The document contains the answers to 16 questions about the Indus Valley Civilization submitted by a student named Nadeem Hussain for their Pakistan Studies course. Some of the key details provided in the answers include: the Indus Valley Civilization co-existed with other ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt; its population may have exceeded 5 million people; it declined around 1800 BCE possibly due to climate change and the migration of Indo-European groups. The civilization had advanced urban planning, water and drainage systems, and engaged in long-distance trade.

1. Name: Nadeem Hussain
Reg.no# UF20-000893
Subject: Pakistan studies
Semester: BS-BA(1st
)
Submit to :Mam Farkhanda Khursheed
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

2. Q1: Which other civilizations were present during indus valley civilization?
Ans:The Indusdevelopmentwasgenerallycontemporarywiththe otherriverine
civicestablishmentsof the oldworld:Egyptalongthe Nile,Mesopotamiainthe grounds
wateredbythe Euphratesand the Tigris,andChinain the waste bowl of the
Yellow Riverandthe Yangtze.The IndusValleyCivilization(IVC) wasaBronze Age
civilization inthe northwesternlocalesof SouthAsia,enduringfrom3300 BCE to
1300 BCE, and inits developstructure from2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. Alongwith
oldEgypt and Mesopotamia,itwasone of three earlyhuman civilizationsof the Near
East and SouthAsia,andof the three,the mostfar reaching,itsdestinationsspreadingoveran
zone extendingfromuppereastAfghanistan,throughalotof Pakistan,andinto
westernandnorthwesternIndia.
Q2: Populationof indusvalleycivilization?
Ans:IndusValleyCivilizationinthe Mature Harappan Phase (2600-1900 BCE).At
itspinnacle,the IndusValleyCivilizationmayhave hada populace of more thanfive
millionindividuals.There were inexcessof 1,400 townsandurban communitiesinthe IndusValley.
The greatestwere Harappa andMohenjo-Daro.Around80,000 individualslivedin
these urbancommunities.
Q3: Races of indusvalleycivilization?
Ans:Many researchershave guaranteedthatIndusvalleyprogressisNonAryans,This
progressisdevelopmentof Dravidianandkirats.These tworaceswere made by
RulerShiwa(Natural god) InMt,kailasandlake Mansarovar.From 4,000 to 3,000
quite a while back,othersplungedfromthe IndusValleydevelopmentblendedinwith
individualsof steppe-pastoralistfamily,whoprobablybroughtponiesandthe IndoEuropeandialects
currentlyspokenonthe subcontinent,toframe a gatheringthathas

3. beencalledAncestral NorthIndians.
Q4: Other name of indus valleycivilization?
Ans:The Indushuman civilization isotherwise calledthe HarappanCivilization,afteritssort
site,Harappa,the firstof itsdestinationstobe exhumedfromthe get-gointhe twentiethcenturyin
whatwas thenthe Punjabregionof BritishIndiaandnow is Pakistan.
Q5: How many citiesexcavate through indus valleycivilization?
Ans:Such metropolitanplacesincorporate Harappa,Ganeriwala,Mohenjo-daroinmoderndayPakistan,
and Dholavira,Kalibangan,Rakhigarhi,Rupar,andLothal inmoderndayIndia.Altogether,inexcessof
1,000 urbanareas and settlementshave beenfound,
fundamentallyinthe overall locale of the IndusandGhaggar-HakraRiversandtheir
feeders.The leastexhumedof the five enormousknownoldIndusurbanareas –
Mohenjo-daroandDholavira,HarappaandRakigarhi – is Ganweriwala,
foundinthe last part of the 1980s by Rafique Mughal.Somewhere downinthe desert,alongwayfrom
townsand nearthe Indianfringe,itisnotreallyexpoundedon.
Q6: Location (latitude and longitude) ofindusvalleycivilization?
Ans:The Harappanhuman civilization wassituatedinthe IndusRivervalley.Itstwoenormous
urban areas,Harappa and Mohenjo-daro,weresituatedinpresent-dayPakistan'sPunjab
what'smore,Sindhareas,separately.Itsdegree came toasfar south as the Gulf of
Khambhatand as far eastas the Yamuna (Jumna) River.
Scope of IndusRiverValley33.818861 N
Longitude of IndusRiverValley78.590698 E
Q7: City plansof indus valleycivilization?
Ans:Town arrangingisthe extraordinaryelementof Indusvalley civilization.Theirtown
arrangingdemonstratesthattheycarriedonan exceptionallycultivatedandcreatedlife.Indus
individuals

