The document discusses Wellington's first offensive against the French in Portugal during the Peninsular War. It describes Wellington's strategy of remaining firmly on the defensive for the first three years of the war, only fighting when the odds were favorable, in order to prevent the French from concentrating enough forces to defeat his army. It then discusses how the tide turned in 1812 when Napoleon invaded Russia and faced war on two fronts, allowing the Allies to go on the offensive. Within 18 months, the war was won. The document provides strategic context for Wellington's early cautious approach and later ability to shift to offense once Napoleon's position was weakened.
The Napoleonic era is one of the most studied and romanticized periods of history. Personified by
Napoleon Bonaparte himself, the years between 1800 and 1815 were full of colour, glory, and grandeur.
Napoleon captured the age, both in reality and in spirit. His Grande Armée's seemingly endless
variety of uniforms whether magnificent full dress or practical field gear-was a fitting background to his
career.
Napoleonic Uniforms is the only reference of its kind to depict accurately the entire Grande Armée in
detail. This two volume work portrays the French armies as seen by their contemporaries, and combines
authoritative text with lavish illustrations, enabling the reader to experience the spectacle first hand.
Napoleonie Uniforms also depicts the various types of soldiers within selected regiments of the
Grande Armée - officers, sergeants, color-bearers, bandsmen, drummers and trumpeters, privates, and
surgeons. In addition, the volumes contain material on lesser-known formations such as the A-rmy of
Egypt (1798-1801), the pre-Revolutionary French Army, and Napoleon's police and internal security
organizations.
Nine hundred and eighteen original watercolours by Herbert Knötel, an internationally acclaimed
authority on military uniforms, with a special talent for depicting men and horses in action, bring the
nineteenth-century French soldier to life. Together with Colonel John R. Elting's definitive captions,
they preserve a significant aspect of this famous era for historians, researchers, teachers, students, model
makers, "uniformologists," and the general reader interested in this historical period.
Napoleon's Polish campaign humbled Prussia and Russia. The bloody battle of Eylau ended in a draw, but Friedland was a decisive victory for Napoleon. The Peace of Tilsit left Britain as Napoleon's only opponent. Napoleon instituted the Continental System to strangle Britain economically by closing European ports to British trade. However, this proved his undoing. A Fifth Coalition formed between Britain and Austria. At Wagram, Napoleon avenged an earlier defeat and humiliated Austria once again, reaching the peak of his military power, though at a high cost in casualties.
This document provides an overview of Napoleon's rise to power and the Napoleonic Empire. It discusses several key topics:
1) Napoleon relied on his military victories and glory to maintain his power as leader of France.
2) It examines Britain's naval power under Pitt the Younger and its role in allowing Britain to defeat France by controlling the seas and attacking French colonies.
3) It highlights several of Horatio Nelson's pivotal naval victories, including the Nile in 1798 and Trafalgar in 1805, that helped isolate Napoleon's forces and strengthen Britain's allies against France on land.
Napoleon Part 2, session v The Sixth CoalitionJim Powers
Napoleon was able to rebuild his army after the disastrous Russian campaign of 1812, rearming over 200,000 troops by spring 1813 despite losses of men, equipment, and horses. However, he faced shortages in trained officers and non-commissioned officers to lead the new recruits, as well as horses for cavalry. The new conscripts also lacked proper uniforms, weapons, supplies, and training. Napoleon's rebuilding efforts were further hampered by the defection of Prussian and other German troops and the departure of Marshal Murat, weakening his forces as the campaign against the Sixth Coalition got underway.
Napoleon was born in Corsica to Italian parents. Corsica had been ruled by the Republic of Genoa but sought independence and nationalism under Pasquale Paoli in the late 18th century. However, France took control of Corsica in 1769, forcing Paoli into exile in England. Napoleon's early political thoughts were shaped by Corsican nationalism and the desire for independence from Genoa and later France.
This concludes the life of Napoleon, from the battle of Waterloo to his death on St Helena. The Postscript looks at the fate of his son, the French cult of Bonapartism and the continuing fascination which this man's life continues to evoke.
Napoleon Part 2, session vi VoelkerschlachtJim Powers
This document provides context and details surrounding the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, also known as the Battle of the Nations. It describes Napoleon's strategic considerations and decision to renew his advance toward Berlin in April 1813 despite setbacks, hoping to defeat the Austrian army and draw Prussian and Russian forces north. The document also notes the situation in late April after a French defeat at Kulm, with the Allied armies positioned south and west of Berlin and the French marching east. Napoleon hoped to relieve pressure on the French forces in Berlin and take a central position against the three Allied armies.
The Napoleonic era is one of the most studied and romanticized periods of history. Personified by
Napoleon Bonaparte himself, the years between 1800 and 1815 were full of colour, glory, and grandeur.
Napoleon captured the age, both in reality and in spirit. His Grande Armée's seemingly endless
variety of uniforms whether magnificent full dress or practical field gear-was a fitting background to his
career.
Napoleonic Uniforms is the only reference of its kind to depict accurately the entire Grande Armée in
detail. This two volume work portrays the French armies as seen by their contemporaries, and combines
authoritative text with lavish illustrations, enabling the reader to experience the spectacle first hand.
Napoleonie Uniforms also depicts the various types of soldiers within selected regiments of the
Grande Armée - officers, sergeants, color-bearers, bandsmen, drummers and trumpeters, privates, and
surgeons. In addition, the volumes contain material on lesser-known formations such as the A-rmy of
Egypt (1798-1801), the pre-Revolutionary French Army, and Napoleon's police and internal security
organizations.
Nine hundred and eighteen original watercolours by Herbert Knötel, an internationally acclaimed
authority on military uniforms, with a special talent for depicting men and horses in action, bring the
nineteenth-century French soldier to life. Together with Colonel John R. Elting's definitive captions,
they preserve a significant aspect of this famous era for historians, researchers, teachers, students, model
makers, "uniformologists," and the general reader interested in this historical period.
Napoleon's Polish campaign humbled Prussia and Russia. The bloody battle of Eylau ended in a draw, but Friedland was a decisive victory for Napoleon. The Peace of Tilsit left Britain as Napoleon's only opponent. Napoleon instituted the Continental System to strangle Britain economically by closing European ports to British trade. However, this proved his undoing. A Fifth Coalition formed between Britain and Austria. At Wagram, Napoleon avenged an earlier defeat and humiliated Austria once again, reaching the peak of his military power, though at a high cost in casualties.
This document provides an overview of Napoleon's rise to power and the Napoleonic Empire. It discusses several key topics:
1) Napoleon relied on his military victories and glory to maintain his power as leader of France.
2) It examines Britain's naval power under Pitt the Younger and its role in allowing Britain to defeat France by controlling the seas and attacking French colonies.
3) It highlights several of Horatio Nelson's pivotal naval victories, including the Nile in 1798 and Trafalgar in 1805, that helped isolate Napoleon's forces and strengthen Britain's allies against France on land.
Napoleon Part 2, session v The Sixth CoalitionJim Powers
Napoleon was able to rebuild his army after the disastrous Russian campaign of 1812, rearming over 200,000 troops by spring 1813 despite losses of men, equipment, and horses. However, he faced shortages in trained officers and non-commissioned officers to lead the new recruits, as well as horses for cavalry. The new conscripts also lacked proper uniforms, weapons, supplies, and training. Napoleon's rebuilding efforts were further hampered by the defection of Prussian and other German troops and the departure of Marshal Murat, weakening his forces as the campaign against the Sixth Coalition got underway.
Napoleon was born in Corsica to Italian parents. Corsica had been ruled by the Republic of Genoa but sought independence and nationalism under Pasquale Paoli in the late 18th century. However, France took control of Corsica in 1769, forcing Paoli into exile in England. Napoleon's early political thoughts were shaped by Corsican nationalism and the desire for independence from Genoa and later France.
This concludes the life of Napoleon, from the battle of Waterloo to his death on St Helena. The Postscript looks at the fate of his son, the French cult of Bonapartism and the continuing fascination which this man's life continues to evoke.
Napoleon Part 2, session vi VoelkerschlachtJim Powers
This document provides context and details surrounding the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, also known as the Battle of the Nations. It describes Napoleon's strategic considerations and decision to renew his advance toward Berlin in April 1813 despite setbacks, hoping to defeat the Austrian army and draw Prussian and Russian forces north. The document also notes the situation in late April after a French defeat at Kulm, with the Allied armies positioned south and west of Berlin and the French marching east. Napoleon hoped to relieve pressure on the French forces in Berlin and take a central position against the three Allied armies.
US Navy in WW II; session iv; the struggle for the MedJim Powers
In many ways this battle is the turning point in the European Theater. The story is a real cliffhanger. I also use the visual material in my Annapolis textbook to demonstrate the interpretation of charts and graphs.
Teaching Bible and History half-time, creating during the other half, and during the "third half" studying history and the Bible. Hi! My name is Pete. I am really into my project of creating sound-less PowerPoint presentations of US History, intended for the classroom teacher, the parents of home-schoolers, or the historically obsessed. It takes time to create the lessons, but it’s fun for this old retired teache. I find that narrations are too difficult to fit my lessons. The teacher or viewer should control the speed of the video, stopping/pausing where necessary to amplify, correct, discuss, or criticize. There will be a huge set of lessons on World War II events in depth. There will be a huge set of lessons on the Bible. I trust you will enjoy the lessons as much as I did creating them. Q and A are inserted throughout for fun or annoyance, hopefully for teaching moments and discussions. Should be great for the high school classroom or the home-schoolers. But, I like reading/viewing my own stuff, I think it’s good, I learn….or recall more history with every viewing. Watch for the battles like the first, Island Hopping-the war in the Pacific (WWII).
In January 1918, Woodrow Wilson announced his 14 Points for a potential peace agreement. Throughout the year, the Germans launched several strong offensives in France, making gains but suffering heavy casualties. However, from July onwards Allied counter-attacks began to take the initiative as American troops arrived in larger numbers. Bulgaria agreed to an armistice in September and Turkey sought one in October as the Allied offensives succeeded in breaking through the Hindenburg Line.
The death & demise of a regiment by George Pace BalzanIvan Consiglio
The death & demise of a regiment by George Pace Balzan, Captain George Pace Balzan, recalls his memories of his army service in the 3rd LAA Regiment Royal Malta Artillery from 1941 to 1946.
This document is the beginning of Adolf Hitler's autobiographical manifesto Mein Kampf. It provides background on Hitler's life and upbringing in Austria, his involvement in World War I and the German Labour Party. It also outlines the development of his racist, nationalist ideology and the beginnings of the Nazi movement. The document contains summaries of the two volumes of Mein Kampf and notes on references made in the text.
Sea power 2-session 7-napoleon and nelsonJim Powers
Horatio Nelson and Napoleon Bonaparte were two ambitious military leaders who came to symbolize their respective nations of Britain and France in the late 18th century. In 1798, Bonaparte led a French expeditionary force in invading Egypt, hoping to establish a base to threaten British control of India. Unbeknownst to Bonaparte, the British admiral Nelson was searching the Mediterranean for the French fleet. Nelson's and Bonaparte's fleets narrowly missed encountering each other off the coast of Egypt. Nelson then departed Alexandria, allowing Bonaparte's forces to land unopposed. A few weeks later, Nelson received word of where the French fleet was anchored and prepared for a decisive battle.
