qwertyuiopasdfghjkltrffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffgvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvqwertyuiopasdfghjkltrffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffgvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvqwertyuiopasdfghjkltrffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffgvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvqwertyuiopasdfghjkltrffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffgvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvqwertyuiopasdfghjkltrffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffgvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvqwertyuiopasdfghjkltrffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffgvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvqwertyuiopasdfghjkltrfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff

3. Motio
n
• A
n object is said to b
e in motion w
h
e
n its position c
h
a
n
g
e
s with
time.
• T
o describe the position of a
n object w
e n
eed a ef
erence point
or origin
• e.g. - mo
v
ement of dust, leaves, and b anc
hes.
- Phenomena of sun ise, sunset, and changing seasons are due
to
Earth's motion.

5. Motion is
Relative
A body can be moving for one observer, and at the same time at
rest
for another observer.
Example: F
or e
xample, a person
sitting in a
n airplane is at zero
velocityelative to the ai plane but is
moving at the sam
e velocity a
s the ai
plane with respect to the g ound.

6. Physical Quantity
e
"
*
• A physical quantity is a property of a material or system that can
be
measu ed and quantified.
• For example: mass, represented by the symbol m, can be
quantified a
sm — n kg, where n is the numerical value which is
called magnitude and k
g is the unit symbol.
Scalar Quantity
It is the physical quantity having
o
w
nmagnitude but no direction.
Example: distance speed.
V
ector Quantity
It is the physical quantity that
equi e
s
both magnitude and direction
Example: displacement velocity
.

7. ance
an
aceme
n

8. Distance vs Displacement @
@
Distance is the actual length of the path
travelled by the particle in a given
interval of time.
Distance travelled by the particle in a
given interval o i e is a ays
posi ve.
Distance travelled by the particle depends
upon the path followed by the pa ticle in
going from initial position to the final
position.
istance uant ty
DISPLA
CEMENT
Displacement i
s the sho test distance
between t
h
e initial position a
n
d the fi
osit o
n o
f the moving pa ticle in a
particular direction.
Displacement of the particle in a given
interval of time m
ay be positive, negative or
zero.
The displacement of the pa ticle between
initial position and final position of the
particle does not depend upon the path
followed by it.
Displacement is a vectoquantity
.

11. Q. Conside the motion of an object movi ng along a st aight
path.
”*
*
The object sta ts its jou ney I om point 0 which is treated as its
efe ence point. et A B and C ep esent the positions of the
object at diffe ent instants. Initially the object moves th ough
points C and B and then eaches point A. It then moves back a
ong the same path and eaches point C th ough B.
What a e the distance and disp acement in this jou ney?
‹ › › .

12. Q ody is moving along a cicula path of adius 7 cm what is the
distance *'* and displacement of the body when it completes half a evo
ution.
A. Distance• 14 cm Displacemen : 0 cm
B. Distance’ 22 cm Displacement: 7 cm
. Distance: 22 cm Displacement: 14
cm
D. Distance: 44 c
m Disp acement• 1
4
c
m

14. Spee
d
Speed is the distance traveled by an object in unit
time.
If a body cove s a ce tain
speed is given by
—
v
-
nce in a ce tain amount of time,
its
SI
uni† of speed is
meters per second
(m/s)
, , ' “ “ Commercial uni†.
km/hr
a
v
e ag
e speed is stated a
s the distance co
v
e ed by the object
within
a period be. A
v
e a
g
e s
p
e
e
d —
T
otal distance
travelled
T
otal time
tak
en
related †
o
d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
†

16. Velocity
*
The Rate of change of displacement is velocity or Velocity is
the speed of an object moving in a definite direction. It is
a vecto quantity. Here the di ection of motion is specified.
SI uni† is me†ers per
related to , '
• •
displacemen†
second (m/s)
Commercial uni†:
km/hr
For an object moving along a st aight line at a va iable speed ave age
velocity
e
xp esses the magnitude of its ate of motion.
When the velocity of an object changes at a unifo m ate, ave age
velocity is the
a ithmetic mean of initial and final velocities for a given time period.

