Aspectos fitossanitários associados à introdução de novos cultivos em áreas d...Oxya Agro e Biociências
Palestra proferida na sexta edição do workshop “Ameaças Fitossanitárias – Pragas Quarentenárias de Importância para Fruticultura no nordeste brasileiro”, realizado em Fortaleza, CE, em 25/09/2014.
Aspectos fitossanitários associados à introdução de novos cultivos em áreas d...Oxya Agro e Biociências
Palestra proferida na sexta edição do workshop “Ameaças Fitossanitárias – Pragas Quarentenárias de Importância para Fruticultura no nordeste brasileiro”, realizado em Fortaleza, CE, em 25/09/2014.
The Capital Market and the Investment DecisionNoel Buensuceso
This document discusses capital markets and the investment decision process. It defines different types of capital including physical, social, intangible, and human capital. Firms evaluate investment opportunities by comparing expected rates of return to interest rates. The capital market brings together households who supply savings and firms who demand funds for investment. Profit-maximizing firms will invest until the expected return equals the cost of capital.
This document discusses firm demand for inputs like labor and land. It explains that input demand is derived from the demand for a firm's outputs. Firms will demand inputs as long as their marginal revenue product exceeds input costs. When input prices change, firms substitute toward cheaper inputs. Land supply is fixed, so land prices are determined by demand. Firms will use land as long as the revenue from outputs exceeds land costs. The document provides an overview of firm input demand and factor markets.
This document summarizes a chapter about costs and output decisions in the long run. It discusses concepts like profit, total costs, variable costs, fixed costs, and how firms determine whether to operate, expand, or shut down based on whether their revenues exceed their total costs and variable costs. It also covers long-run costs related to economies and diseconomies of scale, and how industries adjust in the short and long run through expansion, contraction, entry and exit of firms.
The document discusses strategy review, evaluation, and control. It provides an overview of the strategic management model and covers key aspects of strategy evaluation including reviewing the underlying bases of strategy, measuring firm performance, and taking corrective actions if needed. The document also discusses characteristics of an effective evaluation system and the importance of contingency planning and auditing in the evaluation process.
This document discusses strategy implementation and the key management issues involved. It outlines various management concerns for implementing strategies, such as establishing annual objectives, devising policies, allocating resources, altering organizational structure, restructuring and reengineering, revising reward and incentive programs, managing resistance to change, and developing a strategy-supportive culture. Successful strategy implementation requires motivation, discipline, support and hard work to drive change within an organization.
This document discusses strategies for implementing organizational strategies in key areas such as marketing, finance/accounting, research and development (R&D), and computer information systems (CIS). It provides an overview of issues and decisions around market segmentation, product positioning, capital acquisition, financial budgeting, business valuation, and R&D approaches. The purpose is to help strategists effectively execute strategies through policies and actions related to these critical functions.
This document discusses strategic analysis and choice in business. It provides an overview of various analytical frameworks and tools used to generate, evaluate, and select strategies, including the TOWS matrix, SPACE matrix, BCG matrix, and Grand Strategy matrix. These tools help analyze a company's internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats to develop alternative strategies and guide strategic decision making.
The document discusses monopolistic competition and oligopoly. It defines monopolistic competition as an industry with many small firms producing differentiated products, with free entry and exit. It explores arguments for and against product differentiation and advertising. It then defines oligopoly as an industry with a small number of dominant firms, and examines models of collusion, price leadership, and game theory approaches. It concludes that oligopolies may be inefficient by pricing above costs and through wasteful strategic behavior.
Measuring National output and National IncomeNoel Buensuceso
Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a period of time. GDP can be calculated using the expenditure approach, which adds up personal consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports, or the income approach, which adds up incomes from wages, rents, interest, and profits. Real GDP adjusts nominal GDP for inflation using a price index to reflect the value of output in constant prices. While GDP is a key economic indicator, it has limitations and does not account for non-market activities or environmental impacts.
This document outlines strategies discussed in Chapter 5 of the 8th edition of the textbook "Strategic Management Concepts & Cases" by Fred R. David. It discusses various types of strategies companies use, including intensive strategies like market penetration and product development, integrative strategies involving vertical and horizontal integration, diversification strategies, defensive strategies such as retrenchment and divestiture, and Porter's generic strategies of cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. Key terms related to strategic management concepts are also defined.