The small French village of Cantigny saw one of the most significant battles for American forces in WWI due to its political importance as the first U.S. division-sized offensive, not its military value. Through skilled preparation and execution, American units from the 1st Infantry Division successfully captured Cantigny on May 28-30, 1918 while facing difficulties. This victory helped alleviate Allied doubts about U.S. combat effectiveness and maintained American command autonomy.
This document provides a monthly summary of key events that occurred in 1915 during World War 1. It describes several major battles on the Western Front in France and Belgium between British, French, German, and allied forces. It also summarizes key naval engagements in the Dardanelles campaign against the Ottoman Empire, as well as the beginning of military operations in other theaters like Mesopotamia and East Africa. Political developments in Britain, Italy, and Bulgaria changing alliances are also noted.
The document contains several paintings depicting scenes from World War 2 aerial warfare. The paintings show dogfights between Allied and Axis planes over Europe and the Pacific. They also depict bombing missions targeting German and Japanese naval and ground forces. The level of detail in the paintings helps tell the stories of specific missions and engagements during the war.
The French Revolution began with the meeting of the Estates General in 1789. The Third Estate, representing commoners, demanded equal representation which the King refused. In response, members of the Third Estate formed the National Assembly and took the Tennis Court Oath on June 20th, 1789 to create a new constitution. On August 26th, 1789 the Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man, establishing France as a constitutional monarchy. The storming of the Bastille on July 14th, 1789 marked the start of the Revolution.
The document is a collection of artwork depicting various scenes from World War 2 aviation. It includes paintings showing dogfights between Allied and Axis planes over places like Germany, the English Channel, North Africa and the Pacific. The paintings portray famous pilots and battles like the Dambusters raid and the shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto.
The document summarizes major world events from January to December 1917. Key events include:
1) Germany offering support to Mexico if it attacked the US, which was made public through intercepted communications.
2) The US entering World War I on the side of the Allies after Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.
3) The Russian Revolution in March that overthrew the Tsar and established a provisional government.
4) Continued fighting and battles across multiple fronts in Europe and the Middle East throughout the year between Allied and Central Powers forces.
The document provides an itinerary for a Churchill conference tour focusing on World War 2 battles in France and Belgium from October 17-25, 2011. The tour will include visits to sites related to the D-Day invasion like Portsmouth, as well as key WW2 battles like Mortain, Falaise Pocket, and the Battle of the Bulge. The itinerary provides details on the historical context and significance of locations being visited each day.
The campaign which puts paid to Napoleon's chances for ultimate victory. The Army of England is stymied by the Royal Navy in1803-1805. So Napoleon develops his Grand Design. With negative results.
The document is a collection of artwork depicting various scenes from World War 2 aviation. It includes paintings showing dogfights between Allied and Axis planes over places like Germany, the English Channel, North Africa and the Pacific. The paintings portray famous pilots and battles like the Dambusters raid and the shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto.
The document is a collection of artwork depicting various scenes from World War 2 aviation. It includes paintings showing dogfights between Allied and Axis planes over places like Germany, the English Channel, North Africa and the Pacific. The paintings portray famous pilots and battles like the Dambusters raid and the shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto.
The document summarizes key events and developments in the North African and Mediterranean theaters of World War 2. In North Africa, it outlines the timeline of major battles between Allied and Axis forces from 1940-1943, including Rommel's offensives and the critical Allied victory at El Alamein in 1942. In the Mediterranean, it describes major naval engagements and air operations around Malta and convoy routes. Tank warfare played a pivotal role in North Africa while air and naval power were decisive in the Mediterranean. Control of these regions tied up significant Axis resources and ultimately forced Germany to fight on multiple fronts.
This document provides summaries of 15 paintings depicting scenes from World War 2 aerial combat between Allied and Axis forces. The paintings show dogfights between planes like Spitfires and Messerschmitts, bombing missions targeting ships and infrastructure, and pilots engaging in heroic or historically significant actions. The styles capture pivotal moments across both European and Pacific theaters of the war.
This document provides summaries of 20 World War 2 aviation paintings depicting various scenes from aerial combat between Allied and Axis forces. The paintings depict events such as the Battle of Britain, the bombing of Germany, submarine attacks in the Atlantic, and the Battle of Midway. They show aircraft such as Spitfires, Hurricanes, B-17 bombers, Focke-Wulf 190 fighters, and Japanese carriers being engaged in combat throughout the European and Pacific theaters of World War 2.
During World War 1, the infantry faced immense hardships and sacrifices. Soldiers experienced the
brutal realities of war through horrific conditions in the trenches and intense battles. Meanwhile,
families back home also felt the effects of the war through increased responsibilities as men left to
fight. Women took on new roles while coping with uncertainty. Though marriages increased, the
war had widespread impacts through loss of lives and rising issues like alcoholism. The soldier's
firsthand account highlights the traumatic experiences endured during combat.
The document summarizes the North African campaign of World War 2 between the Allied and Axis forces from 1940 to 1943. It describes the key battles as the forces pushed back and forth across Libya and Egypt, culminating in the Allied victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein in late 1942. This turned the tide and allowed the Allies to take the offensive, invading Tunisia and forcing the surrender of Axis troops in North Africa in May 1943.
The document outlines the rules and regulations for a quiz competition called "Kill Your Enemy". It provides details on how scoring works, such as teams getting +10 points for correctly answering a question they chose or -20 points if they get a question they chose wrong. It also covers the use of multipliers like double, triple or quadruple to increase scores for right answers but also increase negative scores for wrong answers. The document consists of 12 questions related to history and military topics, asking for identification of people, places, events and inventions.
US Navy in WW II; session iv; the struggle for the MedJim Powers
In many ways this battle is the turning point in the European Theater. The story is a real cliffhanger. I also use the visual material in my Annapolis textbook to demonstrate the interpretation of charts and graphs.
Teaching Bible and History half-time, creating during the other half, and during the "third half" studying history and the Bible. Hi! My name is Pete. I am really into my project of creating sound-less PowerPoint presentations of US History, intended for the classroom teacher, the parents of home-schoolers, or the historically obsessed. It takes time to create the lessons, but it’s fun for this old retired teache. I find that narrations are too difficult to fit my lessons. The teacher or viewer should control the speed of the video, stopping/pausing where necessary to amplify, correct, discuss, or criticize. There will be a huge set of lessons on World War II events in depth. There will be a huge set of lessons on the Bible. I trust you will enjoy the lessons as much as I did creating them. Q and A are inserted throughout for fun or annoyance, hopefully for teaching moments and discussions. Should be great for the high school classroom or the home-schoolers. But, I like reading/viewing my own stuff, I think it’s good, I learn….or recall more history with every viewing. Watch for the battles like the first, Island Hopping-the war in the Pacific (WWII).
In January 1918, Woodrow Wilson announced his 14 Points for a potential peace agreement. Throughout the year, the Germans launched several strong offensives in France, making gains but suffering heavy casualties. However, from July onwards Allied counter-attacks began to take the initiative as American troops arrived in larger numbers. Bulgaria agreed to an armistice in September and Turkey sought one in October as the Allied offensives succeeded in breaking through the Hindenburg Line.
The death & demise of a regiment by George Pace BalzanIvan Consiglio
The death & demise of a regiment by George Pace Balzan, Captain George Pace Balzan, recalls his memories of his army service in the 3rd LAA Regiment Royal Malta Artillery from 1941 to 1946.
This document is the beginning of Adolf Hitler's autobiographical manifesto Mein Kampf. It provides background on Hitler's life and upbringing in Austria, his involvement in World War I and the German Labour Party. It also outlines the development of his racist, nationalist ideology and the beginnings of the Nazi movement. The document contains summaries of the two volumes of Mein Kampf and notes on references made in the text.
Sea power 2-session 7-napoleon and nelsonJim Powers
Horatio Nelson and Napoleon Bonaparte were two ambitious military leaders who came to symbolize their respective nations of Britain and France in the late 18th century. In 1798, Bonaparte led a French expeditionary force in invading Egypt, hoping to establish a base to threaten British control of India. Unbeknownst to Bonaparte, the British admiral Nelson was searching the Mediterranean for the French fleet. Nelson's and Bonaparte's fleets narrowly missed encountering each other off the coast of Egypt. Nelson then departed Alexandria, allowing Bonaparte's forces to land unopposed. A few weeks later, Nelson received word of where the French fleet was anchored and prepared for a decisive battle.
The small French village of Cantigny saw one of the most significant battles for American forces in WWI due to its political importance as the first U.S. division-sized offensive, not its military value. Through skilled preparation and execution, American units from the 1st Infantry Division successfully captured Cantigny on May 28-30, 1918 while facing difficulties. This victory helped alleviate Allied doubts about U.S. combat effectiveness and maintained American command autonomy.
This document provides a monthly summary of key events that occurred in 1915 during World War 1. It describes several major battles on the Western Front in France and Belgium between British, French, German, and allied forces. It also summarizes key naval engagements in the Dardanelles campaign against the Ottoman Empire, as well as the beginning of military operations in other theaters like Mesopotamia and East Africa. Political developments in Britain, Italy, and Bulgaria changing alliances are also noted.
The document contains several paintings depicting scenes from World War 2 aerial warfare. The paintings show dogfights between Allied and Axis planes over Europe and the Pacific. They also depict bombing missions targeting German and Japanese naval and ground forces. The level of detail in the paintings helps tell the stories of specific missions and engagements during the war.
The French Revolution began with the meeting of the Estates General in 1789. The Third Estate, representing commoners, demanded equal representation which the King refused. In response, members of the Third Estate formed the National Assembly and took the Tennis Court Oath on June 20th, 1789 to create a new constitution. On August 26th, 1789 the Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man, establishing France as a constitutional monarchy. The storming of the Bastille on July 14th, 1789 marked the start of the Revolution.
The document is a collection of artwork depicting various scenes from World War 2 aviation. It includes paintings showing dogfights between Allied and Axis planes over places like Germany, the English Channel, North Africa and the Pacific. The paintings portray famous pilots and battles like the Dambusters raid and the shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto.
The document summarizes major world events from January to December 1917. Key events include:
1) Germany offering support to Mexico if it attacked the US, which was made public through intercepted communications.
2) The US entering World War I on the side of the Allies after Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.
3) The Russian Revolution in March that overthrew the Tsar and established a provisional government.
4) Continued fighting and battles across multiple fronts in Europe and the Middle East throughout the year between Allied and Central Powers forces.
The document provides an itinerary for a Churchill conference tour focusing on World War 2 battles in France and Belgium from October 17-25, 2011. The tour will include visits to sites related to the D-Day invasion like Portsmouth, as well as key WW2 battles like Mortain, Falaise Pocket, and the Battle of the Bulge. The itinerary provides details on the historical context and significance of locations being visited each day.
The campaign which puts paid to Napoleon's chances for ultimate victory. The Army of England is stymied by the Royal Navy in1803-1805. So Napoleon develops his Grand Design. With negative results.
The document is a collection of artwork depicting various scenes from World War 2 aviation. It includes paintings showing dogfights between Allied and Axis planes over places like Germany, the English Channel, North Africa and the Pacific. The paintings portray famous pilots and battles like the Dambusters raid and the shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto.