4. were the firstto manufacture arrangedurbanareaswithlogical seepage framework.The Indus
urban areaswere basedona uniformarrangement.Townarrangingwasastoundinginnature.A couple
urban areashave strongholdstowardthe Westbasedonhigherstage and towardthe east of which
isthe centerof local location.Themtwoare encircledbyanenormousblock
divider.The urbanareaswithoutfortressare foundonhighhills.The streetswere straight
what'smore,cut each otherat right edges.Theywere 13 to34 feetwide andwere well
lined.The roadsandstreetspartitionedthe cityintorectangularsquares.
Archeologistshave foundthe lightpostsatstretches.Thisrecommendsthe
presence of streetlamps.Dustbinswere likewise giveninthe city.These demonstrate
the presence of goodcivil organization.Individualsof Indusvalleyprogress
fabricatedhousesanddifferentstructuresbythe side of streets.Theyfabricatedterracedhouses
of consumedblocks.Eachhouse hadat leasttworooms.There were likewise more than
one celebratedhouses.The houseswere plannedaroundaninwardpatioand
containedpillaredcorridors,restrooms,clearedfloors,kitchen,wellandsoon. Other than
private quarters,expandstructureshave additionallybeenfound.One of these
structureshas the greatestcorridorestimating80ft longand 80 ft wide.Itmay
have beena royal residence,orsanctuaryorcorridor forholdinggatherings.The laborers
quartersare likewise found.There wasaphenomenalarrangementof watergracefully.There
were publicwellsbythe side of roads.Each large house hadits ownwell. They
additionallyfabricatedadockyardat Lothal.
Q8: Waterresources ofindus valleycivilization?
Ans:Indusand a considerable lotof itsfeedersgettypicallyhuge progressionof watersduring
summersasa resultof the dissolvingsnow intheirhighreaches.Itisthe periodwhen
rainsnormallyfollow andthe sedimentwhichthese waterwaysconveyiswealthyinalluvialand

5. makesthe riverine tracksexceptionallyprolificandprofitable.Mostplacesof IndusValley
were producedusingmud, mudblocksordirt blocks.The metropolitanzonesof the Indus
Valley civilization includedpublicandprivate showers.Sewage wasarrangedthrough
undergrounddepletesworkedwithcorrectlylaidblocks,andarefinedwater
the executivesframework withvarioussupplieswassetup.Inthe waste
frameworks,channelsfromhouseswere associatedwithmore extensive publicchannels.A significant
numberof the
structuresat Mohenjo-darohadat leasttwostories.Waterfromthe rooftopand
upperstorywashroomswasbroughtthroughencasedearthenware linesoropen
chutesthat exhaustedoutontothe roadchannels.Gadgets,forexample,shadoofsand
sakiaswere utilizedtoliftwatertogroundlevel.Vestigeslike Mohenjo-daroinPakistan
furthermore,DholavirainGujaratinIndiahad settlementswithaportionof the antiquated
world'smostrefinedsewage frameworks.Theyincludedseepage channels,
watercollecting,androadpipes.
Stepwellshave predominantlybeenutilizedinthe Indiansubcontinent.
INDUS CIVILIZATION - NATURALRESOURCES
Great wellspringof water.
Utilizedfordrinkingandcookingpurposes.
Theyate fishesfromthe stream.
Utilizedforsterile purposes.
Harvestswere developedincludedwheat,grainpeas,melonsandsesame.
Utilizedinextraordinaryshower.
Q9: Transportation of indus valleycivilization?
Ans:The fundamental type of transportationwere bullocktrucksandvessels.Dealers
gone intrucks or by pontoon.Indusvalleyvesselswerelongandlimited.Theyhada

6. lodge inthe centerand were paddled.Individualsdidn'ttravel muchbyanymeans.They
wouldnormallywalkwherevertheyexpectedtogo.
Q10: Religionsinindus valleydevelopment?
Ans:The IndusValleyreligionispolytheisticandiscomprisedof Hinduism,
Buddhism,ZoroastrianismandJainism.Thereare numeroussealstohelpthe
proof of the IndusValleyGods.A fewsealsshow creatureswhichlooklike the
twodivine beings,ShivaandRudra.Differentsealsportrayatree whichthe IndusValley
acceptedto be the tree of life.The tree wasmonitoredbyasoul to keepthe fiendishness
powersfromthe tree.The gatekeeperwaspotrayedbynumerouscreatures,forexample,
bull,snake,goat,orsome otherlegendaryanimal orcreature.The maliciouspoweris
spokentoby a tiger.One seal showsa figure sittinginaplace that mightbe
like ayoga presentandisbelievedtobe an earlyportrayal of a Hindu
God.
The IndusindividualsreveredaFatherGod whomay have beenthe ancestorof
the race. Dollsdiscovereddrovethe researcherstoacceptthat the Induspublic
veneratedaMotherGoddessrepresentingfertility.Theyreveredfruitfulness
imageswhichwere roundorpenetratedstones,atrainingthatwasperformed
priorto the love of ShivaandParvati as Sivalinga.Theymayhave
had faithinmysteriouscustoms,charmsandtalismansandfurthermore devilsandspirits.
Q11: Administrationof indus valleyprogress?
Ans:AdministrationinIndusValleyCivilization
The spreadout of the roads,the presence of an enormousscope seepageframeworkwithits
necessityforconsistenttending,the greatfortifications,all canbe takenas
a signof propensitiestowardasolidfocal government.The IndusRiver

