. Quartermasters were short of
wagons, cannon needed carriages and caissons.
Asprey, p. 284
15. The cavalry posed altogether different problems; here the difficulties were
mainly shortage of time and suitable horses. While an infantry conscript
could be shaken into some sort of shape within a few months, a cavalry
recruit took considerably longer to train to a reasonable standard; yet the
need for new cavalrymen was pressing, for the French mounted arm had
virtually ceased to exist by the end of 1812. Great difficulty was also
experienced in procuring even a proportion of the required number of
horses. Many of the most famous horse-producing areas of Europe lay in
Prussia and central Germany, but the coolness and subsequent defection of
Prussia and sundry other smaller states deprived the French army of many
of its remount sources. This weakness was never remedied, and no small
part of Napoleon’s eventual failure in 1813 was due to his understrength
cavalry force. Deprived of vital intelligence through the paucity of his
cavalry patrol and unable to follow up his victories with the usual hell-for-
leather pursuits, Napoleon was to find himself faced by almost insuperable
obstacles.
Chandler, p. 868
16. Napoleon’s Horsemanship
Napoleon was an intrepid rider who usually rode stallions – even though
they can be positively dangerous when bad-tempered. He galloped with a
sense of daring and freedom unusual in someone so methodical. Even at
breakneck speed, no obstacle worried him. The memoirs of his staff and
courtiers show that on a horse Napoleon feared little, while his attitude
towards day-to-day stable welfare was often enlightened. He forbade his
soldiers to dock the tails of their horses, a practice then prevalent in the
British army, and horse-buyers were instructed to avoid purchasing horses
with cut tails either for Napoleon or the French cavalry. Cropped tails
saved effort in grooming, but a brush-like stump did not swish away
troublesome flies and other insects and also upset the horses’ balance. In
Britain this cruel custom was not banned until 1949.
http://www.jill-hamilton.com/pdf/marengo-the-myth-of-napoleons-horse.pdf
17. Wellington’s Horsemanship
On battlefield after battlefield, he demonstrated an uncanny ability to be at
the right place at the right time. At Salamanca, he personally sent into
action every single Allied division. This method of control required,
however, not only the ability to foresee where he would be needed, but
also many expensive horses, superb practical horsemanship and in himself
the hard physical condition of a steeplechase jockey.1
1 Wellington has been accused of having a ‘poor seat’; he was perhaps not a pretty rider. But he could probably move
faster and farther than any other senior commander in European history. Maxwell, II, 28, says that on 16 June 1815,
‘The Duke had ridden from Brussels 5 miles beyond Quatre Bras, 29 miles, then 7 miles to Ligny and back, 43 miles
in all, before the battle began, and remained in the saddle till nightfall.’
Jac Weller, Wellington at Waterloo, p. 27
20. Austria’s Indispensable Man
✦ his father was the Austrian ambassador to the
three Rhenish electors, Archbishops of Trier,
Mainz & Köln
✦ 1788-at age 15, began studying law at Strasbourg
✦ 1795-married the granddaughter of Maria
Teresa’s Chancellor Kaunitz
✦ 1803-05--ambassador to Saxony and Prussia
✦ 1806-in Paris, had affairs with Pauline, Caroline
& Hortense!
✦ 1809-interned during the War of the Fourth
Coalition, thereafter made Austrian Minister of
State
✦ 1810-after Wagram, engineered a French alliance
Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and Napoleon’s marriage to Marie-Louise
Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Fürst von Metternich-
Winneburg zu Beilstein
✦ 1812-as the Russian Campaign developed, he
1773 –1859
began his move to neutrality
21. Napoleon naïvely hoped that his marriage to an Austrian princess would be a
firm link between their two countries. His Austrian in-laws regarded Maria
Louisa only as a temporary sacrifice, tossed to the Corsican ogre. However,
Austria had never recovered from her financial and military losses in 1809
and knew that another defeat could destroy her. Her foreign minister,
Metternich, was aristocratic, courageous, devious as a basket of snakes, and a
sworn foe of the French Revolution---”a gangrene which must be burnt out
with a hot iron.” He chose to prepare Austria for war, while remaining
ostensibly neutral, thus hoping to force both sides to bid high for Austrian
support. He further planned to then demand such humiliating concessions
from France that Napoleon would automatically reject them. Meanwhile, he
briskly pretended friendship, sending Schwarzenberg to Paris “to the side of
his commander in chief.” (En route, Schwarzenberg would urge Napoleon’s
German allies to send the emperor as few troops as possible---and especially
to send no cavalry, which Napoleon particularly needed.) Metternich himself
intrigued murkily with Murat.