The document is a collection of artwork depicting various scenes from World War 2 aviation. It includes paintings showing dogfights between Allied and Axis planes over places like Germany, the English Channel, North Africa and the Pacific. The paintings portray famous pilots and battles like the Dambusters raid and the shooting down of Admiral Yamamoto.
The document summarizes key events and developments in the North African and Mediterranean theaters of World War 2. In North Africa, it outlines the timeline of major battles between Allied and Axis forces from 1940-1943, including Rommel's offensives and the critical Allied victory at El Alamein in 1942. In the Mediterranean, it describes major naval engagements and air operations around Malta and convoy routes. Tank warfare played a pivotal role in North Africa while air and naval power were decisive in the Mediterranean. Control of these regions tied up significant Axis resources and ultimately forced Germany to fight on multiple fronts.
This document provides summaries of 15 paintings depicting scenes from World War 2 aerial combat between Allied and Axis forces. The paintings show dogfights between planes like Spitfires and Messerschmitts, bombing missions targeting ships and infrastructure, and pilots engaging in heroic or historically significant actions. The styles capture pivotal moments across both European and Pacific theaters of the war.
This document provides summaries of 20 World War 2 aviation paintings depicting various scenes from aerial combat between Allied and Axis forces. The paintings depict events such as the Battle of Britain, the bombing of Germany, submarine attacks in the Atlantic, and the Battle of Midway. They show aircraft such as Spitfires, Hurricanes, B-17 bombers, Focke-Wulf 190 fighters, and Japanese carriers being engaged in combat throughout the European and Pacific theaters of World War 2.
During World War 1, the infantry faced immense hardships and sacrifices. Soldiers experienced the
brutal realities of war through horrific conditions in the trenches and intense battles. Meanwhile,
families back home also felt the effects of the war through increased responsibilities as men left to
fight. Women took on new roles while coping with uncertainty. Though marriages increased, the
war had widespread impacts through loss of lives and rising issues like alcoholism. The soldier's
firsthand account highlights the traumatic experiences endured during combat.
The document summarizes the North African campaign of World War 2 between the Allied and Axis forces from 1940 to 1943. It describes the key battles as the forces pushed back and forth across Libya and Egypt, culminating in the Allied victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein in late 1942. This turned the tide and allowed the Allies to take the offensive, invading Tunisia and forcing the surrender of Axis troops in North Africa in May 1943.
The document outlines the rules and regulations for a quiz competition called "Kill Your Enemy". It provides details on how scoring works, such as teams getting +10 points for correctly answering a question they chose or -20 points if they get a question they chose wrong. It also covers the use of multipliers like double, triple or quadruple to increase scores for right answers but also increase negative scores for wrong answers. The document consists of 12 questions related to history and military topics, asking for identification of people, places, events and inventions.
Sea power session 4-glorious revolution and beachy head for pdfJim Powers
The Second Hundred Years War begins as the Glorious Revolution aligns England and the Netherlands against Louis xiv under the same monarch William iii of Orange. Revised version
The document summarizes Napoleon's military campaigns and victories between 1805-1806, including his defeat of the Third Coalition at the Battles of Austerlitz and the establishment of the French-led Rheinbund in Germany. It then discusses Napoleon's victory over Prussia in 1806 at the Battles of Jena and Auerstadt, which led to Prussia joining the Rheinbund alliance under French dominance.
The document provides biographies of historical figures from the Greco-Persian Wars, including Darius I of Persia who established a vast empire and faced revolts, as well as military leaders on both sides such as Leonidas I of Sparta who led a legendary last stand at Thermopylae against Xerxes I's massive invasion force. The Greco-Persian Wars saw the Persian Empire attempt to expand westward by conquering the Greek city-states, but they were resisted in battles such as Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea, deciding the fate of Western civilization.
General George S. Patton was a key leader in World War II known for his role in relieving American forces during the Battle of the Bulge in 1944. Patton exercised disciplined initiative and accepted prudent risk by disengaging divisions from one battle to relieve troops over 100 miles away in Bastogne, turning the tide of the battle. The document discusses Patton's application of mission command principles and the events of the Battle of the Bulge in additional detail.
Similar to Napoleon, Part 2, session iii, Wellington (7)
19 c Europe, Part 1, 1815-1848; General ObservationsJim Powers
The introduction to this twenty-two part series on nineteenth century Europe, 1815-1914. It also describes the college textbook which I have chosen to illustrate and annotate.
19 c Europe, session 1; The Great Powers and the Balance of Power, 1815 1848Jim Powers
Beginning with the Vienna settlement, 1814-15, we follow the efforts of the Concert of Europe to preserve the peace and prevent revolutionary disturbances.
19 c Europe, Part 1, session 2; The Eastern Powers: Absolutism and its Limita...Jim Powers
This document summarizes political developments in Eastern Europe from 1815-1848, focusing on Russia, Prussia, and Austria. It describes how absolutism dominated these states and led to repression of revolutionary and liberal ideas. In Russia, Tsar Alexander I initially promised reforms but failed to deliver, and repression increased under Nicholas I and his minister Arakcheyev. Serfdom remained the dominant economic system, stifling development and leading to peasant revolts. Absolutism sought to maintain control and resist new ideas, as philosophers like de Maistre argued, but change was occurring beneath the surface that would challenge this control.
19 c Europe, part 1, session 3; France: The Restoration and the July MonarchyJim Powers
This document provides an overview of the economic and social organization of France following the Napoleonic era. It discusses how the French Revolution permanently changed France by abolishing the feudal system and creating a more centralized state. Economically, France modernized its agriculture and industries like textiles expanded, while socially the nobility's power declined and the middle class rose politically. The majority of French people remained rural farmers or urban workers who faced difficult living and working conditions.
19 c Europe, session 4; great britain: social unrest and social compromiseJim Powers
This document provides an overview of economic and social conditions in Great Britain following the Napoleonic Wars from 1815 to 1848. It describes the postwar economic depression, the enclosure movement that displaced many rural workers, rising social unrest and violence between 1815-1819 due to high unemployment and poverty. It also discusses the conservative government under Lord Liverpool that took a repressive approach to dealing with unrest rather than reform, and moderate reformers like William Cobbett who advocated for making parliament more representative through legal means.
19 c Europe, Part 2, 1850-1871; General ObservationsJim Powers
Between 1850-1871, industrial production in Europe saw unprecedented growth. The application of machinery to coal mining doubled French coal production and tripled Germany's in ten years. This drove growth in metallurgy, with the introduction of the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes doubling European iron and steel production by 1860. Transportation was also revolutionized through new technologies like screw propellers and compound engines, as well as infrastructure projects like the Suez Canal. Overall, this period saw Europe in the midst of the Industrial Revolution and rapid economic expansion.
19 c Europe, session 2.6; The breakdown of the concert and the crimean warJim Powers
The document summarizes the breakdown of the Concert of Europe and the causes of the Crimean War in the 19th century. It discusses how the revolutions of 1848 weakened the Concert by introducing a new generation of statesmen who were less inclined to restraint and compromise in diplomacy. The Crimean War was briefly fought from 1853 to 1856 between Russia on one side, and an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia on the other. The war resulted from Russia's ambitions to gain territories from the declining Ottoman Empire, and was one of the final conflicts of the Concert system of international relations established after the Napoleonic Wars.
19 c Europe, session 2.9; The German Question, 1850-66Jim Powers
Now we look at the question which had faced Germans since the great upheaval of 1848, should Germany be unified with or without the Austrian Empire. It will be decided in the Seven Weeks War.
19 c Europe, session 2.10; The Reorganization of Europe, 1866-1871Jim Powers
We conclude Part Two of this mid-century survey with Great Britain from Palmerston to Gladstone, Russia under Alexander II, and the showdown between France and Germany.
19 c Europe, Part 3; General ObservationsJim Powers
The document discusses several key developments in 19th century Europe from 1871-1914. It notes that liberalism, which was ascendant in the 1870s, was in retreat by the end of the period as new intellectual tendencies emphasized irrational factors in human behavior. Economic trends also weakened liberal parties and philosophy. New problems from population growth, urbanization, and unemployment crises emerged without a shared faith that reason could solve them, increasing the potential for domestic conflict and international insecurity during this era.
19 c europe, session.3.14; third french republic Jim Powers
The French Republic from humiliating defeat, the Paris Commune, and the end of royalism to republican success and three crises, to the coming of the Great War.
19 c Europe, session 3.15; The Second ReichJim Powers
The document discusses the political structure and development of Germany from 1871 to 1914. It describes how Germany under Bismarck and Wilhelm II had a pseudo-constitutional system where parliamentary processes existed but real power was held by unelected authorities. Under Bismarck from 1871-1890, political parties emerged but had limited power. Wilhelm II's rule from 1890-1914 saw economic growth but a turn toward absolutism that failed to adapt to rising democratic ideals in Europe. This pseudo-constitutional system ultimately contributed to Germany's defeat in World War I.
19 c Europe, session 3.16; Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and TurkeyJim Powers
The document discusses political and social developments in Central and Southeast Europe from 1871-1914. It focuses on the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, describing the rise of nationalist parties in both the Austrian and Hungarian parts. It also examines the Balkan states of Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and the declining Ottoman Empire's role in the Balkans. Key figures and events discussed include the Christian Social Party in Austria, Zionism founder Theodor Herzl, and tensions between Austria-Hungary and the Balkan states that contributed to World War I.
The document discusses economic conditions in Imperial Russia between 1871-1914. It notes that while industry grew during this period, led by the textile and metallurgical industries supporting railway expansion, it did not grow enough to relieve pressure from agricultural overpopulation. Agriculture continued to struggle with low yields due to outdated practices, lack of credit, and the continuation of the commune system. Efforts at reform were sporadic and aimed more at relieving misery temporarily rather than enacting fundamental change, for fear of alienating the landed classes. The condition of the peasantry continued to be one of deepening poverty.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
1. Napoleon
Part Two
session iii
Wellington
Thursday, September 8, 11
2. painted by
Francisco de Goya,
1812-1814
Napoleon
Part Two
session iii
Wellington
Thursday, September 8, 11
3. “If we can maintain ourselves in Portugal,
the war will not cease in the Peninsula, and,
if the war lasts in the Peninsula, Europe will
be saved.”
--Arthur Wellesley,
First Duke of Wellington
Autumn 1809
Thursday, September 8, 11
4. major topics for this session
I. “The Scum of the Earth”
II. Light Infantry Tactics
III. Wellington’s First Offensive
IV. Lines of Torres Vedras
V. Guerrieros
VI. Badajoz
VII. Salamanca
VIII. Vitoria
Thursday, September 8, 11
6. Wellington’s “Appreciation of the Situation”--March 1809
Portugal could be defended by quite a small expeditionary force,
provided that four requirements were met:
1) The Spanish must continue to resist and must support England
2) England must retain command of the seas
3) The expeditionary force must not suffer defeat or undue loss
4) The French must be prevented from concentration 100,000 men against them
It was on the strength of this far-sighted assessment that England’s
main army landed in Portugal in 1809. Wellesley’s strategy throughout
was to ensure that it survived, which was why he remained so firmly on
the defensive for the first three years and took few risks. He fought
when the odds were favorable, and won, and prevented the French from
ever concentrating enough men to defeat him.
