MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.pptx
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Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, is caused by ischemia due to an imbalance between the supply and demand of blood to the heart. It is the leading global cause of death, taking over 17 million lives each year. Indians have some of the highest rates of coronary artery disease in the world. Symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, abnormal heart rhythms, anxiety, and fatigue. There are five types of myocardial infarction defined by their causes.
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An Overview on Sudden Cardiac Death by Bibin Rijo W | Aswin A V | Divika S | ...
As the most prevalent cause of death in developing nations is heart disease, over 7 lakh people in India and over 4 5 million worldwide pass away from sudden cardiac death SCD each year. It is the most prevailing kind of unexpected mortality brought on by cardiac anomalies like congenital heart disorders, hereditary channelopathies, heart failure and ischemic heart diseases. Nevertheless, non cardiac causes such aortic syndromes, stroke and pulmonary embolism can also result in sudden cardiac death and must to be taken into account as alternative diseases. Additionally, younger individuals experience sudden cardiac death, which is pertaining to obesity, stress, lifestyle changes, alcoholism and fibrosis non ischemic causes of sudden cardiac death . This study exemplifies the causes of sudden cardiac death SCD , most notably for those with cardiovascular diseases. Bibin Rijo W | Aswin A V | Divika S | Dr. K C Arul Prakasam | Dr. N Senthil Kumar "An Overview on Sudden Cardiac Death" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63453.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/63453/an-overview-on-sudden-cardiac-death/bibin-rijo-w
endocarditis pericarditis myocarditis
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Copy and paste no referencesWhat changes in veins occur .docx
Copy and paste no references
What changes in veins occur to create varicose veins?
What is the disease process with superior vena cava syndrome?
How does atherosclerosis cause an aneurysm?
What are the differences between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation?
What are the causes of pulmonary emboli?
What can trigger an immune response within the bloodstream that can result in an embolus?
Describe thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease).
Describe Raynaud disease.
What is the cause of the hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension?
What pathologic change occurs to the kidney’s glomeruli as a result of hypertension?
What is the primary mechanism of atherogenesis?
What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in atherosclerosis?
Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells are injured?
What alteration occurs in injured endothelial cells which contributes to atherosclerosis?
Differentiate between ischemia and infarction.
Which of the lipids is manufactured by the liver and primarily contains cholesterol and protein?
Which elevated lipid value may be protective of the development of atherosclerosis?
What are the risk factors for developing coronary artery disease?
Which risk factor increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease up to threefold?
How does nicotine increases atherosclerosis?
Which lab test is an indirect measure of atherosclerotic plaque?
Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions and still return to a viable state for how many minutes?
Which form of angina occurs most often during sleep as a result of vasospasms of one or more coronary arteries?
What is the expected electrocardiogram pattern for a person when a thrombus in a coronary artery lodges in the vessel and the infarction extends through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium?
How does angiotensin II increase the workload of the heart after a myocardial infarction?
How long after a myocardial infarction is the scar tissue that forms most vulnerable to injury?
What are the enzyme indicators of a myocardial infarction?
A patient complains of sudden onset of severe chest pain that radiates to the back and worsens with respiratory movement and when lying down. These clinical manifestations are indicative of which disease?
What is the significance of the pulsus paradoxus that occurs as a result of pericardial effusion?
Biventricular dilation is the result of which form of cardiomyopathy?
Which form of cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular dilation and grossly impaired systolic function, leading to dilated heart failure?
The hallmark of which form of cardiomyopathy is a disproportionate thickening of the interventricular septum?
Which form of cardiomyopathy is usually caused by an infiltrative disease of the myocardium, such as amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, or glycogen storage disease?
Which are the clinical manifestations of a.
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CHAPTER12CardiovascularDisease,Diabetes,andCancerC
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Cancer
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood
vessels. Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such
as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other
CVDs include stroke, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart
disease, cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart
disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic
disease, and venous thrombosis.
