Musyarakah
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This document defines and describes the principle of Musyarakah in Islamic finance. Musyarakah is a contract of partnership where two or more parties contribute capital to a business and participate in management. Any profits generated are shared according to a pre-agreed ratio, while losses are shared in proportion to capital contributions. There are two main types of Musyarakah: general co-ownership without a formal agreement, and contractual Musyarakah with a written or oral partnership agreement. The document outlines several forms of contractual Musyarakah and their distinguishing characteristics.
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This document provides an overview of the Islamic financing concepts of Mudarabah and Musharakah. It defines Mudarabah as a partnership between an investor and a fund manager, where the investor provides capital and the fund manager manages the business. Profits are shared according to a pre-agreed ratio, while losses are borne solely by the investor. It describes different types of Mudarabah and rules regarding capital, management, and termination. Musharakah is defined as a partnership where multiple parties combine capital to generate profits or benefits which are then shared according to ownership ratios. The document outlines various types of partnerships and basic rules regarding capital contribution, management, profit/loss sharing, and termination for Musharak
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Mudarabah is a form of partnership where one party provides capital for an investment and the other party manages the project. Any profits are shared according to a predetermined ratio, while losses are borne solely by the capital provider. There are two types of Mudarabah: restricted, where the capital provider specifies the business or place; and unrestricted, where the manager has broader discretion. Mudarabah can be terminated by either party giving notice. While opinions differ, most scholars allow trading of Mudarabah certificates if non-liquid assets represent over 50% of the project's value. Mudarabah and Musharakah can also be used to finance single transactions like imports.
Presentation1 (1)
Mudarabah is an Islamic contract where one party provides capital to another party for investing in a commercial enterprise. The capital provider is called rabb-ul-mal and the manager is called mudarib. Profits are shared according to a predetermined ratio, while losses are solely borne by the capital provider except in cases of misconduct or negligence by the mudarib. There are two main types of mudarabah - restricted and unrestricted. The contract can be terminated by either party with notice. Mudarabah is used by Islamic banks to accept deposits and invest funds on behalf of depositors based on profit and loss sharing. However, there are also risks involved for the banks in applying mudarabah.
Mudharabah and Muqharadah in Islamic Finance
This document provides an overview of Mudharabah contracts in Islamic finance. Some key points:
- Mudharabah is a partnership between an investor and manager where the investor provides capital and the manager manages the project, with profits shared according to a predetermined ratio. Losses are typically borne solely by the investor.
- There are two main types - restricted Mudharabah, where the manager has constraints, and unrestricted where the manager has sole discretion.
- Mudharabah contracts find basis in the Quran and hadiths. Jurists agree they are permissible.
- Profits are shared according to the contract terms. Losses are borne by the investor
Musharkah CONCEPT
Here are the steps to setup the Musharakah company for Case 1:
1. Partner A and Partner B form a Musharakah company on Jan 1 with a capital contribution of Rs. 10 million and Rs. 5 million respectively.
2. The company operates throughout the year and earns a profit of Rs. 3 million by Dec 31.
3. As per the agreed ratio, the profit of Rs. 3 million is distributed between Partner A and Partner B in the ratio of their capital contribution i.e. Partner A receives Rs. 2 million (10/15 of Rs. 3 million) and Partner B receives Rs. 1 million (5/15 of Rs. 3 million).
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The document provides an introduction to various Islamic financing concepts, including Musharakah, Mudarabah, Murabahah, Ijarah, and Salam/Istisna.
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SUKUK (MUSHARAKAH)
This document defines and describes Musharakah Sukuk. It begins by defining Sukuk and Musharakah Sukuk. Musharakah Sukuk represent ownership shares in a business venture or project on a profit-and-loss sharing basis. The document then explains the modus operandi of Musharakah Sukuk, including how the funds are used to execute a project and how profits and losses are shared. It also summarizes various fatwas and resolutions issued on Musharakah Sukuk by organizations like AAOIFI.