Then in 1812, the tide turned. Napoleon, like Hitler, invaded Russia,
and immediately faced the problem of war on two fronts, as well as a
vast coastline to defend against Allied sea-power. In 1812, as in 1942,
the Allies were at last in a position to take the offensive. Eighteen
months later, the war was won.
Julian Paget, Wellington’s Peninsular War, p. 6
Thursday, September 8, 11
7. I. “The Scum of
the Earth”
Thursday, September 8, 11
10. One of the preferred formations for maneuver,
the ‘quarter-distance’ column had the companies
arrayed one behind another, in lines (ranks) two
deep (2-man files) and a gap of five yards
between companies. The frontage was thus
about 20 yards and the depth about 50 yards.
The grenadier company (G) usually led the
battalion, the light company (L) was at the rear,
the color-party (CP) was at the center. Officers
were mounted “in order the more readily to
correct mistakes, to circulate orders...and
especially to take care that when a column halts,
that they are most speedily adjusted before
wheeling up into line. These operations no
dismounted officer can effectually perform, nor
in that situation can he see the faults, or give the
aids which his duty requires.” The commanding
officer, the battalion major, (CO) rides at the
right front of the column, the second-in-
command (2ic) behind him, and the adjutant (A)
at the rear. Each company commander, a
captain, (CC)--only one is identified here--
marched at the center of his company.
INSET- at the rear of a marching company, a
subaltern officer, a sergeant and a drummer
march in the third rank.
Philip Haythornethwaite, British Napoleonic Infantry
Tactics, p. 59
Thursday, September 8, 11
11. 8 Company Column into Line
COLUMN TO LINE
Among drill-masters, Guibert was famous for his ‘column of attack’, even
though it was doubtful that he ever intended it as an assault formation. Its great
virtue was that it allowed a compact column to deploy into line fairly quickly
and easily, and for a line to ploy back again into column with equal ease.
Griffith, p. 11
Thursday, September 8, 11
14. Illustrated here are two varieties of hollow square; we have
placed them in the usual ‘checker’ relationship, adopted so
that each face of any adjacent squares had a clear field of fire.
Thursday, September 8, 11
15. In the foreground is one with fairly uniform sides, with
opposite faces of two and three companies each, about 25 to
30 yards long (depending upon the strength of the battalion).
At the right of the front face--conventionally occupied by No.
4 Company--the rear two ranks are firing by platoon.
Thursday, September 8, 11
16. In the background is an ‘oblong’ about 60 yards by 20 yards,
with the end faces of single-company frontage. As formed
from column, the front and rear companies--each in two
ranks closed up on those immediately behind and in front
respectively, forming ‘ends’ of the square four ranks deep,
while the other six companies in the column wheeled to the
flanks and faced outwards.
Thursday, September 8, 11
17. In the hollow center of the
formation thus created stood the
colors, officers and drummers, and
casualties might be dragged
inside from the ranks. For
example, Rees Gronow of the 1st
Foot Guards described the center
of his square at Waterloo as a
‘perfect hospital’, in which it was
impossible to take a stride without
encountering dead and wounded.
Thursday, September 8, 11
18. Inset 1 Beside a mounted field
officer, whose high viewpoint
allows him to supervise the
integrity of the faces of a square
under fire, drummers remove a
casualty from the ranks. He will
get little treatment, if any, until the
battle is over; the regimental
surgeons normally set up a
dressing post well behind the
fighting line, with the unit’s
baggage and other rear-echelon
personnel.
Thursday, September 8, 11
19. Inset 2 Cross section across the
face of a square, with the two front
ranks kneeling and the rear
standing; note that they are closely
packed, each soldier slightly to one
side of the man in front of him.
Thursday, September 8, 11
23. Private, 95th Rifles
The 95th Regiment was the only regiment in the
British Army to be equipped entirely with Baker
rifles instead of smoothbore muskets…. This
elite unit was not only equipped with rifles but
also received special training [at Shorncliffe
camp under General Sir John Moore] that
emphasized small unit tactics and
marksmanship. Moreover, the small-unit
training of the riflemen created a level of trust
between officers, non-commissioned officers and
other ranks that was unique in the British
Army of that period.
The soldier wears the green tunic that was
distinctive of rifle-armed units, including the 5th
Battalion of the 60th Regiment and the two light
battalions of the King’s German Legion
(KGL). He also carries the Baker rifle…. Its
main disadvantages were that it was slower to
load than the normal musket and was not as
useful in hand-to-hand fighting, since it was
shorter and carried a rather unwieldy sword
bayonet.
Thursday, September 8, 11
24. British Riflemen
✦ 1800-the Baker rifle was developed, a foot shorter than the
Brown Bess musket, and rifled rather than smooth bore
✦ rifling is a series of spiral grooves that impart spin to the ball
Thursday, September 8, 11
25. British Riflemen
✦ 1800-the Baker rifle was developed, a foot shorter than the
Brown Bess musket, and rifled rather than smooth bore
✦ rifling is a series of spiral grooves that impart spin to the ball
✦ both weapon and tactics were derived from the American
Revolution
✦ 1804-the 95th was formed and fought with Wellington from
1808-1815
✦ the Plunkett position, was named for Irish soldier Thomas
Plunkett, remembered for a feat at Cacabelos during
Moore's retreat to Corunna in 1809. Here Plunkett shot the
French Général de Brigade Colbert at a range of between 200
The 95th Regiment of Foot and 600 meters using a Baker rifle. Muskets couldn’t hit a
dark green, faced black man-sized target beyond 50 yards
Thursday, September 8, 11
26. British Riflemen
✦ 1800-the Baker rifle was developed, a foot shorter than the
Brown Bess musket, and rifled rather than smooth bore
✦ rifling is a series of spiral grooves that impart spin to the ball
✦ both weapon and tactics were derived from the American
Revolution
✦ 1804-the 95th was formed and fought with Wellington from
1808-1815
✦ the Plunkett position, was named for Irish soldier Thomas
Plunkett, remembered for a feat at Cacabelos during
Moore's retreat to Corunna in 1809. Here Plunkett shot the
French Général de Brigade Colbert at a range of between 200
The 95th Regiment of Foot and 600 meters using a Baker rifle. Muskets couldn’t hit a
dark green, faced black man-sized target beyond 50 yards
Thursday, September 8, 11
27. From 1802 the Rifle Corps, later the 95th , was
permitted to recruit in the usual way instead of
selecting men from other
regiments….recruitment from the civilian
population...recruiting parties being sent out to
centres of population or country fairs, where
civilians might be persuaded in return for a
substantial cash bounty….Recruiters would ply
likely candidates with alcohol...and it was not
uncommon for men to enlist under the influence,
and then reconsider when sober. Harris recalled
that the first man he enlisted--a chimney-sweep
from Rye-- was thought so likely to run off that
Harris had to sleep in the same bed with him
that night, handcuffed to the recruit.
On such occasions gullible civilians would be
regaled with stories of army life and the promise
of promotion--often exaggerated to the point of
absolute deception--….
COLOUR PLATE COMMENTARY, p. 58
Osprey, British Rifleman, 1797-1815, PLATE D
Thursday, September 8, 11
28. This shows recruits to the 95th receiving
instruction in the use of the Baker rifle. As a
corporal superintends, one man rams the ball
and propellant charge into his rifle (the tight
fit required some pressure to ram it down,
hence the use of the palm or heel of the hand
instead of the fingers), while the other, having
primed his rifle, closes the priming pan and
pulls the hammer or cock back to ‘full cock’
preparatory to firing…. Elsewhere two
riflemen demonstrate preferred positions for
shooting--the rifle sling braced around the left
elbow when standing, or pulled tight by the
left hand when kneeling, with the left elbow
resting upon the left knee. Distinctions for
marksmanship were introduced from an early
period: the lowest standard of marksmen had
black cockades on their shakos, the 2nd class
white, and the best shots green.
COLOUR PLATE COMMENTARY, pp. 58-59
Osprey, British Rifleman, 1797-1815, PLATE E
Thursday, September 8, 11
29. Green Jackets of the KGL
Shown here is a member of the 1st Light
B a t t a l i o n o f t h e K i n g ’s G e r m a n
Legion….As late as 1814 only 60% of the
light battalions were armed with rifles; the
rest had smoothbore muskets….
Also here is a Baker rifle (2) with the
stock cut back to take the awkwardly long
sword bayonet (5) and (5a)
COLOUR PLATE COMMENTARY, p. 59
Osprey, British Rifleman, 1797-1815, PLATE G
Thursday, September 8, 11
30. D: Light Infantry
A move to ‘Fix one general uniform for Rifle Corps,
permitting no other variation than...buttons and
facing’ was being discussed before the formation of
the King’s German Regiment. The fact that they
were clothed in rifle green is a strong indication that
the regiment’s intended role was that of a rifle unit….
D1 Corporal, KGR, 1803 His shako and breastplate
bear the device of the crowned bugle horn, the badge
for rifle units….He is armed with an India pattern
musket...and carries a 32 round pouch, canvas
knapsack, and rolled greatcoat.
D2 Private, 2nd Light Battalion, KGL,
1809 ...carries a 60 round pouch, rolled greatcoat
and India pattern musket.
D3 Officer 1812 Note the continued wearing of the
crowned bugle on his shako, the whistle on his belt,
and the profusion of silver lace on his pantaloons and
Hessian boots
COLOUR PLATE COMMENTARY, p. 46
Osprey, The King’s German Legion (1) 1803-1812, PLATE D
Thursday, September 8, 11
31. E: KGL Light Infantry, Spain 1811
E1 Sergeant-bugler, 2nd Light Battalion He wears
his uniform jacket with ‘night cap’ and ‘nankeen’
trousers. The red collar and cuffs were the mark of a
bugler, as were the padded red-and-green wings.
E2 ‘Sharpshooter’, 1st Light Battalion, ...carries a
60 round pouch, powder horn and sword belt. He is
armed with a rifle of German manufacture.
E3 ‘Sharpshooter’ of a line battalion He too is
armed with a German rifle and sword-bayonet.
COLOUR PLATE COMMENTARY, p. 46
Osprey, The King’s German Legion (1) 1803-1812, PLATE E
Thursday, September 8, 11
34. This scene from the Peninsular War depicts members of the 95th Rifles engaging French light
infantry in a skirmish; it is derived in part from a well-known painting by Denis Dighton. The
riflemen are following two cardinal rules of effective skirmishing… :taking advantage of natural
cover and using aimed fire against selected targets. A feature of Dighton’s painting--and other
contemporary pictures--is the fact that several riflemen depicted have removed their head-
dress, presumably to minimize the target they presented to the enemy. officers are usually
depicted directing the fire of their men, though a few carried rifles themselves.