Esposito & Elting, after MAP 126
22. Austrian Soldier Diplomat
✦ 1788-entered the Imperial cavalry, fought the Turks
✦ 1793-decorated for leading a cavalry charge that
killed and wounded 3,000 French and brought
back 32 guns
✦ 1800-the only Austrian general to emerge with
distinction from the defeat at Hohenlinden
✦ 1805--before Mack surrendered at Ulm, his cavalry
cut their way through to freedom
✦ 1809-fought at Wagram, then was sent to Paris to
negotiate Napoleon’s marriage to Marie Louise
✦ 1812-at Napoleon’s request, he commanded the
Austrian forces in the Russian campaign
✦ initially, he ably defended the French right flank in
Volhynia
Karl Philipp Fürst zu Schwarzenberg (Charles Philip,
Prince of Schwarzenberg )
✦ as the campaign disintegrated, he fell back to
1771 – 1820
protect Austria’s territory in Galicia
23. Prussian Traitor or Patriot?
✦ his father was an army officer under Frederick the Great
✦ the family were Kashubians from Pomerania
✦ 1772-joined Frederick’s army but cashiered after 7 years
for criticizing his superior’s recruiting methods. Served
in the Dutch and French armies until Frederick’s death
✦ 1794--back in the Prussian army, won honors in putting
down Kosciuszko’s Polish uprising. Later developed
Prussia’s light infantry and the tactic of skirmishing
✦ 1806-fought ably in the disastrous Jena campaign
✦ 1807-after Tilsit, led in the reorganization of Prussia’s
army. Became commander of the contingent Prussia was
forced to send on the Russian campaign
Johann David Ludwig Graf Yorck von Wartenburg
1759 - 1830
24. Prussian Traitor or Patriot?
✦ his father was an army officer under Frederick the Great
✦ the family were Kashubians from Pomerania
✦ 1772-joined Frederick’s army but cashiered after 7 years
for criticizing his superior’s recruiting methods. Served
in the Dutch and French armies until Frederick’s death
✦ 1794--back in the Prussian army, won honors in putting
down Kosciuszko’s Polish uprising. Later developed
Prussia’s light infantry and the tactic of skirmishing
✦ 1806-fought ably in the disastrous Jena campaign
✦ 1807-after Tilsit, led in the reorganization of Prussia’s
army. Became commander of the contingent Prussia was
forced to send on the Russian campaign
✦ December 1812-after it became clear that the campaign
Johann David Convention of Tauroggen
The Ludwig Graf Yorck von Wartenburg
was doomed, he changed sides
30 December 1812
1759 - 1830
✦ he began Prussia’s shift to the Sixth Coalition
25. Since Jena, the regenerating political activities of the statesman Stein, the
military reforms of Scharnhorst, the patriotic cultural influence of Arndt and
Körner, and the pervasive, secret power of the Tugendbund or League of
Virtue, had between them produced an entirely new popular atmosphere, and
by 1813 Prussia was ripe for revolt. The fact was amply demonstrated when
the Provincial Assembly of East Prussia---without reference to Berlin---
declared its support for General Yorck and announced its defiance of
Napoleon. So widespread became this defiant mood that the monarchy was
compelled to follow suit. In late February the Convention of Kalisch between
Prussia and Russia was secretly ratified; by it Prussia promised to enter the
war on the side of the Allies in the very near future...while Russia undertook
to see that Prussia would be restored to her pre-1806 boundaries. The Tsar
guaranteed to provide 150,000 soldiers; Frederick William to field at least
80,000 more.
Chandler, pp. 870 & 872
26. The prospect of continued war appalled the states of the Confederation of the
Rhine. They had pledged Napoleon loyalty; in return, he had increased their
territory and prestige (at the expense of Austria and Prussia), and left their
internal affairs alone. But now the Russians were moving westward, while
Yorck’s and Schwarzenberg’s defections hinted that Prussia and Austria were
about to again switch sides. Prussian “liberation,” Russian occupation, and
French vengeance seemed equally dreadful. Eventually, each did what
seemed safest. Baden, Hesse, Nassau, Westphalia, and Frankfurt---being
under the guns of French fortresses---promptly raised new contingencies for
Napoleon. His country partially overrun, the King of Saxony fled to Bavaria,
ordering his army to remain neutral. At Austria’s urging, Bavaria and
Württemberg considered neutrality.
Esposito & Elting, after MAP 126
27. Krumpersystem und Freikorps
! 1807-Napoleon limited by treaty the Prussian army
to 42,000 men
! late 1812-as his Grande Armée disintegrated, he
authorized a further 33,000. Now these became his
enemies!
Körner ! Scharnhorst had already created a clever ploy to
“beat” the ceiling, the so-called Krumpersystem
! a proportion of the regulars were retired each year,
replaced by recruits who were trained, then placed
in reserve
! February 1813-33,000 reservists were thus produced
Auf Vorposten: Heinrich Hartmann (liegend, links) Theodor ! but the greatest surge would come from the
Körner (sitzend, mitte) und Friedrich Friesen (stehend, rechts) als
Lützower Jäger (Gemälde von Georg Friedrich Kersting 1815) unofficial militias, the Freikorps
28. We will consider this rising tide of German nationalism in more
detail during our next session.
29. The Russians were momentarily exhausted. Happily convinced that he was
truly a military genius, Alexander felt a divine mission to become the liberator
of Europe and the champion of its “legitimate” rulers. At the same time,
strictly in the interests of international justice, he would extend Russia’s
frontiers. Kutusov favored letting England fight France. He had much
popular support, and temporarily restrained Alexander.
Esposito & Elting, after MAP 126
30. Once the Grand Army had retreated across the Niemen River Kutusov had
halted his advance owing to casualties and a high sickness rate from lack of
food and cold weather. His army now numbered only around 40,000
effectives (not counting Platov’s Cossacks). Kutusov was old and tired (he
would soon die[ 28 April 1813]), he had done his duty, Russia was free of
enemy, it was time for peace.
Asprey, pp. 286-287
31. England and the “Second American Revolution”
✦ 1 June 1812-President Madison had struggled unsuccessfully to keep his “War Hawk” wing of
the (Jeffersonian) Republican party under control. They almost declared war on France as well
as Britain!