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This document discusses various Islamic financing concepts including musharakah, mudarabah, and prohibitions on riba. It provides definitions and rules for each:
Musharakah is a partnership where two or more parties contribute capital and labor to a business, sharing profits and losses. Mudarabah involves one party providing capital (rabb-ul-mal) and another providing labor (mudarib), with profits shared according to agreement. Riba refers to interest charged on loans, which is prohibited in Islam as it is unjust. The document outlines other Islamic modes of financing like project financing, securitization of musharakah, and using these structures for working capital or single transactions.
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This document provides an overview of the Islamic financing concepts of Mudarabah and Musharakah. It defines Mudarabah as a partnership between an investor and a fund manager, where the investor provides capital and the fund manager manages the business. Profits are shared according to a pre-agreed ratio, while losses are borne solely by the investor. It describes different types of Mudarabah and rules regarding capital, management, and termination. Musharakah is defined as a partnership where multiple parties combine capital to generate profits or benefits which are then shared according to ownership ratios. The document outlines various types of partnerships and basic rules regarding capital contribution, management, profit/loss sharing, and termination for Musharak
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Presentation1 (1)
Mudarabah is an Islamic contract where one party provides capital to another party for investing in a commercial enterprise. The capital provider is called rabb-ul-mal and the manager is called mudarib. Profits are shared according to a predetermined ratio, while losses are solely borne by the capital provider except in cases of misconduct or negligence by the mudarib. There are two main types of mudarabah - restricted and unrestricted. The contract can be terminated by either party with notice. Mudarabah is used by Islamic banks to accept deposits and invest funds on behalf of depositors based on profit and loss sharing. However, there are also risks involved for the banks in applying mudarabah.
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This document provides an overview of Mudharabah contracts in Islamic finance. Some key points:
- Mudharabah is a partnership between an investor and manager where the investor provides capital and the manager manages the project, with profits shared according to a predetermined ratio. Losses are typically borne solely by the investor.
- There are two main types - restricted Mudharabah, where the manager has constraints, and unrestricted where the manager has sole discretion.
- Mudharabah contracts find basis in the Quran and hadiths. Jurists agree they are permissible.
- Profits are shared according to the contract terms. Losses are borne by the investor
Musharkah CONCEPT
Here are the steps to setup the Musharakah company for Case 1:
1. Partner A and Partner B form a Musharakah company on Jan 1 with a capital contribution of Rs. 10 million and Rs. 5 million respectively.
2. The company operates throughout the year and earns a profit of Rs. 3 million by Dec 31.
3. As per the agreed ratio, the profit of Rs. 3 million is distributed between Partner A and Partner B in the ratio of their capital contribution i.e. Partner A receives Rs. 2 million (10/15 of Rs. 3 million) and Partner B receives Rs. 1 million (5/15 of Rs. 3 million).
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The document provides an introduction to various Islamic financing concepts, including Musharakah, Mudarabah, Murabahah, Ijarah, and Salam/Istisna.
Musharakah refers to a partnership where two or more parties contribute capital to a business and share profits and losses. Mudarabah is a partnership where one party provides capital and the other manages the business, with profits shared according to a predetermined ratio. Murabahah involves the sale of an asset at a pre-agreed markup over cost. Ijarah is a leasing contract where the lessor transfers use of an asset to the lessee for a rental fee but retains ownership.
SUKUK (MUSHARAKAH)
This document defines and describes Musharakah Sukuk. It begins by defining Sukuk and Musharakah Sukuk. Musharakah Sukuk represent ownership shares in a business venture or project on a profit-and-loss sharing basis. The document then explains the modus operandi of Musharakah Sukuk, including how the funds are used to execute a project and how profits and losses are shared. It also summarizes various fatwas and resolutions issued on Musharakah Sukuk by organizations like AAOIFI.