COLOUR PLATE COMMENTARY, p. 60
Osprey, British Rifleman, 1797-1815, PLATE I
Thursday, September 8, 11
36. Illustrated here is a variation on the ordinary method of skirmishing, known as ‘chain order’.
Used to drive away enemy skirmishers, this tactic employed bodies of men somewhat more solid
than ordinary skirmish lines, and so it was calculated to require a smaller reserve. To form a
chain, three-quarters of the unit were deployed, with the remaining quarter forming the reserve
between 50 and 120 paces to the rear…. The chain was formed of men in groups of four… each
group separated from the next by ten paces. The whole moved forward (the reserve keeping pace
but maintaining its station) until contact was made with the enemy. To engage, the right-hand
man of each group then took three paces forward and fired, before returning to the group,
whereupon the second man did likewise, followed by the third and fourth, by which time the first
man would have reloaded and be ready to begin the process again. Thus a continuous fusillade
was maintained by the chain….In this illustration a chain advances over broken terrain, the men
are taking advantage of natural cover in the usual way, while the remaining one-quarter of the
unit follows in reserve.
COLOUR PLATE COMMENTARY, p. 60
Osprey, British Rifleman, 1797-1815, PLATE H
Thursday, September 8, 11
37. This imaginary scene depicts light infantry,
involving five companies advancing upon
French light infantry defending a village.
Thursday, September 8, 11
38. (1) One company is in extended order, in which
each pair of skirmishers were supposed to be at
least two paces apart. The lead man only fires
when his partner is loaded. Then he falls back
and loads. Officers stand to the rear.
Thursday, September 8, 11
39. They are supported by a company
(2) waiting in open order, the files
are about two feet apart, standing
‘at the trail’ with their officers in
front
Thursday, September 8, 11
40. A third company advances in three bodies; the
leading group (3a) advances in open order, a
support in close order (3b) about 50 yards to
the rear, and a reserve (3c) about 60 yards to
the rear
Thursday, September 8, 11
41. The maintenance of a strong reserve to
reinforce the skirmish line or cover its retreat,
was paramount; thus the presence of another
company at the rear (4) , in close order, with
officers at each end of the front rank.
Thursday, September 8, 11
42. The rifle company (5a) is in ‘chain order,’ with
groups of four men 10 paces apart. One man in
each group advances to fire while the other
three are in various stages of reloading (see
INSET). Again, part of the company (5b) is
held in reserve.
Thursday, September 8, 11
49. Wellesley is unique among generals in that he managed to select the same
sort of ground for most of his major engagements. From [Talavera] down
to Waterloo, he habitually posted his troops behind a low ridge which
protected them from ricocheting cannon balls while compelling the French
columns to advance uphill. A screen of British riflemen was thrown out
along the forward slope to meet the enemy skirmishers on their own terms.
If possible these light troops lingered to harass advancing columns which
were also being subjected to a galling fire of shrapnel shells from the guns
at the rear. At the last moment the sharpshooters fell back, and the two
ranks of infantry met the main French shock with platoon volleys delivered
from 50 to 100 yards. A bayonet counterattack might be ordered if the
columns were sufficiently shaken, and the cavalry waited to pursue a
broken foe.
Montross, pp. 517-518
Thursday, September 8, 11
50. Shrapnel
Although he began to campaign for its adoption in 1784, It took until 1803 for the
British artillery to adopt the shrapnel shell (as "spherical case"), albeit with great
enthusiasm when it did. The Duke of Wellington's armies used it from 1808 in the
Peninsular War and at the Battle of Waterloo, and he wrote admiringly of its
effectiveness.
Wikipedia
Thursday, September 8, 11
51. French 6-company battalion advances up the
slope, the voltigeur company (V) forward as
skirmishers, the 4 line companies (1D & 2D) and
grenadiers (G) in reserve.
the massed drums (Dr) pas de charge
Boom-boom,
Boom-boom, Boomaboom,
Boomaboom, Boom-boom
Vive l’Empereur!
Thursday, September 8, 11
52. All that they can see are the British light
company skirmishers (L), now dividing and
falling back & the field officers (FO) acting as
forward observers--the commander orders the
British battalion forward--INSERT 2
Thursday, September 8, 11
53. As the skirmishers fall back to
either flank, the line companies ,
in two ranks, march forward to
the crest of the ridge. INSERT 1
shows a company commander,
sword, and his sergeant, halberd
Thursday, September 8, 11
54. The British line advances to the crest & delivers 1 or
more volleys. The French only attempt to deploy into line
on the appearance of the British, too late to complete the
maneuver; they are shot down as they attempt to change
formation.
Thursday, September 8, 11
55. The voltigeurs (V) are driven back into the
ruin of the first two companies (1D). The
companies on each flank of the British line
incline inwards the better to deliver enfilading
fire. The British light company (L) has formed
into two bodies on each flank, ready to run
forward again as required.
Thursday, September 8, 11
57. INSERT 2-The front rank at “Present!”
while the rear rank ‘Make Ready!’
Thursday, September 8, 11
58. As the French break
and the British ‘charge
bayonets,’ the French
grenadiers never get a
chance to go into
action.
INSERT 2--the
skirmishers, here the
60th, Royal Americans,
are advantageously
placed to loot the
French casualties.
Thursday, September 8, 11
59. As the French break
and the British ‘charge
bayonets,’ the French
grenadiers never get a
chance to go into
action.
INSERT 2--the
skirmishers, here the
60th, Royal Americans,
are advantageously
placed to loot the
French casualties.
Hence, the origin of the phrase: “The thin red line.”
Thursday, September 8, 11
60. Military Organizer
✦ British soldier and politician, a general in the
British army and a marshal in the Portuguese
army
✦ at Wellington’s recommendation, he was
appointed to command the Portuguese army in
the Peninsula
✦ 1811-his most important independent command
was the bloody battle of Albuera
✦ 1812-with Wellington he fought at Badajoz and
Salamanca
✦ Wellington admired his organizational abilities
more than his generalship and recommended
William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, that Beresford should succeed to command in
1st Marquis of Campo Maior, GCB, GCH, GCTE, the Peninsula should he, himself, be killed
PC
1768 – 1856
Thursday, September 8, 11
61. “...a rough, foul-mouthed devil as ever lived.”--Wellington
✦ a Welsh British army officer “who was
respected for his courage and feared for his
irascible temper”
✦ at Wellington’s request, he was appointed to
command the Third Division in the
Peninsula
✦ At Badajoz, the successful storming of the
fortress was due to his daring self-reliance
in converting the secondary attack on the
castle, into a real one. He was himself
wounded in this terrible engagement, but
would not leave the ramparts, and the day
after, having recently inherited a fortune, he
gave every survivor of his command a
guinea
✦ killed in the Battle of Waterloo while Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Picton GCB
commanding the force which stopped a 1758 – 18 June 1815
critical attack on the British left-center
Thursday, September 8, 11
62. “Daddy” Hill
✦ a trusted brigade, division and corps
commander under Wellington. He became
commander in chief of the British army in
1829
✦ 1793-served at the siege of Toulon and in 1801,
in Egypt
✦ 1808-commanded a brigade at Rolica and
Vimiero
✦ 1809-commanded the 2nd Division at Talavera,
one of the few occasions at which he was
noticed to swear
✦ his care for his troops’ wellbeing earned him
his nickname
General Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill of ✦ 1815-at Waterloo, he commanded II Corps
Almaraz GCB, GCH and led the charge against the Imperial Guard
1772 – 1842 near the end of the battle
Thursday, September 8, 11
63. “Black Bob”
“there was a sullenness which seemed to brood in his innermost soul and generate passions which knew no bounds”- George Napier
✦ a Scottish British army officer
✦ 1799-attaché to General Suvorov in Switzerland
✦ 1807-commanded light troops under Sir John
Moore
✦ 1809-at Wellington’s request, he was appointed to
command the Light Division (43rd, 52nd, and 95th) in
the Peninsula
✦ in trying to bring his division to fight at Talavera, he
set a military march record, 62 miles in 26 hours
✦ his brigade was raised to division strength by the
addition of two picked Portuguese regiments of
Caçadores (hunters)
✦ One of the quickest and most brilliant, if not the
very first, of Wellington's generals, he had a fiery
temper, which rendered him a difficult man to deal
with, but to the day of his death he possessed the Major-General Robert Craufurd
confidence and affection of his men in an 1764 – 23 January 1812
extraordinary degree
Thursday, September 8, 11
66. The Northamptonshire Regiment (the 48th
Regiment of Foot) was raised in 1741. It
was part of the Great Siege of Gibraltar
from 1779-83 and was awarded the Castle
and Key emblem. The most famous Battle
Honour TALAVERA was gained in 1809
during the Duke of Wellington’s campaigns
against the French in the Peninsula. At the
same time they earned the nickname “The
Steelbacks” for their ability to show
complete contempt when being flogged
with the cat-o’-nine tails, then a normal
method of administering punishment in the
Army even for very minor crimes.
http://www.royalanglianmuseum.org.uk/northants.html
Thursday, September 8, 11
67. Talavera
27-28 July 1809
Thursday, September 8, 11
68. Having driven Marshal
Soult's French army
Wellington’s First Offensive There they encountered
46,000 French under
from Portugal,
Marshal Claude Victor,
We l l e s l e y ' s 2 0 , 0 0 0
with the French king of
British troops advanced
Spain, Joseph
into Spain to join 33,000
Bonaparte in nominal
Spanish troops under
command
General Cuesta
The combined Allied
They marched up the
force had a stirling
Tagus valley to Talavera
opportunity to defeat
de la Reina, c. 120 km
the French corps of
southwest of Madrid
Victor at Talavera, but
Cuesta's insistence that
the Spanish wouldn't
fight on a Sunday
provided the French
with their chance to
escape
✦ 27 July-the French attacked in mid-afternoon and initially captured the strategic Medellin Hill, it was taken and lost until,
finally, by dark the British held it firmly. There Wellesley’s 29th & 48th would use his reverse slope tactic the next day
✦ 28 July-the next day, heavy cannonading preceded various infantry and cavalry skirmishes until dark
✦ at daylight, the British and Spanish discovered that the bulk of the French force had retired
✦ August-the unreliable behavior of his Spanish ally and the arrival of Marshal Soult led Duke Wellington of Talavera to
withdraw to Portugal and the Lines of Torres Vedras
Thursday, September 8, 11
69. Silence fell on the field. The French were done, defeated, and the British
had the victory and the field.
And with it the dead and wounded. There were more than thirteen
thousand casualties, but no-one knew that yet…. The wounded cried for
water, for their mothers, for a bullet, for anything other than the pain and
helplessness in the heat. And the horror was not done with them. The sun
had burned relentlessly for days, the grass on the Medellin and in the
valley was tinder dry, and from somewhere a flame began that rippled and
spread and flared through the grass and burned wounded and dead alike.
The smell of roasting flesh spread and hung like the lingering palls of
smoke. The victors tried to move the wounded but it was too much, too
soon, and the flames spread and the rescuers cursed and dropped beside
the fouled Portina stream and slaked their thirst in its bloodied water.
Bernard Cornwell, Sharpe’s Eagle, p. 250
Thursday, September 8, 11
72. George Gordon Noel, Lord Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Google e-Books
Thursday, September 8, 11
73. IV. Lines of Torres
Vedras
Thursday, September 8, 11
74. IV. Lines of Torres
Vedras
Thursday, September 8, 11
75. The next few weeks [of September 1809, after Talavera, Wellington]
spent in riding all over the ‘Lisbon peninsula’, as the hilly quadrilateral
between Lisbon, Torres Vedras, the coast and the Tagus [River] is
called. With him rode his chief engineer, Colonel Richard Fletcher, who
on 20 October received a twenty-one point memorandum full of
references to ‘damming’, ‘redoubts’, ‘barriers’ and ‘signal posts’, and
introduced by a thousand-word essay on how these mysteries would
enable the position they had surveyed to be held against any sweep by
Napoleon’s eagles, winter or summer. It was a classic case of Wellington
seeing for himself; what one of his officers, Sir Harry Smith, was to call
his ‘old practice with the army’. When any problem was reported or
question put to him he would always reply:
‘I will get upon my Horse and take a look; and then tell you!’