This document provides an overview of monopolistic competition and oligopoly market structures. It discusses key characteristics of monopolistic competition, including many firms, no barriers to entry, and product differentiation. Under monopolistic competition, firms have some market power due to differentiated products and can earn profits in the short run but will break even in the long run. The document also examines models of oligopoly behavior, including collusion and Cournot models. It provides examples of industries exhibiting monopolistic competition and high concentration.
- Monopolies have market power that allows them to raise prices without losing all demand for their products. Barriers to entry like large capital requirements, patents, and government franchises can prevent competition in imperfectly competitive industries.
- A pure monopoly is a single firm that produces a unique product and faces no competition due to barriers that prevent other firms from entering the market. As the sole producer, the monopoly is the entire industry.
- Monopolies restrict output and charge higher prices than competitive firms, leading to inefficient resource allocation and welfare losses for society. Antitrust policy aims to promote competition and limit monopolies through legislation like the Sherman Act.
This chapter discusses strategy evaluation, review, and control. It outlines several frameworks for evaluating strategy, including Rummelt's four criteria of consonance, consistency, feasibility, and advantage. It also discusses the balanced scorecard approach and measuring organizational performance both quantitatively using financial ratios and qualitatively. Challenges to modern strategy evaluation include increased complexity, faster changes, and debates around transparency and top-down vs bottom-up processes. The key is for evaluation to provide timely, accurate information to allow corrective actions if needed.
International Trade, Comparative Advantage, and ProtectionismNoel Buensuceso
International trade occurs as economies specialize based on comparative advantages. Comparative advantage means a country can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than other nations. When countries specialize and trade according to their comparative advantages, both nations maximize total output and allocate resources more efficiently. Exchange rates determine the terms of trade between nations by setting the price of one currency in terms of another. A country's factor endowments like resources and labor explain much of world trade patterns as countries specialize in goods that intensively use their abundant, low-cost factors. However, some argue for trade barriers like tariffs, quotas, and subsidies to protect domestic industries, jobs, and national security from foreign competition.
This chapter discusses strategy evaluation, review, and control. It outlines several frameworks for evaluating strategy, including Rummelt's four criteria of consonance, consistency, feasibility, and advantage. It also discusses the balanced scorecard approach and measuring organizational performance both quantitatively using financial ratios and qualitatively. Challenges to modern strategy evaluation include increased complexity, faster changes, and debates around transparency and top-down vs bottom-up processes.
International trade occurs as economies specialize based on comparative advantages. While some countries have absolute advantages in all goods, specialization allows all countries to benefit through gains from trade. Exchange rates determine the terms of trade between countries by setting the ratio at which currencies can be exchanged. Comparative advantages arise from differences in countries' factor endowments like resources and labor. However, trade barriers like tariffs and quotas imposed by governments can reduce some of the potential gains from specialization and trade based on comparative advantage.
Aggregate Demand, Aggregate Supply, and InflationNoel Buensuceso
This document discusses aggregate demand, aggregate supply, and inflation. It defines aggregate demand and supply as the total demand and supply in the economy. The aggregate demand curve shows a negative relationship between output and price level, while the aggregate supply curve shows the relationship between output and price level. The equilibrium price level is where the aggregate demand and supply curves intersect. Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the overall price level over time and is caused by an expansion of the money supply. There are two types of inflation: demand-pull inflation initiated by increased aggregate demand and cost-push inflation caused by increased costs. Cost shocks can lead to stagflation, where output falls as prices rise. Inflationary expectations
This document discusses various issues related to implementing business strategies across marketing, finance/accounting, research and development (R&D), and management information systems (MIS). It covers topics such as the importance of market segmentation and product positioning in marketing, using financial analysis and budgets for capital acquisition, pursuing innovation through R&D approaches, and utilizing information systems for coordination and cost reduction. The key message is that carefully addressing these functional areas is essential for successfully implementing business strategies.
The document outlines key issues and concepts related to implementing strategies discussed in Chapter 7, including annual objectives, policies, resource allocation, organizational structure, production/operations concerns, and human resource concerns. It also discusses managing resistance to change, creating a strategy-supportive culture, and linking pay to performance. The chapter discusses the differences between strategy formulation and implementation and ensuring strategies are properly supported throughout the organization.