✦ Lord Liverpool’s government had just been formed after the assassination of his predecessor
✦ now Britain had to divide her meager land forces between Wellington’s Peninsular War and the
defense of her North American and Caribbean possessions
✦ her overwhelming naval superiority would soon limit US ability to interfere with her commerce
as well as producing a crushing blockade of our commerce (New England almost seceded in
1814)
✦ 1813-due to this Second Front, Britain could only contribute her financial and diplomatic
resources to the Sixth Coalition (beyond her very important Spanish offensive)
✦ in North America, Britain’s Indian allies, the Canadian militia, supported by a modest number
of British regular units, soon put the American forces on the defensive except on Lake Erie
✦ December 1814-with Napoleon gone, having abdicated in April, Britain turned her full fury on
the “impudent Yankees,” drove our navy from the seas, burned DC and was preparing to
conquer New Orleans when we sued for peace on the basis of status quo ante bellum
34. With Blücher massing around Dresden, the Elbe River was no longer a tenable line of defense.
Eugene therefore swung his right flank behind the lower Saale River. He had neither held as
much ground nor gained as much time as Napoleon had desired, but he had built up an
effective army and now occupied a strong position.
EUGENE
Vi
st
ul
a
Ri
Od
ve
e rR
r
i ve
Sa Elb r
a le R eR
ive ive
r r
35. With Blücher massing around Dresden, the Elbe River was no longer a tenable line of defense.
Eugene therefore swung his right flank behind the lower Saale River. He had neither held as
much ground nor gained as much time as Napoleon had desired, but he had built up an
effective army and now occupied a strong position.
EUGENE
Wittgenstein … linked up with
Vi
Blücher. Nevertheless, the Allies found
st
ul
themselves considerably overextended.
a
Ri
Od They had to leave detachments to
ve
e rR besiege the various Polish and German
r
i ve
Sa Elb r fortresses, and Kutusov (now dying)
a le R eR stubbornly held most of the Russian
ive ive
r r army at Kalish. On 19 April came a
rumor that Napoleon was advancing
36. Russia’s General VEET•gen•SHTAYN
! descended from a medieval family from the
Rhineland whose lands (since the 1300s!) were lost
in 1792 to France, then given to the Grand Duchy
of Hesse Darmstadt in 1806 (Rheinbund)
Sayn and Wittgenstein ca. 1450
37. Russia’s General VEET•gen•SHTAYN
! descended from a medieval family from the
Rhineland whose lands (since the 1300s!) were lost
in 1792 to France, then given to the Grand Duchy
of Hesse Darmstadt in 1806 (Rheinbund)
! 1769-born near Kiev in the Ukraine. His family had
been military service nobility to the tsars since Peter
the Great
! 1793-fought Kosciuszko as a major of a Ukrainian
light cavalry regiment
! 1805-a major general at Austerlitz; 1806, fought the
Turks; 1807, fought Napoleon at Friedland
Ludwig Adolph Peter, Prince Wittgenstein
! 1812-defended St. Petersburg in the 1st & 2nd
battles of Polotsk. Awarded the Cross of St George (Pyotr Khristianovich Wittgenstein) (German:
Ludwig Adolph Peter Fürst zu Sayn-Wittgenstein Russian:
Пётр Христиа́нович Ви́тгенштейн)
! 1813-age 44, takes command of the Russian army 1769 - 1843
after the death of Kutusov
38. Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher
Fürst von Wahlstatt *
German pronunciation:
[ˈɡɛphaɐ̯t ˈleːbəʁɛçt fɔn ˈblʏçɐ]
1742 – 1819
39. ! 1658-began as a Swedish hussar (age 16). Born in
Rostock, Mecklenburg, just west of Swedish
Pomerania
During the Napoleonic Wars, the Prussian general
Prince Blücher defeated a French army under
Marshal Macdonald at the Katzbach, a small river
in the Battle of Katzbach on 26 August 1813. In
honor of this victory Blücher received the title
Prince of Wahlstatt on 3 June 1814.
40. ! 1658-began as a Swedish hussar (age 16). Born in
Rostock, Mecklenburg, just west of Swedish
Pomerania
! captured during the Seven Years War, he “turned his
coat” and became a hussar for Frederick the Great
! In peace, however, his ardent spirit led him into excesses of
all kinds, such as mock execution of a priest suspected of
supporting Polish uprisings in 1772. Due to this, he was
passed over for promotion to Major. Blücher sent in a rude
letter of resignation, which Frederick the Great granted in
1773: Der Rittmeister von Blücher kann sich zum Teufel
scheren (Cavalry Captain von Blücher can go to the devil)
! 1789-received the Pour le Mérit (the Blue Max)
! 1801-made general (age 59)
During the Napoleonic Wars, the Prussian general
Prince Blücher defeated a French army under
Marshal Macdonald at the Katzbach, a small river ! 1806-fought at Jena-Auerstadt, ably, but outnumbered
in the Battle of Katzbach on 26 August 1813. In
honor of this victory Blücher received the title
Prince of Wahlstatt on 3 June 1814. ! during the “humiliation” became leader of the Patriots
41. ! 1658-began as a Swedish hussar (age 16). Born in
Rostock, Mecklenburg, just west of Swedish
Pomerania
! captured during the Seven Years War, he “turned his
coat” and became a hussar for Frederick the Great
! In peace, however, his ardent spirit led him into excesses of
all kinds, such as mock execution of a priest suspected of
supporting Polish uprisings in 1772. Due to this, he was
passed over for promotion to Major. Blücher sent in a rude
letter of resignation, which Frederick the Great granted in
1773: Der Rittmeister von Blücher kann sich zum Teufel
scheren (Cavalry Captain von Blücher can go to the devil)
! 1789-received the Pour le Mérit (the Blue Max)
! 1801-made general (age 59)
"Marschall Vorwärts"
(1863)
! 1806-fought at Jena-Auerstadt, ably, but outnumbered
! during the “humiliation” became leader of the Patriots
42. Bonaparte’s Strategic Plan for 1813
What use did Napoleon think to make of [the] considerable armament [built
up after his failure in Russia]? For some time a master plan had been
formulating in his mind, and although circumstances made it impossible to
put it into execution it is important to grasp its main outlines [emphasis
added] as the Emperor never completely forgot it….