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This document discusses various Islamic financing concepts including musharakah, mudarabah, and prohibitions on riba. It provides definitions and rules for each:
Musharakah is a partnership where two or more parties contribute capital and labor to a business, sharing profits and losses. Mudarabah involves one party providing capital (rabb-ul-mal) and another providing labor (mudarib), with profits shared according to agreement. Riba refers to interest charged on loans, which is prohibited in Islam as it is unjust. The document outlines other Islamic modes of financing like project financing, securitization of musharakah, and using these structures for working capital or single transactions.
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2) In mudarabah, the capital provider is called rabb-ul-maal and the manager is called the mudarib. The mudarib manages the business while the rabb-ul-maal does not interfere.
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3) Musharkah is similar but both parties also share losses proportional to their capital contribution, and both may participate in management.
4) These structures can be used for project financing, import/export financing, and working capital needs when structured appropriately to comply with Islamic finance principles.
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2) The agreement is valid for a specified number of years from the date of first disbursement.
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application of fund (al-mudarabah)
1) Mudarabah is a partnership agreement where one party provides capital while the other provides labor and management skills, with profits shared between the parties according to a predetermined ratio.
2) In mudarabah, the capital provider is called rabb-ul-maal and the manager is called the mudarib. The mudarib manages the business while the rabb-ul-maal does not interfere.
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The group presentation is telling about the general description on Al Mudharabah (profit sharing partnership) transaction, which is classified under one of the Islamic Banking transactions.
Fiqh
This document provides an overview of key Islamic finance concepts including Musharakah, Mudarabah, Murabahah, and Ijarah. It defines Musharakah as a partnership contract between partners on both capital and profit. It can include partnerships of ownership or contracts. Mudarabah is a partnership where one partner provides capital and the other provides labor/management. Key differences between Musharakah and Mudarabah are outlined. Murabahah is a sale with a specified profit markup agreed upon by both parties. Ijarah refers to hiring or leasing, where the benefits of an asset are transferred for rent.
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1) Muhammad Faisal Shaikh, Muhammad Zeeshan, and Muhammad Afaaq presented on Mudarabah and Musharkah as modes of financing.
2) Mudarabah is a partnership where one party provides capital to another to invest, and profits are shared according to a predetermined ratio while losses are borne solely by the capital provider.
3) Musharkah is similar but both parties also share losses proportional to their capital contribution, and both may participate in management.
4) These structures can be used for project financing, import/export financing, and working capital needs when structured appropriately to comply with Islamic finance principles.
Simplified Illustration of Mudharabah Investment Accounts
Created in 2009 during my CIFP studies, these slides were designed based on the assumptions that IFIs use both the PER and IRR. This was done merely to demonstrate how PER and IRR would theoretically be applied.
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The document discusses Musharakah, which is an Islamic financing structure based on profit-and-loss sharing partnership. It defines Musharakah and various types of Shirkah (partnership). It also describes how Musharakah works as a financing model, including diminishing Musharakah. The key differences between interest-based financing and Musharakah are that Musharakah shares profits and losses between partners according to contribution ratios, while interest guarantees a fixed return. The document proposes using market prices and rental data rather than interest rates to determine profit rates for Musharakah financing.
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Sukuk are asset-backed certificates that represent ownership shares in tangible assets. They provide investors with returns based on the profits or rental income from those underlying assets, distinguishing them from conventional bonds where returns are fixed interest payments. There are various structures for Sukuk including Mudarabah for profit-sharing investments, Murabahah for commodity sales, and Ijarah for lease-based contracts. The document outlines the basics of Sukuk, compares them to bonds, details common Sukuk structures, and explains how a typical international Sukuk transaction is arranged.
shirkah dan mudharabah
Shirkah refers to partnership in Islamic commercial law. There are two main types: shirkah al milk which is joint ownership of property, and shirkah al 'aqd which is a joint commercial enterprise where partners share capital and profit. Mudharabah is a specific type of partnership where one partner provides capital to another to invest in a business venture. The capital provider shares profit according to a profit ratio but bears any losses. Double mudharabah allows the capital from one mudharabah partnership to be invested in another mudharabah contract.
