this ppt is based on nutrition in animal class 7

1. Nutrition in Animals

2.  Digestion-The breakdown of complex
component of food into simpler and
absorbable substances is called digestion.
 Absorption-The digested food into the blood
vessels is called absorption of food .This
process takes places place in the small
intestine in case of human beings.

3.  Amino Acid- Amino acids are the building
blocks (smallest unit) which combine to form
complex molecules like proteins.
 Amoeba- It is a microscopic single celled
organism found in pond water. It has a cell
membrane , nucleus and vacuoles in the
cytoplasm. It has finger-like projections ,
called pseudopodia (Singular pseudopodium
). Amoeba constantly changes its shape and
position.

4.  Assimilation- The process in which the
absorbed food is used for producing energy
is called assimilation.
 Bile- It is bile juice which is commonly
known as bile. It is secreted by the liver and
stored in a sac, called gall bladder. The bile
plays an important role in the digestion of
fats.

5.  Milk teeth – The first set of teeth grows
during infancy and they fall off at the age
between six to eight years. These are termed
as milk teeth.
 Permanent teeth- The second set that replace
them are the permanent teeth . The
permanent teeth may last throughout life or
fall off during old age or due to some dental
disease.

6.  Buccal cavity- The cavity of mouth ,with all its
internal parts like cheeks, teeth, tongue and
salivary glands, is called buccal cavity. The
alimentary canal begins from the buccal
cavity.
 Cellulose- It is a type of carbohydrate. Many
animals including humans, can not digest
cellulose.

7.  Egestion- The removal of undigested and
unabsorbed food material, called faecal
matter through the anus from time to time is
called egestion.
 Fatty acids- They are one of the main
constituent of fats. Glycerol combines with
fatty acid from fats.
 Glycerol- It is one of the constituent of fats.
Glycerol combines with fatty acid to form
fats.

8.  Ingestion- The process of taking food into
the body is known as ingestion.
 Liver- The liver is a reddish brown gland
situated in the upper part of the abdomen on
the right side. It is the largest gland in the
body .It secrets bile juices that is stored in a
sac called gall bladder . The bile digest fats.

9.  Oesophagus-It is also known as food pipe . The
swallowed food passes into the oesophagus
which runs along the neck and the chest . Food is
pushed down by the movement takes places
throughout the alimentary canal to push the food
downwards.
 Pancreas-the pancreas is a large cream coloured
gland located just below the stomach .The
pancreatic juice digest carbohydrates , fats , and
protiens . The carbohydrates get broken into
simple sugars such as glucose , fats into fatty
acids and gycrerol , and protins into amino acids.

10.  Pseudopodia-Amoeba engulfs tiny particles
of food with the help of its false feet , known
as pseudopodia . These cytoplasmic
projections are called pseudopodia or false
feet for movement and capture of food

11.  Rumen – it is a part of stomach of some
animals like cow , buffaloes and other grass
eating animals . These animals quickly
swallow the grass and store it in a separate
part of the stomach called rumen. In the
rumen swallowed food preliminary digested
by anaerobic bacteria and protozoa these
organism especially act upon cellulose to
break down in simple compounds . The
partially digested food in the rumen is called
cud.

12.  Rumination – After sometime , the cud of the
rumen returns to the mouth in small lumps
and the animal chews it . This process is
called rumination .
 Ruminant –The animals which have rumen
and carry out rumination are known as
ruminants .

13.  Salivary Glands –In human mouth , there are
present salivary glands which secrete saliva.
Saliva moistens the food and helps in
chewing of food by teeth saliva also contains
enzyme which breaks down the starch into
sugars .
 Saliva- it is secreted by salivary glands
present in the human mouth. Saliva contains
an enzyme (saliva amylase) which breaks
down the starch into sugar in the mouth.

14.  Villi (Singular villus)- The inner walls of the
small intestine have thousands of finger –like
projections. These are called villi.
 Each villus has a network of thin and small
blood vessels close to the surface .
 The surface of the villi absorbs the digested
food materials.
 The villi increase the surface area for the
absorption of the digested food into the
blood.

15.  The small intestine- The small intestine is
highly coiled and is about 7.5 metres long. It
receives secretions from the liver and the
pancreas and also secretes juices.
 Large intestine- The large intestine is wider
and is about 1.5 metre in length. It absorb
water and some salts from the undigested
food materials. The remaining waste passes
into the rectum and is removed through the
anus. This is called egestion.