Chandler, p. 875
44. The Master Plan
✦ “...press back over the Elbe and
march on Berlin
BERLIN
45. The Master Plan
✦ “...press back over the Elbe and
march on Berlin
✦ “...establish the seat of war between
the Elbe and the Oder, moving under HAMBURG
the protection of the fortresses of
Torgau, Wittenberg, Magdeburg and
Hamburg BERLIN
MAGDEBURG
WITTENBERG
TORGAU
46. The Master Plan
✦ “...press back over the Elbe and
march on Berlin
DANZIG
✦ “...establish the seat of war between THORN
the Elbe and the Oder, moving under HAMBURG
the protection of the fortresses of MODLIN
Torgau, Wittenberg, Magdeburg and
Hamburg BERLIN
MAGDEBURG
Vistula River
WITTENBERG
✦ “if circumstances permitted he would TORGAU
then relieve the fortresses besieged on
the Vistula--Danzig, Thorn and
Modlin
✦ “If this vast plan succeeded, it could
be hoped that the coalition would be
disorganized and that all the princes
of Germany would confirm their
fidelity and alliances with France.”
Montholon, Mémoires de Napoléon, quoted in Chandler, Ibid.
47. The Constraining Circumstances
(1)Napoleon considered that he needed 300,000 men to make the plan foolproof,
and by April his numbers were still far below that figure.
(2)He doubted whether the raw material of his new forces would be capable of
much sustained marching.
(3)His reliance on the assistance of the Confederation of the Rhine and the south
German states proved overoptimistic, for both Saxony and Bavaria proved
understandably hesitant.
(4)The enemy was still advancing in the Dresden area, and there would not be
sufficient French troops available to assure the Saale line if the Army of the
Main set out on its ambitious project.
Chandler, p. 876
48. Blücher and Wittgenstein...began shifting into closer contact. They knew they would be
outnumbered, and could see only two courses of action: to retire behind the Elbe… , or to attack
BERLIN
Napoleon when he advanced across the Saale….if they could catch [him] astride the steep-banked
Saale, they might be able to destroy his leading corps. East of the river the terrain was open,
favoring their superiority in cavalry (four to one) and artillery (almost two to one). Their well-
trained, now largely veteran soldiers should be individually and collectively superior to the French
conscripts.
Oder River
LEIPZIG
DRESDEN
Saale River
Elbe River
LEIPZIG CAMPAIGN
Situation 25 April 1813, and
Concentrations Prior to the Battle of
Lützen
10 0 10 20 30
MILES
49. BERLIN
With Kutusov dying, Alexander decreed
Oder River
that the overall command should go to
Wittgenstein, the youngest of the ranking
LEIPZIG generals in both armies. Blücher was
agreeable, but Tormassov and Miloradovich
asserted their seniority. Lacking character
DRESDEN enough to discipline them, Alexander placed
them under his personal command, leaving
Wittgenstein only his own corps, the
Saale River Prussians and Winzengerode.
A hot Allied debate over future plans
ended in quick decision when Napoleon was
reported to be in Weissenfels. The Allies
began assembling between Leipzig and
Elbe River
LEIPZIG CAMPAIGN
A l t e n b u r g . I f N a p o l e o n ’s a d v a n c e
Situation 25 April 1813, and continued, they would advance on Lützen to
Concentrations Prior to the Battle of
Lützen strike his right flank. In the ensuing
10 0 10 20 30 confusion, Bülow was left without orders.
MILES
50. (1) Lauriston’s corps drives Kleist out
of Leipzig
(2) Winzegorode, Yorck and Blücher
attack Ney, who is retreating on
Lützen to “bait the trap”
(3) Napoleon springs the trap with a
double envelopment. Marmont’s
Grande Batterie devastates
(4) Wittgenstein counterattacks
(5) Napoleon puts in the Guard,
driving the Allies from the field
Wittgenstein and Blücher were in danger of suffering
another defeat on the scale of Austerlitz, but the green
and exhausted French troops, who had been marching
and fighting all day long, could not follow through. In
addition, darkness was closing in as night approached.
This allowed the allied force to retreat in good order.
The lack of French cavalry meant there would be no
pursuit.