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AlHuda-Centre of Islamic Banking and Economics (CIBE) is a well known name in Islamic Banking and Finance sector which focuses on training, awareness, advisory and publications on Islamic Banking & Finance in order to promote the industry. AlHuda CIBE has organized a successful Conference "3rd Global Islamic Microfinance Forum" held on 6th & 7th October, 2013 in Dubai. AlHuda CIBE is very much pleased to share the topics and presentations being held in the Forum.
What is Islamic Banking.ppt
This document provides an overview of Islamic banking and its key concepts. It defines Islamic banking as banking that follows Islamic principles like prohibiting interest and investing based on profit and loss sharing. The main types of deposits in Islamic banking are investment accounts based on mudarabah and musharakah, where returns are linked to profits. Financing is done through modes like murabahah (cost-plus sale), where the bank discloses costs to the customer. The document outlines different models of murabahah transactions commonly used in Islamic banking.
Forms of business partnersip under islamic law,what partner ship is called in...
forms of business partnersip under islamic law,what partner ship is called in islam, maulana shoayb joosub
Unit 3 (introduction of musharka)
A Musharakah contract is an agreement where two or more parties contribute capital to establish a new project or share in an existing project. There are different types of partnerships (shirkah) including shirkat-ul-milk for joint property ownership and shirkat-ul-aqd for commercial partnerships. Shirkat-ul-aqd can be based on capital contributions (shirkat-ul-amwal), work/skills (shirkat-ul-aamal), or reputation (shirkat-ul-wujooh). The rules of Musharakah require capital contributions to be clearly defined, profits and losses to be shared based on capital ratios, and termination procedures in cases such as
Partnership
hi people!!! this is my first presentation hope u like it n might help u for ur further studies and good step for ur future!!!!! I'm pretty much sure u'll like it and if u find interesting plz comment or give a like. your like means a lot...!!!!!! :)
Presentation of Joint venture Technology
A joint venture is a business entity created by two or more parties, generally characterized by shared ownership, profitability and shared risks and shared governance.
ISLAMIC BANK & FINANCE Chapter 5
Musharakah is an Islamic financing structure that is an alternative to interest-bearing loans. It allows parties to share profits and risks of a business venture, with the ratio of profit distribution determined in advance. There are several types of Musharakah partnerships depending on the nature of contributions and shares. The key principles are that losses are shared based on capital contribution ratios, while profit shares can be predetermined but not based on capital amounts. An example shows how capital contributions and profit shares are calculated for a project co-financed by an Islamic bank and customer.
Merits and Demerits of Partnership firm pgp VIVA VVIT
Types of Partners, Partnership Merits and Demerits, Partner by Holding out, Parter by estoppel, Registration of Partnership, The difference between a sole proprietorship and Partnership, features of Partnership act 1932, Mutual consent of Partners, Mutual agency
Partnership
A partnership is formed through a legal agreement between two or more persons to carry on a lawful business together with a view to earn profits. Key characteristics of a partnership include unlimited liability of partners, shared risks and profits, mutual agency where each partner acts as an agent for the other partners, and lack of continuity if a partner dies or leaves. Partnerships offer benefits like ease of formation and closure, balanced decision making, and sharing of risks. However, partnerships also have drawbacks such as unlimited liability, limited funding, potential for conflicts between partners, and lack of continuity if a partner leaves.
18 Partnership
Partnership is a business relationship between two or more persons who agree to share the profits or losses of the business. Key features include an agreement to conduct business together and share profits/losses, unlimited liability of the partners, and flexibility to divide responsibilities. A partnership deed is a written agreement that outlines terms like capital contributions, profit/loss sharing ratios, partner roles, and dissolution procedures. The advantages of a partnership include easier formation, larger capital availability, flexibility, and quick decision making. However, partnerships also have disadvantages like potential lack of harmony between partners, instability risk with partner changes, and limited growth potential compared to other business structures.