The result of these particular rural rides would be seen in due course,
when thirteen months of closely guarded secrets came to an end and
Wellington was ready to astonish the world with his Lines of Torres
Vedras.
Elizabeth Longford, Wellington; The Years of the Sword, pp. 208-209
Thursday, September 8, 11
76. “...one of the finest defensive positions in Europe.”--Julian Paget
The Battle of Bussaco
Print after Major Thomas S. St. Clair, engraved by C. Turner, 1898
Thursday, September 8, 11
77. ! 1810- the Emperor ordered marshal
Massena to drive the British “Leopard”
from Portugal
! he first had to capture the fortress cities
which controlled the only road which
an army could use to enter central
Portugal
! the Spanish garrison of Ciudad Rodrigo
held out until 9 July
! the siege of Almeida ended with the fall
of the Portuguese fortress in August
! Massena’s army of 65,000 found their
way to Lisbon blocked by the 10-mile-
long ridge at Bussaco which was
occupied by 25,000 British and 25,000
Portuguese under the command of the
marquis of Wellington
Thursday, September 8, 11
78. (1) Renier sent Merle up the steep slope to be hurled
back by the 88th, the Connaught Rangers
(2) a similar fate was experienced by Heudlet
(3) when Foy followed him he hit the least prepared unit
in the Allied army--a Portuguese militia unit--and
routed it, thus gaining the ridge top. Wellington
brought men from his unengaged right flank to
dislodge them
(4) Ney then put forward his two brigades which were
devastated by Crawfurd’s light division
(5) after this failed assault, Massena settled for heavy
skirmishing
(6) The French suffered 522 dead, 3,612 wounded, and
364 captured, including over 300 officers ( 1 general
killed, 4 wounded)--a higher ratio of officers to men
than any other Peninsular battle.
Thursday, September 8, 11
79. The Allied losses numbered 200 dead, 1,001 wounded, and 51 missing.
The British and Portuguese each lost exactly 626 men.
Although he still had 20,000 fresh infantry with him, Masséna had had
enough. It was not yet midday, but the battle was virtually over, even if
some minor skirmishing took place during the afternoon…. The French
spent the remaining hours of daylight in collecting their dead and
wounded and entrenching their bivouac, as Wellington was to notice
with some satisfaction as he stood surveying the battlefield from his
unassailable crest.
Eventually, on the 29th and 30th, Masséna’s cavalry found a way round to
the north of the ridge. He then moved off to the right to flank the
position, but Wellington, after spending the night in the convent, had
already begun the planned retreat of his army into the previously
fortified Lines of Torres Vedras.
Robertson, Wellington at War, pp. 135-36
Thursday, September 8, 11
80. The Lines of Torres Vedras
In many ways the Peninsular War has often
been seen as a backwater to the major
campaigns and battles of the Napoleonic
Wars, but in actual fact it was the deciding
factor in the defeat of Napoleon's army in
1813, leading to the signing of the Treaty of
Paris. Indeed, had Massena's advance and
retreat from the Lines of Torres Vedras been
seen as a battle, it would have been one of the
greatest victories of all time. With the recent
dramatization of the 'Sharpe' stories into
television dramas, many of the more famous
battles of the Peninsular War have come to the
public's attention. The glamour attached to the
famous battles of Corunna, Talavera, Ciudad
Rodrigo, Almeida, Busaco, Badajoz have all
somewhat over-shadowed the importance of
the defence works of the Lines of Torres
Vedras.
Thursday, September 8, 11
81. The Lines of Torres Vedras
In many ways the Peninsular War has often
been seen as a backwater to the major
campaigns and battles of the Napoleonic
Wars, but in actual fact it was the deciding
factor in the defeat of Napoleon's army in
1813, leading to the signing of the Treaty of
Paris. Indeed, had Massena's advance and
retreat from the Lines of Torres Vedras been
seen as a battle, it would have been one of the
greatest victories of all time. With the recent
dramatization of the 'Sharpe' stories into
television dramas, many of the more famous
battles of the Peninsular War have come to the
public's attention. The glamour attached to the
famous battles of Corunna, Talavera, Ciudad
Rodrigo, Almeida, Busaco, Badajoz have all
somewhat over-shadowed the importance of
the defence works of the Lines of Torres
Vedras.
Thursday, September 8, 11
82. The Lines of Torres Vedras
The origins of the Lines date back to a
survey and proposals made by a Portuguese
army engineer, Major Jose Maria das Neves
Costa towards the end of 1808, but it was
the strategy adopted by Wellington in 1809
that resulted in their construction. Knowing
that his army could be supplied by sea and if
necessary, evacuated by the Royal Navy,
We l l i n g t o n c h o s e t o a v o i d m a j o r
engagements with the French army and
decided to make a gradual withdrawal
towards Lisbon, using a scorched earth
policy as he retreated. He was well aware of
the formidable natural obstacles offered by
the range of hills that ran across the
peninsula north of Lisbon and on the 20
October 1809 he issued a memorandum to
commence the construction of four lines of
brown areas indicate high ground
defence works to supplement the local
terrain - the Lines of Torres Vedras, thus
choosing and preparing in advance the
battlefield upon which he wished to fight.
Thursday, September 8, 11
86. ...when the French turned back from [Sobral] on 14 October 1810 the
tide of French conquest in Europe turned also. The skirmish at the foot
of the mountain had caused only sixty-seven Allied and 120 French
casualties. Such a limited action; such prodigious results.
Longford, Wellington, p. 240
The Monument at Alhandra to Colonel Fletcher, Wellington’s Chief
Engineer, who constructed the Lines, is inscribed ‘Non Ultra’, or ‘No
Further.’
Paget, Wellington’s Peninsular War, p. 35
Thursday, September 8, 11
87. The French invasion of Portugal in the late summer of 1810 was
defeated by hunger, and it marked the last time that the French tried to
capture the country. Wellington, by now commander of both the
Portuguese and the British armies, adopted a scorched earth policy that
brought huge hardship to the Portuguese people. Attempts were made
to deny the invaders every scrap of food, while the inhabitants of
central Portugal were required to leave their homes, either to take to
the hills, go north to Oporto or south to Lisbon….
The strategy worked, but at a very high price. One estimate reckons
that forty to fifty thousand Portuguese lost their lives in the winter…,
most from hunger, some from the French…. It was, by any reckoning, a
hard-hearted strategy, throwing the burden of the war onto the civilian
population. Was it necessary? Wellington conclusively defeated
Masséna on the heights of Bussaco, and had he guarded the road
around the north of the great ridge, he could probably have repulsed
the French there and then, forcing them back to Ciudad Rodrigo across
the Spanish border, but that, of course, would have left Masséna’s army
relatively undamaged. Hunger and disease were much greater enemies
than redcoats and riflemen, and by forcing Masséna to spend the winter
Thursday, September 8, 11
88. in the wasteland north of the lines, Wellington destroyed his enemy’s
army. At the beginning of the campaign, in September 1810, Masséna
commanded 65,000 men. When he got back to Spain he had fewer than
40,000, and had lost half his horses and virtually all of his wheeled
transport. Of the 25,000 men he lost, only about 4,000 were killed,
wounded, or taken prisoner at Bussaco (British losses were about
1,000); the rest were lost because the Lines of Torres Vedras
condemned Masséna to a winter of hunger, disease and desertion.
So why fight at Bussaco if the Lines of Torres Vedras could do the job
better? Wellington fought there for the sake of morale. The Portuguese
army did not have a sterling record against the French, but it was now
reorganized under Wellington’s command and by giving it a victory on
the ridge, he gave that army a confidence it never lost. Bussaco was the
place where the Portuguese learned they could beat the French and,
rightly, it holds a celebrated place in Portuguese history.
Bernard Cornwell,”Historical Note,” in Sharpe’s Escape, pp. 353-354
Thursday, September 8, 11
89. an excellent website
Masséna had no chance of breaking through with the forces
at his disposal, and a stand-off ensued until a lack of
supplies and the imminent arrival of British reinforcements
in the spring of 1811 led Masséna to fall back.
With one French army under Soult checked by Graham's
victory at Barrosa on 5th March 1811, Wellington was able
to push Masséna out of Portugal. Counter-attacks at
Fuentes de Oñoro on 3rd and 5th May 1811 were repulsed
after desperate struggles in the streets of the village.
Masséna, having failed to re-take Portugal, was replaced by
Marmont. A further bloody battle took place at Albuera on
16th May as Soult's move north was intercepted by a
combined British-Portuguese-Spanish force under
Beresford. Although Beresford's handling of the battle - in
which the French made the largest single infantry attack of
the War - attracted much criticism, Soult was finally forced
to retreat. French armies continued to threaten Wellington
throughout the latter months of 1811, but at no time were
able to catch him at a disadvantage. The turning point of the
war had been reached.
http://www.peninsularwar.org/penwar_e.htm
Thursday, September 8, 11
92. This was where the paradox of Peninsular warfare came in. Wellington
himself was the first to appreciate it. From his new headquarters...he wrote
to [War Minister] Lord Liverpool on the last day of January 1810 about
Spain’s last hope.
It is probable that, although the armies may be lost and the principal Juntas [governing
committees] and authorities of the provinces may be dispersed, the war of the partizans may
continue.
Spain was to be saved, in fact, not by grape-shot, graybeards and
grandees, but by hardy guerrillas and the sudden flash of the knife.
Longford, p. 211
Thursday, September 8, 11
93. Guerrilla (little war)Warfare
✦ whenever smuggling was shut down, the smugglers joined the guerrieros, as did
many of the monks from the monasteries Napoleon closed
✦ when a village was burned or hostages shot in reprisal for the gruesome
murders of captured French soldiers, there were more resistance fighters,
young and old, men and women
✦ “If the French sent out a battalion from one of their fortified bases, it never
came back; if they sent out a division, it saw nothing.”
✦ convoys of supplies which once required a company escort, now required a
battalion, or a regiment
✦ a rider carrying dispatches suffered the same escalating requirement for
protection. All too often his letters wound up on Wellington’s desk
✦ the French soldiers came to hate Spain and all Spaniards. The sentiment was
reciprocated even more intensely
Thursday, September 8, 11
94. Uncoordinated and sometimes feckless though their operations were, the
guerillas were Wellington’s main source of military intelligence; without
them he would have moved blind in the presence of superior French forces.
Also, their constant gnawing at the French communications tied down
troops that otherwise might have concentrated to overwhelm him. But
without Wellington’s dangerous little army, the guerillas would have been
eliminated by the same methods the French found successful in the Vendée,
Egypt, Piedmont, Naples and the Tyrol.