Wikipedia
51. Napoleon reached the field at 2:30 P.M. He
found the situation critical. Ney’s weary and
shaken corps was on the point of dissolution,
while Marshal Bertrand had halted his advance
a g a i n s t B l ü c h e r ’s l e f t o n d i s c o v e r i n g
Milodoradovich approaching Zeitz. Marmont,
too, was hard pressed by the Allies. It was a
moment calling for personal leadership---and
Napoleon proved more than equal to the
occasion. Riding among the wavering conscripts,
the Emperor exhorted and cajoled them back
into their ranks and then repeatedly led them up
toward the enemy. The effect of his presence was
almost magical. New confidence and resolution
flooded back into his troops. “This was probably
the day, of his whole career, on which Napoleon
< LUTZEN
incurred the greatest personal danger on the field
of battle,” recorded Marmont. “He exposed
himself constantly, leading the men of defeated
IIIrd Corps back to the charge.” From all sides
rang cries of “Vive l’Empereur!” “Hardly a
wounded man passed before Bonaparte without
saluting him with the accustomed vivat. Even
those who had lost a limb, who would in a few
hours be the prey of death, rendered him this
homage.”
< ZEITZ Chandler, p. 884
52. BATTLE OF LUTZEN BATTLE OF LUTZEN
Situation About 1100, 2 May 1813 Situation About 1830, 2 May 1813
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
53. BATTLE OF LUTZEN BATTLE OF LUTZEN
Situation About 1100, 2 May 1813 Situation About 1830, 2 May 1813
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
The Allies went hurriedly to the
rear….Lacking cavalry, Napoleon could not
pursue effectively.
French losses seem to have been
approximately 20,000; Allied, 20,000. Though
the effective Allied propaganda system claimed
that Napoleon had been completely surprised
and practically defeated, the legend of
Napoleonic invincibility was largely re-
established.
Esposito & Elting, MAP 129
54. Soldiers, I am pleased with you!
You have fulfilled my hopes! In a
single day you have overturned all
these murderous conspiracies. We
shall throw these Tartars back to
their dreadful country that they
ought not to have left. Let them stay
in their frozen deserts, home of
slavery, barbarism and corruption
where man is reduced to the level of
a beast.
--Napoleon--
3 May 1813
56. Leaving Ney’s crippled corps at Lützen to reorganize, Napoleon followed (0300, 3 May)
the Allied retreat….having the initiative and superior forces, on 4 May he began forming
a second army...under Ney. Initially, Ney would secure Torgau...and raise the siege of
Wittenberg. Concurrently, he would constitute a potential threat to Berlin, which--
Napoleon hoped--would cause the Prussians to break away northward. In that case, the
Emperor should be able to destroy the Allies in detail; in the meantime, he would
continue his drive on Dresden. (30,000)
(84,000)
Lützen
(96,000)
(115,000)
57. (30,000)
On 7 May, the Allies began recrossing the Elbe.
Russian attempts to destroy the Dresden bridges were
(84,000)
bungled, the French advance guard capturing a good
many pontons.
Lützen
(96,000)
DRESDEN (115,000)
58. BERLIN
(30,000)
(84,000)
Lützen
(96,000)
DRESDEN (115,000) Breslau
…(9 May), in a brilliant, surprise assault crossings, utilizing
captured pontons and the wreckage of a stone bridge,
Napoleon seized two bridgeheads on the east bank at
Dresden. The Allies, already worried by Ney’s activities,
withdrew tamely.
After much squabbling (the Prussians wanted to cover
Berlin; the Russians, Breslau and Warsaw), the Allies
decided to attempt another battle before retreating behind
the Oder River. A strong position east of Bautzen was
selected, and Russian engineers were sent ahead to prepare
it.
59. BERLIN
(30,000)
(84,000)
Bautzen
Lützen
(96,000)
DRESDEN (115,000) Breslau
…(9 May), in a brilliant, surprise assault crossings, utilizing
captured pontons and the wreckage of a stone bridge,
Napoleon seized two bridgeheads on the east bank at
Dresden. The Allies, already worried by Ney’s activities,
withdrew tamely.
After much squabbling (the Prussians wanted to cover
Berlin; the Russians, Breslau and Warsaw), the Allies
decided to attempt another battle before retreating behind
the Oder River. A strong position east of Bautzen was
selected, and Russian engineers were sent ahead to prepare
it.
60. Deutsch: Schlacht bei Bautzen 1813. Napoleon auf einem weißen Pferd, umgeben von seinen Offizieren, empfängt einen Boten.
English: Battle of Bautzen (1813). Napoleon on white horse surrounded by his officers, receives a messenger.
61. Wittgenstein drew his men up in two strong defensive lines along a 10-kilometre front, with strongpoints in
villages and along ridges.
By the 19th, Bonaparte had set up his plan to pin the enemy to their lines and then bottle them up with
Ney's men but, concerned that the Prusso-Russians had more men on the field than they actually had, the
emperor would not spring his trap until they had been softened up.
The next day the attack began around midday. Hours of heavy fighting saw the French overpowering the
first defensive lines and seizing the town of Bautzen itself.
By nightfall, the French were ready to cut the defenders off from their line of retreat but Ney became
confused and his faulty positioning left the door open for the Allies to escape.
Fighting on the 21st was hard and after several hours the initial success of the renewed French attacks
began to lose impetus.
Again Ney became distracted by tactical matters - the seizing of the village of Preititz - and lost sight of the
strategic importance of his sealing the Allies in.
By 4pm, however, the Prusso-Russians were being pushed back and when the Imperial Guard was sent in
they began an all-out retreat.