The underlying mechanisms vary depending on the disease. Coronary artery
disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve atherosclerosis, which is the
narrowing of the inside of an artery due to the build up of plaque. This may be
caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high
blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol consumption, among others. High
blood pressure results in 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco results in 9%, diabetes
6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%. Rheumatic heart disease may follow
untreated strep throat. It is estimated that 90% of CVD is preventable.
Coronary heart disease (CHD), also commonly referred to as just heart disease, is a
common term for the buildup of plaque in the heart’s arteries that could lead to
heart attack. But is there a difference between coronary heart disease and coronary
artery disease? The short answer is often no — health professionals frequently use
the terms interchangeably. However, coronary heart disease, or CHD, is actually a
result of coronary artery disease, or CAD. With coronary artery disease, plaque first
grows within the walls of the coronary arteries until the blood flow to the heart’s
muscle is limited. View an illustration of coronary arteries below:
Coronary Arteries
The Coronary Arteries are the blood vessels that supply blood to your heart. They
branch off of the aorta at its base. The right coronary artery, the left main coronary, the
left anterior descending, and the left circumflex artery, are the four major coronary
arteries. Blockage of these arteries is a common cause of angina, heart disease, heart
attacks and heart failure.
This restriction of the blood supply to the tissues is also called ischemia. It may be
chronic, narrowing of the coronary artery over time and limiting of the blood supply
to part of the muscle. Or it can be acute, resulting from a sudden rupture of a plaque
and formation of a thrombus or blood clot.
Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
To fully understand Cardiovascular Diseases, it may be helpful to understand the
anatomy of the cardiovascular system. It includes the following:
o Heart: the pump, divided into four chambers (R/L atria, R/L ventricles)
o Arteries: large vessels carrying oxygen-rich blood away from heart; have
thick, muscular wall
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Copy and paste no referencesWhat changes in veins occur .docx
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What changes in veins occur to create varicose veins?
What is the disease process with superior vena cava syndrome?
How does atherosclerosis cause an aneurysm?
What are the differences between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation?
What are the causes of pulmonary emboli?
What can trigger an immune response within the bloodstream that can result in an embolus?
Describe thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease).
Describe Raynaud disease.
What is the cause of the hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension?
What pathologic change occurs to the kidney’s glomeruli as a result of hypertension?
What is the primary mechanism of atherogenesis?
What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in atherosclerosis?
Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells are injured?
What alteration occurs in injured endothelial cells which contributes to atherosclerosis?
Differentiate between ischemia and infarction.
Which of the lipids is manufactured by the liver and primarily contains cholesterol and protein?
Which elevated lipid value may be protective of the development of atherosclerosis?
What are the risk factors for developing coronary artery disease?
Which risk factor increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease up to threefold?
How does nicotine increases atherosclerosis?
Which lab test is an indirect measure of atherosclerotic plaque?
Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions and still return to a viable state for how many minutes?
Which form of angina occurs most often during sleep as a result of vasospasms of one or more coronary arteries?
What is the expected electrocardiogram pattern for a person when a thrombus in a coronary artery lodges in the vessel and the infarction extends through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium?
How does angiotensin II increase the workload of the heart after a myocardial infarction?
How long after a myocardial infarction is the scar tissue that forms most vulnerable to injury?
What are the enzyme indicators of a myocardial infarction?
A patient complains of sudden onset of severe chest pain that radiates to the back and worsens with respiratory movement and when lying down. These clinical manifestations are indicative of which disease?
What is the significance of the pulsus paradoxus that occurs as a result of pericardial effusion?
Biventricular dilation is the result of which form of cardiomyopathy?
Which form of cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular dilation and grossly impaired systolic function, leading to dilated heart failure?
The hallmark of which form of cardiomyopathy is a disproportionate thickening of the interventricular septum?
Which form of cardiomyopathy is usually caused by an infiltrative disease of the myocardium, such as amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, or glycogen storage disease?
Which are the clinical manifestations of a.
