My hometown - Making the Connection
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The city and surrounding areas suffer from various environmental problems such as water pollution from factories, air pollution from factories and vehicles, dust from mines, litter, and noise pollution from overcrowding. Soweto has poor air quality due to coal burning and high water pollution levels. The Dutch established the first European colony in 1652 which grew to about 15,000 people by the late 1700s. Johannesburg is the largest city and economic center of South Africa with a population of around 4 million people, including many illegal immigrants. Gold mining is a key industry.
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1CHAPTER 4 SOUTH AFRICA South AfricaConcepts to Know·
1
CHAPTER 4: SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa
Concepts to Know
· Afrikaner
· Apartheid
· Natives Land Act (1913)
· African National Congress
· National Party
· Group Areas Act (1950)
· Nelson Mandela
· Freedom Charter (1955)
· Truth and Reconciliation Commission
· Ubuntu
· National Assembly
· Public Protector
· Independent Police Investigative Directorate
· S v. Makwanyana (1995)
· Judicial Service Commission
· Law Reform Commission
· Constitutional Court
· Advocates
· Assessors
· Inspecting Judge
· NICRO
· Child Justice Act (2008)
Introduction
SOUTH AFRICA encompasses the southern tip of the African continent. It is the ninth largest country on the continent and the thirty-third largest in the world. Its northern border is shared with Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Swaziland. Its coastline borders the Indian Ocean on the east and south and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. In addition, South Africa surrounds the small country of Lesotho, which is approximately the size of the state of Maryland. Lesotho is a constitutional monarchy that gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 (see Figure 4.1).
The population of South Africa is almost 53 million and consists of 79.5 percent black, 9 percent white, 9 percent “colored,” and 2.5 percent Asian or Indian residents. The use of the word “colored” in the South African context refers to people of mixed race and often is associated with people of African and Dutch ancestry. The principal industries of the country are minerals, mining, motor vehicles, and machinery. South Africa is a significant producer of platinum, manganese, gold, and chrome. Its major trading markets include China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
South Africa has 11 official languages: Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, and Xitsonga. With the exception of Afrikaans and English, the other languages are all Bantu languages. Bantu languages are spoken by more than 100 million Africans in east, central, and southern Africa. Afrikaans is a seventeenth-century variation of Dutch that has been considered a distinct language since the nineteenth century. Approximately 7 percent of the South African population are Afrikaners, that is, people who trace their roots to the early Dutch, French, and German settlers. Most of the English spoken is by nonwhites, along with approximately 2 million English-speaking whites who trace their ancestors to British immigrants and to the 1 million people of Asian/Indian origins.
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C H A P T E R 4
The European Organization
of the Slave Trade
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of European capital invested in international commerce. The trade was
closely associated with the development of commercial export agricul-
ture in America, and Asian trading with Europe. It involved complex
capital and credit arrangements in Europe, Africa, and America and
was carried on by a very large number of competing merchants in an
unusually free market. Finally, it was the largest movement of workers
to the Americas before the mid-nineteenth century.
How did this extraordinary trade develop in Europe? What mecha-
nisms were used to get this system into operation and what were the
relative roles of the state and of private capital? How was the trade
financed and what were the goods used to purchase the slaves? What
types of ships and crews were involved in the transport of these slaves
and how were they purchased in Africa and how were they sold in Amer-
ica? What were the profits generated by the trade and what was their
relative importance within the expanding European economy? These
are some of the issues I will deal with in this and the following chapter
on the African part of the trade.
Given the high entry costs to trading, and the initial lack of detailed
knowledge of the various African and American markets, the earliest
period of the slave trade was one in which the state played a major role.
Though slaves were shipped off the African coast by private European
traders from the 1440s onward as part of general exports of gold and
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EBSCO : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 2/16/2019 3:31 PM via EXCELSIOR COLLEGE
AN: 331300 ; Klein, Herbert S..; The Atlantic Slave Trade
Account: s4946256.main.ehost
76 THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
ivory, the organization of an intensive slave trade took several hundred
years to develop. Africa was a modest source of slaves for southern
Europe until the beginning of the sixteenth century, and it was only
the opening up of America to European colonization that slave trading
finally turned into a major economic activity.