While Bautzen was a success for Bonaparte it was not a decisive result. Both armies lost some 20,000 men
but Ney's failure to cut the line of retreat robbed the French of complete victory.
http://www.napoleonguide.com/battle_bautzen.htm
62. ! the Blöserwasser is a marshy stream running
through the Allied positions before joining
the Spree
! the Allies planned to contain Napoleon’s
attack; then to counterattack, envelop his left
flank, and drive him into the mountains along
the Austrian frontier
Blöserwasser
63. ! the Blöserwasser is a marshy stream running
through the Allied positions before joining
the Spree
! the Allies planned to contain Napoleon’s
attack; then to counterattack, envelop his left
flank, and drive him into the mountains along
the Austrian frontier
! Napoleon’s main concern was to fix and
distract the Allies long enough for Ney’s
enveloping maneuver (which could not be
delivered in strength before 21 May) to
develop
Blöserwasser
64. ! the Blöserwasser is a marshy stream running
through the Allied positions before joining
the Spree
! the Allies planned to contain Napoleon’s
attack; then to counterattack, envelop his left
flank, and drive him into the mountains along
the Austrian frontier
! Napoleon’s main concern was to fix and
distract the Allies long enough for Ney’s
enveloping maneuver (which could not be
delivered in strength before 21 May) to
develop
Blöserwasser
! the Allied position being too strong for a
frontal attack, he spent the morning of the
20th maneuvering his left and center into
their assault positions
! 1200- the French artillery opened heavily
! 1500-Oudinot confirmed the tsar’s fears by
driving deep into the ridges on the Allied left
! 1700-Macdonald and Marmont pinched out
Bautzen, forcing Miloradovich to retire
65. r
ve
Ri
e
re
Sp
SYMBOL FOR MARSHY GROUND
BATTLE OF BAUTZEN BATTLE OF BAUTZEN
Situation Early 20 May 1813 and Situation at Noon 21 May 1813, Allied
Advance of Napoleon’s Forces Prior to Dark Routes of Withdrawal and French Pursuit
66. For the 21st, Napoleon ordered Oudinot to attack
vigorously at daybreak, so as to distract all possible
enemy troops. Macdonald would support him;
Marmont and Soult would stand ready to extend
Ney’s attack. Ney would seize Dresha, then
r
ve
advance toward Weissenberg. Subsequent
Ri
e
developments are difficult to unravel.
re
Sp
BATTLE OF BAUTZEN BATTLE OF BAUTZEN
Situation Early 20 May 1813 and Situation at Noon 21 May 1813, Allied
Advance of Napoleon’s Forces Prior to Dark Routes of Withdrawal and French Pursuit
67. Ney energetically snarled the situation….Despite
splendid fighting, Blücher and Yorck were steadily
driven in, Maison penetrating southward through
Plieskowitz.
However, Kleist managed to drive the DRESHA
r
unsupported Souham back on Gleina, and Ney lost
ve
Ri
his remaining wits….Almost trapped, but keeping
e
re
Sp
their men under tight control, Blücher and Yorck
slipped out past Ney.
WEISENBERG
BATTLE OF BAUTZEN BATTLE OF BAUTZEN
Situation Early 20 May 1813 and Situation at Noon 21 May 1813, Allied
Advance of Napoleon’s Forces Prior to Dark Routes of Withdrawal and French Pursuit
68. DRESHA
r
ve
Ri
e
re
Sp
Pleading lack of cavalry, Ney hesitated to pursue….
Hoping to retrieve Ney’s failure, at 1600 Napoleon WEISENBERG
thrust at the Allied center with the Guard and
Latour-Maubourg, but the Allies were already
withdrawing in good order. Each side had lost
approximately 20,000 men; Napoleon’s only
trophies were wrecked guns and wounded
prisoners. He had planned an annihilating hammer
blow, but, because of Ney’s blunderings, had won
only an ordinary victory.
Esposito and Elting, MAP131
BATTLE OF BAUTZEN BATTLE OF BAUTZEN
Situation Early 20 May 1813 and Situation at Noon 21 May 1813, Allied
Advance of Napoleon’s Forces Prior to Dark Routes of Withdrawal and French Pursuit
69. Why did the Emperor agree to an armistice after he had won two important
battles and had the enemy on the run? Scores of his detractors, following
Baron Jomini’s malicious lead, have gleefully pointed out that, such was the
deplorable state of the allied forces, had he continued his pursuit...he would
have won his “decisive victory” to finish the war.
Whew!
The Allies had indeed suffered heavy casualties but the reverse side of the
coin was that ample reinforcements would soon fill the gaps….Defeat had
resulted in retreat, not rout…..
And the French army? Notwithstanding inspired and incredibly brave
battle performances the cost in men, horses, weapons, ammunition and
materiel had been heavy. Time was necessary to repair the damage and rest
the troops. Above all Napoleon desperately needed more horses….Without
the tactical impetus provided by trained cavalry and fast-moving artillery
Napoleon was unlikely ever to find that elusive “decisive battle.”
Asprey, pp. 304-305
70. Even supposing his army was
combat-ready [on 4 June] which it
was not, an end-play around the
enemy’s right at Schweidnitz would
have been not only a formidable but a
dangerous undertaking.