Lec-5 Partnership.pptx
This document provides an introduction to partnerships as a form of business organization. It defines a partnership as an agreement between two or more people to carry on business together and share profits and losses. Key points include:
- Partnerships allow for more capital than sole proprietorships but have fewer restrictions than corporations. There can be no more than 20 partners for ordinary businesses and 10 for banks.
- Partners each contribute capital and have unlimited liability for the firm's debts. They can participate in management and share profits according to their agreement.
- Advantages include easier formation than corporations, flexibility, tax benefits, and ability to utilize partners' varied skills. Disadvantages include unlimited liability, limited life and capital, and
A study on various investment opportunities And investment pattern of salari...
This document is a project report submitted for a Master's degree in Business Administration. It examines various investment opportunities and the investment patterns of salaried individuals. The report was conducted under the supervision of Prof. Kiranjit Kaur and submitted by Navjeet Kaur. It includes sections on the introduction, objectives of the study, scope of the study, research methodology used, literature review, data analysis and interpretation of findings. The main investment avenues analyzed are shares, bonds, debentures, bank deposits, mutual funds, real estate, insurance and others.
BUSINESS UNITS
BUSINESS UNITS
Definition
Is an organization or firm that deals in the production or distribution of commodities usually for the purpose of making profit. It may be set up by an individual or group of individuals and its size depends on the amount of capital invested.
FORMS OF BUSINESS UNIT
(i) Public sector
(ii) Private sector
PUBLIC SECTOR
The public sectors comprise of business organization owned by the government. The sector consist of the following;
Public cooperation
Public companies
Local government authorities
Parastatals
PRIVATE SECTOR
The private sectors comprise of business organization owned by private individuals. The sector consist of the
Partnership firm pgp VIVA VVIT
Types of Partners, Partner by Holding out, Mutual Agency, Contract of Agency, 3 Musketeers by Dumas, One for all, all for one, Merits of the Partnership in comparing with Sole Proprietory
acounting musharahkah.pptx
$1,500,000 * 60% = $900,000 (Bank's share)
Customer contributes $1,500,000 * 40% = $600,000
Profit sharing ratio is 30:70
Year 1: Loss ($1,500,000)
Bank's share = 30% of $1,500,000 = $450,000
Customer's share = 70% of $1,500,000 = $1,050,000
Year 2: Loss ($1,000,000)
Bank's share = 30% of $1,000,000 = $300,000
Customer's share = 70% of $1,000,000 = $700
Topic vii. islamic investment funds
This document discusses Islamic investment funds and the principles of Shariah that govern them. There are several types of funds described, including equity funds, Ijarah funds, commodity funds, and Murabahah funds. The document also addresses conditions for investing in shares according to Shariah like ensuring the main business of the company is halal. It discusses debates around concepts like limited liability and whether they are acceptable in an Islamic economic system. Examples are provided of how Islamic legal scholars have treated entities like waqf, Baitul-Mal, and inheritance under debt as having separate legal identities.
Financial Accounting 2 asignment
Petaling Tin Berhad is a public listed property development and investment holding company in Malaysia. Based on its 2016 annual report:
- Total assets were RM436.7 million, with non-current assets of RM385.9 million and current assets of RM44 million.
- Total revenue was RM28.8 million with a net profit of RM8.1 million.
- The company has 3 types of shares - ordinary shares worth RM346.1 million, treasury shares worth RM68,236, and premium shares worth RM44 million. No dividends have been paid in the current period.