Although the Portuguese were rich enough to allow private con-
tractors to develop some part of the early trade, both they and all the
Europeans who followed used heavy state control in the form of taxa-
tion, subsidization, or monopoly contracts to get the .
South africa imperiailsm
The document summarizes the imperialism in South Africa by European powers like the Dutch and British from the 17th century onwards. It discusses how the Dutch established the Cape Colony and imported slaves. Britain later gained control of the colony and permanently annexed it. This led to conflicts with native populations and the introduction of racist policies and laws. However, it also led to the abolition of slavery, increased trade, the development of industries and ports, and the introduction of new religions and crops. In the end, imperialism left both negative impacts like apartheid and poverty, as well as positive impacts like increased life expectancy and a diverse culture.
Scramble For Africa
The document summarizes the background and objectives of the 1884 Berlin Conference, where European powers met to negotiate the partition of Africa among themselves. It provides role cards for country delegates representing Germany, France, Great Britain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, and Italy. Each role card outlines the country's existing colonial holdings in Africa and strategic interests and goals for the conference negotiations. The conference aimed to create rules for the scramble for Africa and its division into European colonies and spheres of influence to access the continent's raw materials and resources.
AP WH Chapter 18
Between 1550-1800, European powers established sugar plantations in the West Indies using African slave labor. The sugar industry was highly profitable and drove the growth of the Atlantic slave trade. Plantations were harsh environments that severely exploited slaves and caused ecological damage to the islands. Meanwhile in Africa, European traders partnered with coastal kings to acquire slaves through warfare or kidnapping to meet demand from the plantation colonies. This Atlantic system created vast wealth for European nations and plantation owners while severely damaging millions of African lives.
Scramble for africa
The document summarizes the "Scramble for Africa" period between 1881-1914 where European powers rapidly colonized and annexed African territory, resulting in 90% of the continent being under European control by 1914. Key factors driving this colonization included growing economic and strategic interests on the continent, such as access to markets and resources, as well as rivalry between European powers to secure lucrative colonial holdings. The process began with exploration in the late 18th century and intensified in the late 19th century amidst global imperialism.
European colonization of africa
The document summarizes the European colonization of Africa from initial contact in the 16th century through independence in the mid-20th century. It discusses how Europeans initially engaged in slave trade on the coasts but did not explore the interior of Africa until the late 19th century, when the "Scramble for Africa" led to the continent being divided and occupied by European colonial powers at the 1884-1885 Berlin Conference. This colonization had both benefits like infrastructure development and negatives like economic exploitation and oppression, leaving Africa divided and dependent after independence was achieved in the mid-1900s.
The berlin conference of 1884
The Berlin Conference of 1884 was convened to regulate colonial rivalries in Africa and negotiate spheres of influence, territories, and trade between the European powers. However, no African nations were invited to participate. The conference endorsed the Scramble for Africa by European powers and led to the partition of Africa among Germany, Britain, Portugal, Italy, Spain, and Belgium. This disrupted African societies and ultimately subjected people across the continent to colonial rule, exploitation, and atrocities like those committed by King Leopold II of Belgium in the Congo Free State.
The West And The World – Imperialism V2008
1) By 1970, a large gap had developed between developed countries like those in Europe and North America versus third world countries. This was due to the industrialization and technological advances of Western nations that allowed them to exploit resources and markets in other parts of the world.
2) In the late 19th century, European countries expanded their colonial holdings globally through military and economic power. Britain had the largest empire, controlling territories in North America, India, Australia and Africa.
3) European nations invested capital abroad starting in 1840, mostly in infrastructure projects in countries like the US, Canada, Latin America which enabled further settlement and control of native populations.
Ap ch 18
1. Between 1550-1800, European colonization of West Africa and the West Indies increased the demand for slaves to work on sugar plantations.
2. The transition from indentured servants to slaves was driven by declining European immigration and higher slave mortality.