Asprey, p. 305
at the beginning of
the armistice
4 June
71. Even supposing his army was
combat-ready [on 4 June] which it
was not, an end-play around the
enemy’s right at Schweidnitz would
have been not only a formidable but a
dangerous undertaking. Schweidnitz
Asprey, p. 305
at the beginning of
the armistice
4 June
72. I want peace which is of more
concern to me than to anyone else…
but I shall not make either a
dishonorable peace or one that
would bring an even more violent
war within six months.
--Napoleon to General Savary
Dresden
12 June 1813
74. ✦ Napoleon was well aware that he couldn’t count on his
south German allies and especially his father-in-law
Francis, the emperor of Austria
✦ “...Napoleon was not dealing so much with the
Austrian emperor as with a very shrewd, cunning,
unscrupulous and altogether nasty piece of work
named Klemens von Metternich”-Asprey, p. 306
✦ 26 June-at Dresden, Metternich, Austria’s 40-year-old
foreign minister, maintaining the façade of neutrality,
offered his services as peacemaker
✦ his terms: in return for peace, France must agree that
✦ the Grand Duchy of Warsaw be given to Russia
✦ Prussia gets her 1806 boundaries, including the fortress of
Danzig
✦ the Confederation of the Rhine be dissolved
✦ Austria would get Dalmatia (the “Yugoslav” coast),
Salzburg and Tyrol, and the Venetian provinces Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich
Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Fürst von Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein
1773 – 1859
75. Napoleon was understandably furious--if this was the result of his
winning two important battles, what would have been the result had he
lost them? “Everything makes me think that Austria...would like to
profit from [present] circumstances to recover her losses in recent
wars….It appears...she had deployed 60,000-80,000 soldiers at Prague.”
As one result he was forming a large corps at Würzburg under Marshal
Augereau’s command.
Asprey, pp.307-308
76. at the beginning of
the armistice
4 June
< AUGEREAU
PRAGUE
at the end of the armistice
16 August
77. BERLIN
The Emperor appears to have formulated his
plan of action only shortly before the reopening
of the campaign. Eventually he conceived of a
two-part plan. ...the French army would be
generally divided into two wings. The larger
(numbering the 200,000 men...would adopt a OUDINOT
strategic defensive based upon the Saxon capital at the beginning of
of Dresden….Dresden itself, with its great the armistice
depots and camps, formed the kingpin of the 4 June
entire system…. The second part of the army
was entrusted to Oudinot, he was given
command over almost 120,000 men...this force
was intended to launch a heavy attack
northward against Berlin and thereafter tackle
Bernadotte’s army.
In this scheme we can detect traces of the
original master plan of April, as well as a DRESDEN
vindictive desire to see a disloyal monarch and a
treacherous ex-marshal heavily punished.
Chandler, p. 902
at the end of the armistice
16 August
78.
79. “[Napoleon] suddenly realized that a golden opportunity to rout the
Army of Bohemia was presenting itself. With almost all his forces
drawn up to the south of Dresden, Schwarzenberg was exposing
his communications to a sudden blow through Königstein and
Pirna.
op. cit, p. 904
80.
81. “If this plan was to succeed it was vital that:
1) St Cyr should continue to defy and pin the
Allies at Dresden until Napoleon’s master stroke
could fully develop
2) It was also important that Macdonald should
succeed in keeping Blücher fully occupied away to
the east,
3) and that Oudinot should continue to dominate
Bernadotte to the south of Berlin.
“In the event, however,complications arose on all these sectors
which eventually ruined the plan’s implementation.”
op. cit, p. 905
82.
83.
84.
85.
86. Day Two
The Allied plan for the battle on the 27th was to mass two thirds of their strength in the center,
leaving generals Bianchi and Wittgenstein with approximately 25,000 apiece to hold the left and
right wings respectively.
87. Day Two
For his part, Napoleon was planning a holding action in the center and a double envelopment of
the enemy flanks...
88. Day Two
For his part, Napoleon was planning a holding action in the center and a double envelopment of
the enemy flanks...
89. Day Two
The French attack on the right opened at six in the morning.
[It] quickly drove Wittgenstein’s sodden and dispirited troops
out of the Blasewitz woods and began to bend back the right of
the Allied line.
90. Day Two
Murat was making famous progress on the other flank. Bianchi
proved incapable of withstanding the fury of Marshal Victor’s
attack; his line broke, and a large part of his command found…
their backs to the swollen Weisseritz….As the key bridge at
Plauen had already fallen into French hands, the Allied center
was relegated to the role of helpless spectators as Bianchi’s men
were driven into the river….my midafternoon the Allied left
had ceased to exist. Thirteen thousand prisoners fell into
French hands in the sector, and all the rest of Bianchi’s troops
were dead or scattered.
91. Day Two
Murat was making famous progress on the other flank. Bianchi
proved incapable of withstanding the fury of Marshal Victor’s
attack; his line broke, and a large part of his command found…
their backs to the swollen Weisseritz….As the key bridge at
Plauen had already fallen into French hands, the Allied center
was relegated to the role of helpless spectators as Bianchi’s men
were driven into the river….my midafternoon the Allied left
had ceased to exist. Thirteen thousand prisoners fell into
French hands in the sector, and all the rest of Bianchi’s troops
were dead or scattered.