- Financial ratios like the acid-test ratio of 1.21 and debt-to
ACCOUNTING FOR PARTNERSHIPS
This document discusses partnership accounts in accounting. It defines a partnership as an agreement between two or more people to do business together to earn profits. It outlines the key contents of a partnership deed, including names of partners, capital contributions, profit/loss sharing ratios, interest payments, and duties. The document also discusses advantages like shared risk, and disadvantages like unlimited liability. It explains double-entry accounting for partnership transactions and different types of partners.
PARTNERSHIP ACCOUNTS
This document discusses partnership accounts in accounting. It defines a partnership as an agreement between two or more people to do business together to earn profits. It outlines the key contents of a partnership deed, including names of partners, capital contributions, profit/loss sharing ratios, interest payments, and duties. The document also discusses advantages like shared risk, and disadvantages like unlimited liability. It explains double-entry accounting for partnership transactions and different types of partners.
Partnership
Partnership is a form of business ownership that arises when two or more persons come together and pool their capital, skills, and labor to operate a business for mutual profit. The key reasons for forming a partnership include overcoming limitations of sole proprietorship such as limited resources and skills by combining the strengths of multiple individuals. A partnership is governed by the Indian Partnership Act of 1932 and allows for unlimited liability as well as shared profits, losses, risks, and mutual agency between partners in operating the business together.
Similar to Musyarakah (20)
Forms of business partnersip under islamic law,what partner ship is called in...
Forms of business partnersip under islamic law,what partner ship is called in...
Merits and Demerits of Partnership firm pgp VIVA VVIT
Merits and Demerits of Partnership firm pgp VIVA VVIT
A study on various investment opportunities And investment pattern of salari...
A study on various investment opportunities And investment pattern of salari...
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What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightness
What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightnessLabour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Duba...
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1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdf
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
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Using Online job postings and survey data to understand labour market trends
Using Online job postings and survey data to understand labour market trendsLabour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.Does teamwork really matter? Looking beyond the job posting to understand lab...
Does teamwork really matter? Looking beyond the job posting to understand lab...Labour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.SWAIAP Fraud Risk Mitigation Prof Oyedokun.pptx
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Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
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Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
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Musyarakah
- 2. DEFINITION OF MUSYARAKAH Valid as it is established in the Quran : “ truly many are the partners in business who wrong each other except those who believe and work deeds of righteousness, and how few are they.” Contract of partnership between two or more people.
- 3. CONT… All partners : Contribute capital Participate in management Share profit according to pre-agreed ratio Share the losses in proportion of capital ratio
- 4. 1. General Musyarakah (Shirkah al- milk) Co-ownership without entering into a formal partnership agreement 2. Contractual (Shirkah al-uqud) Contract (proper partnership) agreement either written or orally (formal or informal) •Divided into 4 kinds
- 5. AL-INAN All partners need not be adults or have equal share in capital. Not equally responsible for management. Profit share may be unequal. Must be clearly specified. Share in losses according to capital contribution.
- 6. AL-MUFAWADAH Partners are adults Equal in contribution of capital Ability to take responsibility Share profit and losses Responsible for liabilities.
- 7. Capital Only based on money not on commodities Capital must be in monetary form Contracting Parties Parties involved contribute funds. Parties have right to exercise executive powers in accordance with agreed formula.
- 8. AL- ABDAN The partners contribute skills and efforts without contributing capital.
- 9. AL- WUJUH Partners use their goodwill, credit-worthiness and their contract for promoting their business without contributing capital.
- 10. Work Partners belong in the same trade Work in one place All partners participate in actual work Get profit according to their work Risk Entails lower risks (involves risk sharing through partnership) Number of individuals in a position are limited.
- 11. 1.Partners use capital jointly to generate a surplus 2.Profit or losses will be shared between partners according to equity ratio 3.Involves in the equity structure of Islamic banks
- 12. 4.Depositor are concerned- Islamic bank as Mudarib (manage funds) 5.Al- Musyarakah is a profit and loss sharing partnership 6.Bank and customer both contribute capital and expertise in project