Elting, Swords, p. 514
Thursday, September 8, 11
95. French Counterguerilla Strategy & Tactics
followed the general rules employed at least since the days of Alexander the Great
✦ after defeating the enemy’s armies, you occupied the major communication
centers and established control of the main roads
✦ if the population was restless you established fortified campsites a day’s march
along those highways so that your troops and convoys could find shelter for
the night
✦ at critical points where there was danger of ambuscades, you built
fortifications in commanding positions
✦ a system of patrols kept the territory along the roads under constant
surveillance
✦ as your occupation became better established, you extended your control to
the secondary roads
Elting, p. 548
Thursday, September 8, 11
99. Los Desastres de la Guerra (The Disasters of War) are a series of 82 prints
created between 1810 and 1820 by the Spanish painter and printmaker Francisco Goya
Thursday, September 8, 11
100. Los Desastres de la Guerra (The Disasters of War) are a series of 82 prints
created between 1810 and 1820 by the Spanish painter and printmaker Francisco Goya
Thursday, September 8, 11
101. Los Desastres de la Guerra (The Disasters of War) are a series of 82 prints
created between 1810 and 1820 by the Spanish painter and printmaker Francisco Goya
Thursday, September 8, 11
102. Los Desastres de la Guerra (The Disasters of War) are a series of 82 prints
created between 1810 and 1820 by the Spanish painter and printmaker Francisco Goya
Thursday, September 8, 11
103. Los Desastres de la Guerra (The Disasters of War) are a series of 82 prints
created between 1810 and 1820 by the Spanish painter and printmaker Francisco Goya
Thursday, September 8, 11
104. Los Desastres de la Guerra (The Disasters of War) are a series of 82 prints
created between 1810 and 1820 by the Spanish painter and printmaker Francisco Goya
Thursday, September 8, 11
105. Los Desastres de la Guerra (The Disasters of War) are a series of 82 prints
created between 1810 and 1820 by the Spanish painter and printmaker Francisco Goya
Although deeply affected by the war, he kept private his thoughts on the art he produced in response to the
conflict and its aftermath. He was in poor health and almost deaf when, at 62, he began work on the prints.
They were not published until 1863, 35 years after his death. It is likely that only then was it considered
politically safe to distribute a sequence of artworks criticizing both the French and restored Bourbons
Thursday, September 8, 11
106. Reprisals
The guerrilla war in Spain was notorious for its
brutality, with both sides committing terrible
acts of savagery. Girod was clearly shocked by
the first atrocities he witnessed: ‘Our advanced
guard had found the hanging bodies of some
unfortunate Chasseurs à Cheval, who had been
made prisoner several days before and had
been terribly mutilated….The enemy had let it
be known that it was a fight to the death
between them and us and that we could expect
no quarter.’ Girod adds that in retaliation for
this atrocity, Marshal Victor ordered 300
Spanish prisoners to be executed.
COLOUR PLATE COMMENTARY, p. 61
Osprey, French Napoleonic Infantryman 1803-15, PLATE F
Thursday, September 8, 11
107. The myth of French invincibility in battle was soon
exposed by the defeats of Dupont and Junot at Bailén
and Vimiero in 1808. Despite the withdrawal from La
Coruña, Britain - through her navy's domination of the
seas - was able to take advantage of an alliance with
Portugal and Spain to gain a foothold on Continental
Europe. By 1810-1811, 300,000 French troops had been
sucked into the Peninsula, and yet only 70,000 could be
spared to confront Wellington; the remainder were
pinned down elsewhere by the threat of local
insurrections and the actions of guerrillas. With the
French unable to concentrate their forces against the
British-Portuguese army, Wellington was able to move
on to the offensive.
http://www.peninsularwar.org/penwar_e.htm
Thursday, September 8, 11
108. The guerrillas were not an unmixed blessing
✦ they were independent, irregular and insubordinate
✦ their goals sometimes ran contrary to Wellington’s
✦ some bands were more like criminals than patriots
✦ some played a double game, seeking their own advantage
✦ still, the net effect of the Guerrilla worked importantly to weaken the
French effort to win “hearts and minds;” to pacify the Spanish
countryside
Thursday, September 8, 11
109. ...all who have served in the Peninsula can attest that a less efficient and
more mischievous body od marauders never infested any country. It is not
denied that they cut off, from time to time, a small convoy, or an isolated
detachment; but unfortunately they did not confine their operations to
attacks upon the enemy. Whoever fell in their way, be he friend or foe,
rarely escaped unplundered; and the inhabitants of the smaller villages
everywhere dreaded their appearance as much as that of the French.
Londonderry’s Narrative, quoted in Ian Robertson, Wellington at War in the Peninsula, p. 19
Thursday, September 8, 11
111. VI. Badajoz
Badajoz
Thursday, September 8, 11
112. January 1812
July 1812
Thursday, September 8, 11
113. The infantry hated sieges. Weeks were spent digging the trenches
known as parallels to enable the guns to be brought close enough
to bring the walls down. This was done in all weathers and under
the constant bombardment from the defenders. The actual assault
was viewed with some relief and there was never any shortage of
volunteers for the ‘Forlorn Hope’, the small group that lead the
main attack. If the commander survived he was assured of
promotion. If the men survived, they would be the first at the
shops, the wine cellars and the women.
The sequel to the third British siege of Badajoz was one of the
blackest episodes in the history of the British Army. All control
was lost for a period and the men indulged in an orgy of drunken
rape and plunder. The awful aspect of it was that the inhabitants
were our allies.
http://british-cemetery-elvas.org/badajoz.html
Thursday, September 8, 11
114. The infantry hated sieges. Weeks were spent digging the trenches
known as parallels to enable the guns to be brought close enough
to bring the walls down. This was done in all weathers and under
the constant bombardment from the defenders. The actual assault
was viewed with some relief and there was never any shortage of
volunteers for the ‘Forlorn Hope’, the small group that lead the
main attack. If the commander survived he was assured of
promotion. If the men survived, they would be the first at the
shops, the wine cellars and the women.
The sequel to the third British siege of Badajoz was one of the
blackest episodes in the history of the British Army. All control
was lost for a period and the men indulged in an orgy of drunken
rape and plunder. The awful aspect of it was that the inhabitants
were our allies.
http://british-cemetery-elvas.org/badajoz.html
Thursday, September 8, 11
115. NOTE the orientation of
this map. It has been
rotated 90º clockwise.
North is where east
usually is.
Thursday, September 8, 11
124. Early on July 22, Marmont's army was moving south, with its leading elements southeast
of Salamanca. To the west, the Marshal could see Wellington's 7th Division deployed on a
ridge. Spotting a dust cloud in the distance, Marmont surmised that most of the British
army was in retreat and that he faced only a rearguard. He planned to move his French
army south, then west to turn the British right flank.
Marmont was mistaken. Wellington actually had most of his divisions hidden behind the
ridge. His 3rd and 5th Divisions would soon arrive from Salamanca. Wellington had
planned to retreat if outflanked, but he was watching warily to see if Marmont made a
blunder.
Marmont planned to move along an L-shaped ridge, with its angle near a steep height
known as the Greater Arapile. That morning, the French occupied only the short, north-
pointing part of the L. For his flanking move, Marmont sent his divisions marching west
along the long side of the L. The Anglo-Allied army lay behind another L-shaped ridge,
inside and parallel to the French L, and separated from it by a valley. Unseen by the
French, Wellington assembled a powerful striking force along the long side of the British L.
As Marmont reached to the west, the French became strung out along the long side of the
L. Thomières's division led the way, supported by Curto's cavalry. After that came
Maucune, Brenier, and Clausel. Bonet, Sarrut, and Boyer were near the Greater Arapile.
Foy and Ferey still held the short side of the L
Thursday, September 8, 11
127. 1-When the 3rd Division and D'Urban's brigade reached the
top of the French L, they attacked Thomières. At the same
time, Wellington launched the 5th and 4th Divisions, backed
by the 7th and 6th Divisions, at the long side of the French L.
The 3rd Division came at the head of Thomières's division in
two-deep line. Despite column formation, the French division
initially repulsed its attackers, but was then charged and
routed by a bayonet charge. Thomières was killed.
2-Seeing British cavalry in the area, Maucune formed his
division into squares. This was the standard formation to
receive a mounted attack, but a poor one to defend against
infantry. Deployed in two-deep line, Leith's 5th Division easily
defeated Maucune in a musketry duel. As the French foot
soldiers began falling back, Cotton hurled Le Marchant's
brigade (5th Dragoon Guards, 3rd and 4th Dragoons) at them.
Maucune's men were cut to pieces by the heavy cavalrymen's
sabres. Many of the survivors surrendered.
! Le Marchant hurriedly reformed his troopers and sent them at the next French division, which was winded from a rapid march. The
heavy dragoons mauled Brenier's hastily formed first line, but Le Marchant pressed his luck too far. He was killed trying to break a
French square in Brenier's second line. William Ponsonby succeeded to command of the brigade
! During this crisis, the French army lost its commander. As Pakenham's 3rd Division prepared to attack Thomières, Marmont finally woke
up to his army's peril. He dashed for his horse, but was caught in a British shellburst which broke his arm and two ribs. His second-in-
command, Bonet was wounded very soon after. Records conflict, Marmont claiming that he was wounded as his wing became
overextended, and his incapacitation led to the error not being corrected before Wellington attacked. His enemies place his wounding
during Wellington's attack. For somewhere between 20 minutes and over an hour, the Army of Portugal remained leaderless
Thursday, September 8, 11
128. 1-When the 3rd Division and D'Urban's brigade reached the
top of the French L, they attacked Thomières. At the same
time, Wellington launched the 5th and 4th Divisions, backed
by the 7th and 6th Divisions, at the long side of the French L.
The 3rd Division came at the head of Thomières's division in
two-deep line. Despite column formation, the French division
initially repulsed its attackers, but was then charged and
routed by a bayonet charge. Thomières was killed.
2-Seeing British cavalry in the area, Maucune formed his
division into squares. This was the standard formation to
receive a mounted attack, but a poor one to defend against
infantry. Deployed in two-deep line, Leith's 5th Division easily
defeated Maucune in a musketry duel. As the French foot
soldiers began falling back, Cotton hurled Le Marchant's
brigade (5th Dragoon Guards, 3rd and 4th Dragoons) at them.
Maucune's men were cut to pieces by the heavy cavalrymen's
sabres. Many of the survivors surrendered.
! Le Marchant hurriedly reformed his troopers and sent them at the next French division, which was winded from a rapid march. The
heavy dragoons mauled Brenier's hastily formed first line, but Le Marchant pressed his luck too far. He was killed trying to break a
French square in Brenier's second line. William Ponsonby succeeded to command of the brigade
! During this crisis, the French army lost its commander. As Pakenham's 3rd Division prepared to attack Thomières, Marmont finally woke
up to his army's peril. He dashed for his horse, but was caught in a British shellburst which broke his arm and two ribs. His second-in-
command, Bonet was wounded very soon after. Records conflict, Marmont claiming that he was wounded as his wing became
overextended, and his incapacitation led to the error not being corrected before Wellington attacked. His enemies place his wounding
during Wellington's attack. For somewhere between 20 minutes and over an hour, the Army of Portugal remained leaderless
Thursday, September 8, 11
129. 3-Cole's 4th Division attacked Bonet's division and
4-Pack's Portuguese assaulted the Greater Arapile. With the help of
a 40-gun battery firing from the Greater Arapile, both attacks were
repulsed by the French.
