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Natriuretic peptides respond to oxygen metabolism causing volume contraction and Hb concentration will be enhanced
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Natriuretic peptides and oxygen: a narrative review
- In the 1950s, electron microscopy revealed small granules in mammalian heart atria, though images were low quality.
- In 1964, Palade and Jamieson published an extensive paper showing the granules resembled those in pancreatic cells and were only present in atria, not ventricles. They concluded the atria had a secretory function.
- If one person led the discovery of natriuretic peptides, it was Adolfo de Bold in the 1970s, whose work showed atrial extracts caused natriuresis and diuresis in animals. This triggered worldwide research on atrial natriuretic factor.
Angela Ruban, CV.
This curriculum vitae summarizes the academic and professional background of Angela Ruban. She is currently a lecturer in neuroscience, oncology, and clinical pharmacology at Tel Aviv University. Her previous positions include head of pre-clinical and clinical research at Schwartz-Arad Medical Center in Israel and scientific advisor roles focused on blood glutamate scavenging technology. She has received grants from the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command and has over 15 publications in peer-reviewed journals related to neuroprotection, cancer treatment, and clinical pharmacology.
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- In the 1950s, electron microscopy revealed small granules in mammalian heart atria, though images were low quality.
- In 1964, Palade and Jamieson published an extensive paper showing the granules resembled those in pancreatic cells and were only present in atria, not ventricles. They concluded the atria had a secretory function.
- If one person led the discovery of natriuretic peptides, it was Adolfo de Bold in the 1970s, whose work showed atrial extracts caused natriuresis and diuresis in animals. This triggered worldwide research on atrial natriuretic factor.
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The combination of chronic amiodarone treatment and acute ranolazine administration has synergistic electrophysiological effects in canine atrial preparations that lead to potent prevention of atrial fibrillation induction. Specifically, ranolazine caused greater reductions in sodium channel current-dependent parameters like maximum upstroke velocity and increases in diastolic threshold and effective refractory period in atria from amiodarone-treated dogs compared to untreated dogs. This drug combination effectively suppressed triggered activity in pulmonary vein sleeves but had relatively small effects on these parameters in ventricular preparations. The authors conclude the combination produces use-dependent depression of sodium current in atria, preventing atrial fibrillation.
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This document appears to be a collection of citations and snippets of text from various medical journal articles and publications. The articles discuss topics related to renal physiology including potassium regulation and excretion, mechanisms of hypertension, genetic disorders involving ion transporters, and case studies of patients presenting with hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and other electrolyte abnormalities. Copyright information is provided for most entries.
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2) Ethacizin, but not ethmozin, had direct negative chronotropic and dromotropic effects when injected into the sinus node or AV node arteries.
3) Ethacizin also had transient vagolytic and minor sympatholytic effects, reducing the impact of vagal stimulation on the sinus node and AV conduction. In contrast, ethmozin only had a minor vagolytic effect and more significant sympatholytic action.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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N ps oxygen
- 1. Natriuretic peptides increase oxygen-carrying capacity of blood Olli Arjamaa, MD, PhD Specialist in Ophthalmology Lecturer in Animal Physiology, University of Turku, Finland Lecturer in Medical Physiology, University of Oulu, Finland +358 405125452 olli.arjamaa@utu.fi
- 4. Hypoxic conditions stimulate the release of NT-proBNP from the human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell culture without any stretch or pressure changes. Aaltonen V, Kinnunen K, Jouhilahti EM, Nikinmaa M, Kaarniranta K and Arjamaa O. 2014. Acta Ophthalmol. 92: 740-744.
- 5. Strong extrarenal effects In nephrectomized rats, ANP (=ANF) infusion increased hematocrit (Hb concentration) and decreased plasma volume. The change was due to the efflux of fluid from capillaries. With the sodium nitroprusside that caused a similar blood pressure decrease such changes were not seen (Almeida et al. 1986. Life Sci 39: 1193-99).
- 6. Arjamaa, O. 2017. Physiology of natriuretic peptides. Chapter 4. In: Advances in Medicine and Biology. Editor: Leon V. Berhardt, pp. 101-113. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. USA.
- 7. My publications related to natriuretic peptides and oxygen Arjamaa, O. and Nikinmaa, M. 2009. Review. Natriuretic peptides in hormonal regulation of hypoxia responses. Am. J. Physiol. 296: R257- R264. Arjamaa, O. and Nikinmaa, M. 2010. Letter to the Editor. Does the wall stress alone stimulate the natriuretic peptide system? Hypertension 56: e175. Arjamaa, O. and Nikinmaa, M. 2011. Review. Hypoxia regulates the natriuretic peptide system. Int. J. Physiol. Pathophysiol. Pharmacol. 3: 191-201. Arjamaa, O. and Nikinmaa, M. 2012. Letter to the Editor. Does hypoxia directly regulate the natriuretic peptide system? Int. J. Cardiol. 154: 372. Arjamaa, O. and Nikinmaa, M. 2013. Editorial. Oxygen and natriuretic peptide secretion from the heart. Int. J. Cardiol. 167: 1089-1090. Arjamaa, O. 2014. Minireview. Physiology of natriuretic peptides – the volume overload hypothesis revisited. World J. Cardiol. 6: 4-7. Aaltonen, V., Kinnunen, K., Jouhilahti, E.-M., Peltonen, J., Nikinmaa, M., Kaarniranta, K. and Arjamaa, O. 2014. Hypoxic conditions stimulate the release of B-type natriuretic peptide from human retinal pigment epithelium cell culture. Acta Ophthalmol. doi:10.1111/aos.12414. Arjamaa, O., Vuolteenaho, O., Kivi, E. and Nikinmaa, M. 2014. Hypoxia increases the release of salmon cardiac peptide (sCP) from the heart of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under constant mechanical load in vitro. Fish Biol. Biochem. 40: 67-73. Heinonen, I., Luotolahti, I., Vuolteenaho, O., Nikinmaa, M., Saraste, A., Hartiala, J., Koskenvuo, J., Knuuti, J. and Arjamaa, O. 2014. Circulating N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide and cardiac function in response to severe acute systemic hypoxia in healthy humans. J. Transl. Med. 12: 189-196. Arjamaa, O. 2017a. Letter to the Editor. Myocardial infarction and N-teminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. Am. J. Cardiol. 120: 1697. Arjamaa, O. 2017b. Physiology of natriuretic peptides. Chapter 4. In: Advances in Medicine and Biology. Editor: Leon V. Berhardt, pp. 101-113. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. USA.