7. ValleyCivilizationisaTheocracygovernmentanda Theocracyis controlledbyaministerso
there governmentandreligionwere joined.Inthe IndusRiverValleykarma
assumed a majorpart in theirlaws.
Q12: Trade ofindus valleycivilization?
Ans:The Induspublicwere significantlydependentonexchange.Theyexchangedwithnumerous
variousdevelopmentslikePersia,MesopotamiaandChina....A few merchandise that
were exchangedwere earthenware pots,dots,gold,silver,huedpearlslike turquoise
furthermore,lapislazuli,metals,stones,shellsandpearls.Exchange wassignificantfor
the Induscivilisation.Theirfundamental exchange accomplice wasMesopotamia, whichwasan
progressedcivilisationinthe Middle East.Aroundthe time the Indusurbancommunitiesbegan
to fizzle,Mesopotamiawasexperiencingtremendouspolitical issues....We realizethat
justthe urban communitiesfell intoruins.Fares:Agricultural items,cottonproducts,
earthenware dolls,stoneware ,certaindabs(fromChanhudaro),conch-shell( from
Lothal),ivoryitems,copperandso forth.An extremelyintriguingcomponentof this civilization
was thatIron was notknownto the individuals.
Q13: Seals ofindus valleycivilization?
Ans:The Pashupati Seal isasteatite seal thatwasfoundat the Mohenjo-daro
archeological site of the IndusValleyCivilization.The seal portraysasituatedfigure
that isconceivably tricephalic(havingthree heads).Itwasonce thoughtto be
ithyphallic,anunderstandingthatiscurrentlygenerallydisposedof.Itwaspresumablyusedto
close reportsandimprintbundlesof merchandise.Thisrecommendsthe Indus
civilisationwas essentialforabroad significantdistanceexchangingnetwork.The creature on
thisseal wasinitiallyconfusedwithaunicornyetiscurrentlythoughttobe a bull.The
sealsconveythe mostseasonedwritinginSouthAsia.

8. Q14: Decline/Destructionofindus valleycivilization?
Ans:Decline.The IndusValleyCivilizationdeclinedaround1800 BCE, and researchers
banterwhichelementsbroughtaboutthe human civilization'sdestruction....Numerousresearchers
accept that the breakdownof the IndusValleyCivilizationwasbroughtaboutbyatmosphere
change.The decrease of the civilisationwasbore witnesstobythe accompanyingmajor
changes:
1: The vanishingof seals,the content,particularglobulesandceramics.
2: The move fromthe normalizedweightframeworktoutilizationof nearbyloads.
3: The decayand relinquishedurbanareas.
4: The Aryanattack wasacceptedto be significantexplanationbehindthe decayof
Harappan Civilisation.
The material culture changedintoa couple of Harappandestinationssoinvolvedafter
1900 BC. Particularantiquities,forexample,loads,seals,globule,andsoonvanished.
House developmentmethodscrumbled,huge publicstructureswere no
longerdelivered.
Q15: Entertainmentof people ofindus valleycivilization?
Ans:Indusvalleyindividualsappreciate tomove andare particularone workingwith
metals.Inthe city of Mohenjo-daro,there wasahuge focal pool,withsteps
drivingdownatthe twofinishes.Instrumentsincorporatethe Sarangi,Sitar,Tabla,
Tambora,and Tanpura. Customarily,vocal musicinIndiawillingeneral be strict
music,performerspractice musicatsanctuariestosatisfythe god/goddessandthe
lovers.Indianvocal musicisisolatedintotwoareas - the Hindustani
(northernIndianmusic) andthe Carnatic(southernIndianmusic).
Q16: Archeologistsof indusvalleycivilization?

9. Ans:
 JonathanMark Kenoyer.
 JohnMarshall.
 R. D. Basenji.
 Daya Ram Sahni.
 ShereenRatnagar.
 Jane McIntosh.
 RavindraSinghBisht.
 VirendraNathMisra.
 Rita P.Wright.
 N.G. Majumdar.
 PaoloBiagi.