5-Assuming command, general Bertrand Clausel did his best to
salvage a bad situation. He committed Sarrut's division to shore
up the wrecked left flank, and then launched a dangerous
counterattack at Cole's 4th Division using his own and Bonet's
divisions, supported by Boyer's dragoons. This attack brushed
aside Cole's survivors and struck the 6th Division in
Wellington's second line.
6-Marshal William Beresford reacted promptly to this developing
threat and immediately sent William Spry's Portuguese brigade of
the 5th Division to engage the French infantry, while Wellington
moved the 1st and 7th Divisions to assist. After bitter resistance,
the divisions of Clausel and Bonet were defeated and the French
army began to retreat.
! As the rest of the French army streamed away, Ferey formed his division in a single three-deep line, with each flank covered by a battalion
in square. Led by Clinton's victorious 6th Division, the British came up to this formation and were initially repulsed
Thursday, September 8, 11
130. 3-Cole's 4th Division attacked Bonet's division and
4-Pack's Portuguese assaulted the Greater Arapile. With the help of
a 40-gun battery firing from the Greater Arapile, both attacks were
repulsed by the French.
5-Assuming command, general Bertrand Clausel did his best to
salvage a bad situation. He committed Sarrut's division to shore
up the wrecked left flank, and then launched a dangerous
counterattack at Cole's 4th Division using his own and Bonet's
divisions, supported by Boyer's dragoons. This attack brushed
aside Cole's survivors and struck the 6th Division in
Wellington's second line.
6-Marshal William Beresford reacted promptly to this developing
threat and immediately sent William Spry's Portuguese brigade of
the 5th Division to engage the French infantry, while Wellington
moved the 1st and 7th Divisions to assist. After bitter resistance,
the divisions of Clausel and Bonet were defeated and the French
army began to retreat.
! As the rest of the French army streamed away, Ferey formed his division in a single three-deep line, with each flank covered by a battalion
in square. Led by Clinton's victorious 6th Division, the British came up to this formation and were initially repulsed
! After ordering his artillery to crossfire through the centre of the French line, Wellington ordered a second assault. This attack broke
Ferey's division, killing its commander
! Foy's division covered the French retreat toward Alba de Tormes where there was a bridge they could use to escape. Wellington,
believing that the Alba de Tormes crossing was blocked by a Spanish battalion in a fortified castle, directed his pursuit along a different
road. However, Maj-Gen D'Espana had withdrawn the unit without informing Wellington, so the French got away
Thursday, September 8, 11
131. The Army of Portugal suffered 7,000 killed and wounded and 7,000 captured. Besides
Marmont's severe wounding, two divisional commanders were killed and another wounded.
Half of the 5,214 Anglo-Allied losses came from the 4th and 6th Divisions. Cotton, Cole, and
Leith were wounded.
The battle established Wellington as an offensive general. It was said that Wellington
"defeated an army of 40,000 men in 40 minutes." Six days after the battle, Foy wrote in his
diary,
This battle is the most cleverly fought, the largest in scale, the most important in results, of any that
the English have won in recent times. It brings up Lord Wellington's reputation almost to the level of
that of Marlborough. Up to this day we knew his prudence, his eye for choosing good positions, and
the skill with which he used them. But at Salamanca he has shown himself a great and able master of
manoeuvring. He kept his dispositions hidden nearly the whole day: he allowed us to develop our
movement before he pronounced his own: he played a close game; he utilised the oblique order in the
style of Frederick the Great.
The Battle of Salamanca was a damaging defeat to the French. As the French regrouped,
the Anglo-Portuguese entered Madrid on August 6 and began the Siege of Burgos, before
retreating all the way back to Portugal in the autumn when renewed French
concentrations threatened to trap them.
Wikipedia
Thursday, September 8, 11
132. VIEW OF CADIZ AND ITS ENVIRONS
! During the siege, which lasted two and a half
years, the Cortes Generales government in Cadiz
(the Cádiz Cortes) drew up a new constitution
to reduce the strength of the monarchy (a
constitution eventually revoked by Fernando
VII
! In October 1810, a mixed Anglo-Spanish
relief force embarked on a disastrous landing
at Fuengirola. A second relief attempt was
made at Tarifa in 1811. However, despite
defeating a detached French force of
15,000-20,000 under Marshal Victor at the
Battle of Barrosa, the siege was not lifted
The Siege of Cádiz was a siege of the large Spanish
! In 1812, the Battle of Salamanca eventually naval base of Cádiz by a French army from February 5,
forced the French troops to retreat from 1810 to August 24, 1812 during the Peninsular War.
Following the occupation of Madrid on March 23, 1808,
Andalusia, for fear of being cut off by the
Cádiz became the Spanish seat of power, and was
allied armies.[8] Defeat at Cádiz contributed targeted by 60,000 French troops under the command of
to the liberation of Spain from French Marshal Claude Victor for one of the most important
occupation, due to the survival of the Spanish sieges of the war. Defending the city were 2,000 Spanish
government and the use of Cádiz as a jump off troops who, as the siege progressed, received aid from
point for the Allied forces 10,000 Spanish reinforcements as well as British and
Portuguese troops.
Thursday, September 8, 11
133. French hopes of recovery were stricken by Napoleon's disastrous
invasion of Russia in 1812. He had taken 30,000 soldiers from the
hard-pressed Armée de l'Espagne, and, starved of reinforcements and
replacements, the French position became increasingly unsustainable
as the allies renewed the offensive in May 1813.
Wikipedia
Thursday, September 8, 11
134. In a strategic move, Wellington
planned to move his supply base
from Lisbon to Santander
LOC
LOC
LOC
LOC
Lisbon
LOC
Lisbon
Thursday, September 8, 11
135. In a strategic move, Wellington
planned to move his supply base
from Lisbon to Santander
LOC
Santander
LOC
Burgos
Lisbon
The Anglo-Portuguese
forces swept northwards
in late May 1813 and
seized Burgos; they then
outflanked the French
army, forcing Joseph
Bonaparte into the
valley of the River
Zadorra.
Lisbon
Thursday, September 8, 11
142. 3
1-Wellington's co-
ordinated attack was
o p e n e d b y H i l l ' s 2nd
Division, and Cadogan's
Brigade crossing the
Zadorra at Puebla to attack
the heights overlooking the
French position
Thursday, September 8, 11
143. 2-Graham's force comprising
the 1st and 5th Divisions,
Pack's and Bradford's
Portuguese Brigades and
Longa's Spanish Brigade
began to press from the north
against the road from Vitoria
to Bayonne. By noon the road
had been cut.
3
1-Wellington's co-
ordinated attack was
o p e n e d b y H i l l ' s 2nd
Division, and Cadogan's
Brigade crossing the
Zadorra at Puebla to attack
the heights overlooking the
French position
Thursday, September 8, 11
144. 3-Crucially, Wellington 2-Graham's force comprising
learned late in the morning the 1st and 5th Divisions,
that the French had left the Pack's and Bradford's
bridge across the Zadorra Portuguese Brigades and
at Trespuentes unguarded. Longa's Spanish Brigade
Kempt's Brigade was began to press from the north
immediately despatched against the road from Vitoria
from the Light Division to to Bayonne. By noon the road
seize the bridge. Concealed had been cut.
by high ground on the
hairpin bend of the 3
Zadorra, the light infantry
were able to take the
bridge virtually
unopposed.
1-Wellington's co-
ordinated attack was
o p e n e d b y H i l l ' s 2nd
Division, and Cadogan's
Brigade crossing the
Zadorra at Puebla to attack
the heights overlooking the
French position
Thursday, September 8, 11
145. 3-Crucially, Wellington 2-Graham's force comprising
learned late in the morning the 1st and 5th Divisions,
that the French had left the Pack's and Bradford's
bridge across the Zadorra Portuguese Brigades and
at Trespuentes unguarded. Longa's Spanish Brigade
Kempt's Brigade was began to press from the north
immediately despatched against the road from Vitoria
from the Light Division to to Bayonne. By noon the road
seize the bridge. Concealed had been cut.
by high ground on the
hairpin bend of the 3
Zadorra, the light infantry
were able to take the
bridge virtually
unopposed.
1-Wellington's co-
ordinated attack was
o p e n e d b y H i l l ' s 2nd
Division, and Cadogan's
Brigade crossing the
Zadorra at Puebla to attack
the heights overlooking the
French position
Thursday, September 8, 11
146. 3-Crucially, Wellington 2-Graham's force comprising
learned late in the morning the 1st and 5th Divisions,
that the French had left the Pack's and Bradford's
bridge across the Zadorra Portuguese Brigades and
at Trespuentes unguarded. Longa's Spanish Brigade
Kempt's Brigade was began to press from the north
immediately despatched against the road from Vitoria
from the Light Division to to Bayonne. By noon the road
seize the bridge. Concealed had been cut.
by high ground on the
hairpin bend of the 3
Zadorra, the light infantry
were able to take the
bridge virtually
unopposed.
1-Wellington's co-
ordinated attack was
o p e n e d b y H i l l ' s 2nd
Division, and Cadogan's
Brigade crossing the
Zadorra at Puebla to attack
the heights overlooking the
French position
Thursday, September 8, 11
148. 3-Crucially, Wellington
learned late in the morning
that the French had left the
bridge across the Zadorra
at Trespuentes unguarded.
Kempt's Brigade was
immediately despatched
from the Light Division to
seize the bridge. Concealed
by high ground on the
3
hairpin bend of the
Zadorra, the light infantry
were able to take the
bridge virtually unopposed.
Thursday, September 8, 11
149. 3-Crucially, Wellington
learned late in the morning
that the French had left the
bridge across the Zadorra
at Trespuentes unguarded.
Kempt's Brigade was
immediately despatched
from the Light Division to
seize the bridge. Concealed
by high ground on the
3
hairpin bend of the
Zadorra, the light infantry
were able to take the
bridge virtually unopposed.
4-The pressure on the
French position now
rapidly became unbearable
as allied attacks were
pressed home from several
directions. Picton's 3rd
Division - supported by a
flanking attack by Kempt's
Brigade - stormed over the
Zadorra to the east of
Trespuentes
Thursday, September 8, 11
150. 3-Crucially, Wellington
learned late in the morning
that the French had left the
bridge across the Zadorra
at Trespuentes unguarded.
Kempt's Brigade was
immediately despatched
from the Light Division to
seize the bridge. Concealed
by high ground on the
3
hairpin bend of the
Zadorra, the light infantry
were able to take the
bridge virtually unopposed.
4-The pressure on the
French position now
rapidly became unbearable
as allied attacks were
pressed home from several
directions. Picton's 3rd
Division - supported by a
flanking attack by Kempt's
Brigade - stormed over the
Zadorra to the east of
Trespuentes
✦ From the west, Cole's 4th Division and the rest of Alten's Light Division crossed the Zadorra. Meanwhile, Hill continued to
press from the south
✦ Throughout the afternoon, the French were gradually rolled-up from the west before being finally sent into headlong retreat.
✦ Wellington's casualties from the battle amounted to 5,100. Joseph suffered not only 8,000 casualties but also the
loss of virtually all his artillery and transport. Joseph's army was spent as a fighting force
Thursday, September 8, 11