3. The Atlantic slave trade developed into an extensive circuit, transporting slaves from Africa to the Americas and goods from the Americas back to Europe and Africa.
Colonialism and colonies
Colonialism involved one country dominating another through military force to establish control over territory and people. There were economic, religious, and strategic motivations for colonialism. Economically, colonies provided markets, raw materials, and investment opportunities. Religiously, countries sought to spread their beliefs. Strategically, colonies protected trade routes and investments. The 1884-85 Berlin Conference regulated European colonization in Africa, eliminating African autonomy and dividing the continent between European powers. Colonial rule had significant negative consequences for colonized peoples through exploitation of resources and labor forces, destruction of local industries, slavery, and institutionalized racism.
Port Phillip District - Ideas, groups, individuals
The document discusses the ideas and motivations underlying the settlement and migration to the Port Phillip District in Australia. It describes the push factors in Britain that encouraged emigration such as poverty, poor living conditions, and the Irish Potato Famine. It also outlines the pull factors of the Port Phillip District, including the availability of fertile land suitable for farming, economic opportunities from the need for labor, and the gold rush of 1851. Finally, it provides examples of some early settlers and explorers to the region like the Henty family, Sir Thomas Mitchell, and Georgiana McCrae.
Africa in the New World Economy
This document discusses the history of slavery in Africa and the development of the transatlantic slave trade. It describes how slavery existed in many parts of Africa prior to European arrival, often as a result of warfare. It then outlines the three stages of the European slave trade between Africa and the Americas from the 15th to 19th centuries. Stage one involved the Portuguese beginning to export slaves from West Africa. Stage two saw massive growth in the slave trade as European demand increased due to the rise of plantation economies in the Americas. Millions of African slaves were transported during this period. Stage three included the abolition of the slave trade in the early 1800s due to growing opposition in places like Britain.
Africa and the Africans
I. The Atlantic slave trade transported over 12 million Africans between 1450-1850, with the 18th century seeing the height of the trade. The Portuguese initially dominated the trade, though the Dutch, English, and French later played major roles.
II. The slave trade intensified slavery and influenced politics in West and Central African societies like the Asante and Dahomey empires, with states close to the coast having more power.
III. Bantu-speaking peoples migrated to Southern Africa by 1500, where they encountered Dutch settlers at the Cape and later British rule, while the Zulu rose to power under Shaka in the early 1800s.
The end of the slave trade
By the 18th century, Britain had become the largest exporter of African slaves. However, Britain would be the first major European country to outlaw the slave trade in 1807. There were both social and economic reasons for Britain's change. Socially, reform movements challenged slavery. Economically, slavery became less profitable as sugar production costs decreased in other colonies and the price of slaves increased. Britain also began to industrialize and favor wage labor over slave labor in factories.
Scramble for africa th
The document discusses the colonization of Africa by European powers between the 15th-20th centuries. It outlines how Portugal established the first colonies in the 1400s, followed by other European nations seeking resources like gold, ivory and slaves. By the 1880s, European powers divided up most of Africa through treaties with local leaders. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 formalized the colonial boundaries, ignoring African peoples' rights and leading to political fragmentation in Africa. By 1900, most of the continent was under European rule except for Ethiopia and Liberia.
Voc (dutch east india company)
The document provides background information on the history of early modern Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries and the Netherlands specifically. It discusses the Eighty Years' War which led to the Dutch Golden Age and great prosperity driven by trade. It also summarizes the rise of the influential Dutch East India Company and its role in international trade and colonization during this period.
Cheese!vf
The document discusses Early Modern Europe and the role of cheese in Dutch history. During this period of social and economic change, the Dutch developed agricultural techniques like windmills and dikes to drain land and grow crops. They became major cheese producers, exporting cheese to places like England. However, the English enacted trade restrictions like the Navigation Act of 1651 to limit Dutch commerce. This led to conflicts between the Dutch and English, including the first of three Anglo-Dutch wars from 1652 to 1654 that was ultimately fought over control of the cheese and butter trade.
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