19. Difference between Speed 6 Velocity u<*
•‹
Basis of
Comparison
Meanin
g
Quantit
y
Indicatio
n
Valu
e
Calculatio
n
Speed
It is the ate at which a
particular distance is cove
ed by an o bject.
It is a scala quantity
.
Speed indicates h
o
w fast
anobject is moving.
naective.
S d b ze o
or
speed = distance /
time
Velocity
Velocity refe s to the rate at
which an object ch anges thei
position in a pa ticula di ection.
V
elocity is a vectoquantity
.
It indicates h
o
w fast the object
ismoving along with its
position.
Velocity may be zero, negative
or
positive.
velocity = displacement time

22. cce era

25. e ;ar

26. Meanin
g
Uniform and Non Uniform Motion
$$* -•
The average
speed
Accele ation
Distance-time g
aph
Exampl
e
Equal distance in equal
intervals of time. —
Isthesame
astheactual
speed of the obect.
Z
e o accele ation
Straight-line graph
The motion of a t u
c
k on
the highw
ay with constant
speed
U equal
distance in equal
tervals of time.
V
aries f o
m the actual speed
of the object.
Non-ze o accele ation
Curved line graph
A speedy vehicle with an
acceleration undergoes no
n- unifo m motion.

29. Uniform vs Non Uniform
Acceleration
Parameters Uniform Acceleration
Meanin
g
Equal amount of velocity inc e
a
s
e
s
in equal inte vals of time.
Non-uniform Acceleration
V
elocity c
hanges by unequal amounts in
equal intervals of time.
St aight
line
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
—
time
graph
Exampl
e
A f ee-fall
object
C
u ved
line
Ci cular motion types w
h
e e speed is
constant
and di ection c
hanges at e
v
e y point.

30. Graphical Representation of Motions
F
or a distance-time graph time is tak
en o
n x-a
xi
s and distance is
tak
en onthe y-axis.
All independent quantities are tak
en along the x-axis and
dependent quantities a e tak
en along the y-axis.

32. ica
resen
ion
s

35. ica
resen
ion
s

36. *'
*
Q. a What can you say about the motion of an object whose distance-
time
g aph is a st aight line parallel to the time axis?
b Wnat can you say abou me motion of an object if i s speed time g
aph is a
st aight line paallel to the ti me axis?

38. ”'
*
Q. A cyclist on a t aining ide eco ds the distance she t avels away I
om home. The data on y shows the fi st 150 mi nutes of tne ide befoe he
cycling
compute a
n out of batte
y
.
F
o h
o
w long w
a
s she
sta
a H
o
w fa did s
h
e ide 50 minu
e
s
?
¡
p

41. ua ions o

42. Free Fall (motion under
gravity)
F
ree fall motion under gravity is wh
e
n an object mo
v
es only under
the
influence of gravity
, without any other e
xte nal forces acting upon
it.
This motion i
s accele ated, and is k
n
o
w
n a
s acceleration due to
gravity
.

47. Q. A stone is h own in a ve tically upwa d di ection with a velocity
of ”“* S
m
s I
N the acce e a ion of the stone du ing its motion is 10
ms”in hedownwa d di ection what v
v
i be the height attained
by the stone and
how much time will it take to each the e?

49. Uniform Circular
Motion
• Th
e motion of a
n object along a circular path covering equal
distance along the circumfe e
n
c
e in the s
a
m
e inte
val of time is k
n
o
w
n a
s uniform circula motion.
Examples:
• Motion of Moon
• Motion of Earth
• A cyclist on ci cula track
Velocity v for a circular path with radius r and time t:
In any unifo m circular motion, the speed
e
m
a
i
n
sconstant, but the di ection of the
velocity c
hanges.

50. circular orbit of radius 42250 km.