16.  Tooth decay-if we do not clean our teeth
after brushing many harmful bacteria begin
to live and grow in it , which break down the
sugar present from leftover food and release
acids and damage the teeth . This is called
tooth decay.
 Small intestine-the small intestine is highly
coiled and is about 7.5 metres long . It
receives secretions from the liver and the
pancreas and also secretes juices.

17.  Pancreas-The pancreas are large cream
coloured gland located just below the
stomach .The pancreatic juice digest
carbohydrates , fats and protiens into amino
acids .

18.  Diarrhoea-The condition of need to ass
watery stool frequently is known as
diarrhoea . It may caused be caused by an
infection , food poisioning or indigestion .It
can be fatal because of excessive loss of
water and salt.
 Oral rehydration solution(ORS)-It is prepared
by dissolving a pinch of salt and sugar in
boiled and cooled water . It prevents
dehydration of the body due to diarrhoea
and vomiting.

19.  Animal nutrition-animal nutrition includes
nutrition requirement , mode of intake of
food into the body.
 Stomach- the thick walled and u-shaped bag
like structure in the alimentary canal is called
is called stomach.

20.  Large intestine-The large intestine is wider
and is about 1,5 meter in length . It absorb
water and some salts from the undigested
food material .The remaining waste passes
into the rectum and is removed through the
anus . This is called egestion.

21.  Pseudopodia-Ameba constantly changes its
shape and position . It pushes out ne or more
finger like projection , called pseudopodia or
false feet foe movement and capture of food.
 Other name of food pipe is oesophagus.
 The main component of animal food is
cellulose.

22.  Tongue-Tongue is a fleshy muscular organ
attached at the back to the floor of the buccal
cavity and free at the front .It can move in all
directions . It mixes the saliva with the food
during chewing . It helps in swallowing the
food . It has various taste buds which help to
detect different tastes of food .

23.  There are four kinds of teeth in human beings
situated in each jaw –
 Incisor –They are two in number and help to
cut and bite food.
 Canine –They are four in number and help in
piercing and tearing of food.
 Premolar-They are four in number and help
in chewing and grinding the food .

24.  Molar –They are six in number and also help in
chewing and grinding the food like premolar
teeth.
 The process of digestion in the stomach-
 The innner lining of the stomach secretes the
following things –
 Mucous-It protects the lining of stomach .
 Hydrochloric acid-It kills the bacteria and makes
food acidic.
 Digestive juices –They breakdown the protiens
into simpler substances .

25.  Digestion of cellulose in the animals-Many
animals including human cannot digest
cellulose . But ruminants can digest it . They
have large sac like structure called caecum
between the small intestine and large
intestine . The cellulose of the food is
digested in this part by the action of certain
bacteria which are not present in the
humans.

26.  Salivary digestion –The food enters into the
buccal cavity through mouth . It is chewed by
the teeth and mixed with saliva . Saliva
contains an enzyme called ptyaline (salivary
amylase) which converts complex
carbohydrates like starch into sugar . That is
why the bread taste become sweet after
chewing . This type of digestion is called
salivary digestion.

27.  Digestive enzymes-Enzymes are the secretions
secreted by the various glands . These enzymes
help in the digestion of various food components
like carbohydrates , fats and protiens . These
enzymes are catalytic in nature . They help in the
breakdown of complex food materials . Some
important enzymes are amylase , pepsin , tripsin
, and lipase . These enzymes arev specific and act
on specific food materials , e.g. , salivary
amylase on the starch , lipase on fats and pepsin
on protiens.

28.  The digestion starts from the mouth and is
completed in the small intestine .
 Glucose is the carbohydrate which is the
instant source of energy.
 Alimentary canal is the other name of the
digestive tract of human beings.
 Digestive system makes the digestive tract
and glands when associated together .

29.  Function of digestive juices-the digestive
juices convert complex substances of food
into simpler , soluble and absorbable form .
 Other name of food pipe – Oesophagus.
 The juice secreted by salivary glands-Saliva.
 Function of Oesophagus-The walls of
oesophagus pushes the food towards the
stomach .

30.  Tongue is the organ which identifies the taste
of various food materials .
 Stomach is the widest part of the alimentary
canal .
 Liver is the largest gland in our body.
 Small intestine is about 7.5 metres in length.
 Liver secretes bile juice which is stored in a
sac called gall bladder .

31.  Villi is the finger like projections on the inner
walls of small intestine .
 Function of villi- Villi increase the surface
area for absorption of digested food.
 Cellulose is the main component of food.
 Hydrochloric acid is produced by the lining of
stomach walls which is used to kill the
bacteria.