Cardiovascular System-conditions (Atherosclerosis, Ischemia and infarction, RHD)
Atherosclerosis, Ischemia and infarction, Rheumatic heart disease and infective endocarditis
CVD.pptx
it focuses on cardiovascular diseases and hypertension, types of CVDs and is dietary management
HOW TO SURVIVE A HEART ATTACK
Heart Diseases in Men and Women are the number 1 cause of death in United States. 1 out of 4 deaths in U.S are caused by Heart Diseases. But this can be controlled or avoided if proper medical attention were given at the right time. In some cases, various symptoms are seen prior to serious heart issues, which could be treated or controlled by getting medical attention from a doctor.
Heart failure: definition,signs,symptoms,lab values, tests, pharmacological t...
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Cancer
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood
vessels. Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such
as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other
CVDs include stroke, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart
disease, cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart
disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic
disease, and venous thrombosis.
The underlying mechanisms vary depending on the disease. Coronary artery
disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve atherosclerosis, which is the
narrowing of the inside of an artery due to the build up of plaque. This may be
caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high
blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol consumption, among others. High
blood pressure results in 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco results in 9%, diabetes
6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%. Rheumatic heart disease may follow
untreated strep throat. It is estimated that 90% of CVD is preventable.
Coronary heart disease (CHD), also commonly referred to as just heart disease, is a
common term for the buildup of plaque in the heart’s arteries that could lead to
heart attack. But is there a difference between coronary heart disease and coronary
artery disease? The short answer is often no — health professionals frequently use
the terms interchangeably. However, coronary heart disease, or CHD, is actually a
result of coronary artery disease, or CAD. With coronary artery disease, plaque first
grows within the walls of the coronary arteries until the blood flow to the heart’s
muscle is limited. View an illustration of coronary arteries below:
Coronary Arteries
The Coronary Arteries are the blood vessels that supply blood to your heart. They
branch off of the aorta at its base. The right coronary artery, the left main coronary, the
left anterior descending, and the left circumflex artery, are the four major coronary
arteries. Blockage of these arteries is a common cause of angina, heart disease, heart
attacks and heart failure.
This restriction of the blood supply to the tissues is also called ischemia. It may be
chronic, narrowing of the coronary artery over time and limiting of the blood supply
to part of the muscle. Or it can be acute, resulting from a sudden rupture of a plaque
and formation of a thrombus or blood clot.
Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System
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anatomy of the cardiovascular system. It includes the following:
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thick, muscular wall
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Olfactory Membrane:
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Olfactory Mucosa:
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Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
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Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
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Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
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Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
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MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.pptx
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Myocardial infarction (MI) also known as a heart attack can be defined as cell death of cardiac myocytes caused by ischemia, which is the result of a perfusion imbalance between supply and demand. • According to World Health Organisation (WHO), cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, taking an estimated 17.9 lives each year (https://www.who.int/). • Indians are known to have the highest coronary artery disease (CAD) rates. According to the survey in 2020, the Global Burden of Disease study stated that the IHD death rate per 100000 population in India is 272 which is much higher than the global average of 235.
- 3. SYMPTOMS Chest pain that travels to the left arm or left side of the neck Shortness of breath Sweating Abnormal heart beating Anxiety Fatigue
- 4. TYPES OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION TYPE 1 Spontaneous myocardial infarction related to ischaemia due to a primary coronary event such as plaque erosion and/or rupture, fissuring, or dissection. TYPE 2 Myocardial infarction secondary to ischaemia due to either increased oxygen demand or decreased supply, e.g. coronary artery spasm, coronary embolism, anaemia, arrhythmias, hypertension, or hypotension. TYPE 3 Sudden unexpected cardiac death, including cardiac arrest. TYPE 4 TYPE 4A Myocardial infarction associated with PCI. TYPE 4B Myocardial infarction associated with stent thrombosis as documented by angiography or at autopsy. TYPE 5 Myocardial infarction associated with CABG.
- 6. Changes due to myocardial infarction in ECG