92. Day Two
Murat was making famous progress on the other flank. Bianchi
proved incapable of withstanding the fury of Marshal Victor’s
attack; his line broke, and a large part of his command found…
their backs to the swollen Weisseritz….As the key bridge at
Plauen had already fallen into French hands, the Allied center
was relegated to the role of helpless spectators as Bianchi’s men
were driven into the river….my midafternoon the Allied left
had ceased to exist. Thirteen thousand prisoners fell into
French hands in the sector, and all the rest of Bianchi’s troops
were dead or scattered.
93. Day Two
However, the battle in the center was not
going so well for the severely
outnumbered St. Cyr and Marmont.
Three assaults failed...and when Napoleon
rode back to Dresden at 4:00 P.M. he
fully anticipated a third day’s fighting on
the morrow.
94. Day Two
The Allied commanders, however, had
experienced enough….a cannonball
narrowly missed the Tsar Alexander, and
this narrow escape dampened what little
ardor the Allied high command could still
muster….Accordingly, orders were issued
for an overnight retreat toward Bohemia.
95. Day Two
Over the two days’ fighting the Allies had
lost some 38,000 men; the French had
emerged lightly with barely 10,000
casualties. It appeared that the legend of
French invincibility had been fully re-
established.
Chandler, pp. 910-911
96. Victory at Dresden, but…
Early on the 28th , French patrols had found nothing at Dresden but a handful of
rear guards facing them. Napoleon had at once set about organizing a pursuit; if
only Vandamme could reach Teplitz ahead of the enemy, the Army of Bohemia
would be hopelessly trapped amid the mountains. However the Emperor was far
from well; furthermore, distressing details of Oudinot’s failure against Bülow on
the 23rd had now reached headquarters. No sooner had these been assimilated
than news of another blow arrived. In complete disobedience of his orders, it
appeared that Macdonald had rashly pushed ahead over the Katzbach
[River]pursuing Blücher…. By the end of the 26th , Macdonald’s army had
suffered a severe and costly defeat (losing 15,000 prisoners and 100 cannon)
completely reversing the strategic situation…. Napoleon’s success at Dresden
was already being overshadowed by the failures of his subordinates on other
sectors. His mind filled with the need to devise new measures to offset these
setbacks, Napoleon returned to Dresden on the afternoon of the 28th , leaving the
pursuit of Schwarzenberg to his underlings.
97. After the Battle of Dresden and Situation
of 30 August During Battle of Kulm
98. “In the absence of the master, the French pursuit of the various columns of the
Allied army proceeded with fair élan but insufficient coordination. As a result
Vandamme’s corps became increasingly isolated….falling back toward Kulm. Here
on the 30th , he suddenly...found himself beset from the rear….with only 32,000
troops...to oppose 54,000 Allies...although over half his men escaped the
commander of 1st Corps and 13,000 of his troops fell into Allied hands….
Chandler, p.912
After the Battle of Dresden and Situation
of 30 August During Battle of Kulm
99. “In the absence of the master, the French pursuit of the various columns of the
Allied army proceeded with fair élan but insufficient coordination. As a result
Vandamme’s corps became increasingly isolated….falling back toward Kulm. Here
on the 30th , he suddenly...found himself beset from the rear….with only 32,000
troops...to oppose 54,000 Allies...although over half his men escaped the
commander of 1st Corps and 13,000 of his troops fell into Allied hands….
Chandler, p.912
KULM
After the Battle of Dresden and Situation
of 30 August During Battle of Kulm
100. OUDINOT
MACDONALD
Situation Evening of 30 Aug 1813 After
Vandamme’s defeat at Kulm
101. In the Allied camp, of course, there was much rejoicing fraught with heartfelt
relief….Thus Dresden joined Lützen and Bautzen on the growing list of
practically valueless French victories.
Chandler, p.912
OUDINOT
MACDONALD
Situation Evening of 30 Aug 1813 After
Vandamme’s defeat at Kulm
102. The Trachtenberg Plan was concocted by Allied commanders [at this point]. The plan
advocated avoiding direct engagement with the French emperor, Napoleon I. This resulted
from fear of the Emperor's now legendary prowess in battle. Consequently the Allies
planned to engage and defeat the French Marshals and Generals separately, and thus
weaken his army while they built up an overwhelming force even he could not defeat. It was
decided upon after a series of defeats and near disasters by the Coalition at Napoleon's
hands at the battles of Lützen, Bautzen and Dresden. The plan ultimately worked and at the
Battle of Leipzig, where the Allies had a considerable numerical advantage, the Emperor
was soundly defeated and driven out of Germany, across the Rhine back into France itself.
The plan was the work of the Austrian chief of staff of the allied coalition, Radetzky.*
Wikipedia
* In whose honor the Radetzky March was named. It will become the military theme song of 19th century Austria.
103. More generally, like Hitler’s from December 1941, Napoleon’s inherent
weaknesses had become more apparent from mid-1813, once he faced
united opposition in the Sixth Coalition, and the Formation of the Seventh
Coalition in 1815 was part of this process. Indeed, war followed politics.
Once Austria, Prussia, Russia and Britain cooperated effectively, as they
did from 1813, Napoleon was rapidly defeated, although his own
inappropriate and indifferently executed strategy in 1813 contributed
greatly to the defeat. The Waterloo campaign was a reprise of the situation
in 1813-1814, Napoleon’s assumption that a military victory could translate
into political success was seriously flawed. It reflected a failure to
understand the general European context as well as the limitations of
French resources and will.
Black, The Battle of Waterloo, p. 152