The document provides an overview of motivation, defining it as the willingness to exert effort to achieve goals based on individual needs. It discusses various types of motivation (extrinsic and intrinsic) and presents early and contemporary theories, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory, highlighting factors that influence job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Additionally, it covers contemporary theories such as reinforcement theory, equity theory, and expectancy theory, which explain how behavior is influenced by consequences and personal comparisons.

1. 1
Motivation
• “Motivation is the willingness to exert high levels
of effort to achieve goals, conditioned by the
effort’s ability to satisfy some individual needs”.
• This definition has three key elements:
1. Effort
• (intensity or drive)
• quality of effort
2. Goals
3. Need
• some internal state that makes certain outcomes
attractive.

2. 2
Motivation
Types of Motivation
• Extrinsic motivation
• Intrinsic motivation
Role of Feedback
• Controlling
• Informational
• Positive feedback causes low intrinsic
motivation but high extrinsic motivation.

3. 3
Motivation
Motivation/Performance Link:
• Performance =
Ability X Motivation X Resources

4. 4
Early theories of Motivation
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
2. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y:
• Theory X assumes that lower-order needs
dominate individuals and vice versa
3. Herzberg’s Motivation – Hygiene Theory:
• intrinsic factors (motivators) are related to
job satisfaction and motivation
• whereas extrinsic factors (hygiene factors)
are associated with job dissatisfaction

5. 5
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

6. 6
Herzberg’s Motivation Factors
Motivators (their presence causes
motivation)
• Achievement
• Recognition
• Work itself
• Responsibility
• Advancement
• Growth

7. 7
Herzberg’s Motivation Factors
HYGIENE FACTORS (their presence will lead to job
dissatisfaction)
• Supervision
• Policies
• Relationship with supervisor
• Working conditions
• Salary
• Relationship with peers
• Personal life
• Relationship with subordinates
• Status
• Security

8. 8
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
1. Three Needs Theory:
• nAch, nPow and nAff
• Out of these nAch is well researched
2. Goal setting Theory:
• Specific goals increase performance
• Difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher
performance than do easy goals.
• Goals should be SMART
• Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic,
and Time-bound.

9. 9
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
1. Reinforcement Theory:
• Behavior is a function of its consequences i.e. behavior is
caused externally and what controls behavior are
Reinforcers/ consequences that, when given immediately
following a behavior, increase the probability that the
behavior will be repeated.
2. Equity Theory (Stacey Adams):
• a person compares his or her job’s inputs-outcomes ratio
with that of relevant others and then corrects any inequity.
3. Expectancy Theory (Victor Vroom):
• Based on three elements
• Expectancy – EFFORT will lead to PERFORMANCE
• Instrumentality – PERFORMANCE will lead to REWARD
• Valance – will this REWARD be enough to achieve a
GOAL
• Motivation = E X I X V