This document summarizes a study that used feature selection and classification methods to identify tree species in high-resolution satellite images. The researchers tested 35 features on over 1000 ground reference samples to rank their effectiveness for classification. They found that 6 spectral features performed best when used in a 5-nearest neighbor classifier, achieving over 80% accuracy for tree species identification. While species proportions were estimated accurately, stem numbers per species showed only moderate correlation with field data. Future work could explore more advanced classifiers, cross-validation, and improving stem number estimation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Parametric Variation Based Analysis AND Effective Design of Rectangular Patch...IOSR Journals
Abstract : This paperdevelops an understanding of creating and improving the design of microstripantenna by the performance analysis of resultsfromitsvarious configurationsrelating to rectangular patch microstripantenna. Furthermore, itaccommodates a simulated patch antennawith effective results for bluetooth applicationsatafrequency of 2.4GHz. The proposed antenna is not only designed on the formulated calculations but also analyzed on different sizes, positions and orientations of substrate, feeding point and slots respectively. Propagation parameters are greatly improved by amendments suggested by the analysis of the variation based studies provided by this paper. The initial resultsobtained using formulae based designs are compared with the ameliorated results to illustrate the effects of such variations on antenna parameters. The final antenna show significantly improved return losses of -46.7dB, VSWR of 1.0093, Bandwidth of 180MHz and a far field radiation pattern with a gain of 2.2782dB. The Antenna designed is optimized and interpreted with Ansoft HFSS 13.0 simulator. Keywords: Bluetooth, rectangular patch antenna, feedpoint, trial and error method, slot orientation, wide bandwidth
V ERIFICATION OF MULTIBAND CHARACTERISTICS IN ITERATIVE FRACTAL ANTENNAjantjournal
This paper presents verification of multiband chara
cteristics of a circularly shaped iterative fractal
antenna with increasing number of fractal iteration
s. The four numbers of iterations are considered fo
r
this study. Also, the miniaturization characteristi
cs of the fractal antenna with increasing number of
fractal iterations have been studied. The proposed
4
th
iterated fractal antenna is designed on FR4
substrate (h = 1.56 mm and
ε
r
= 4.3). The antenna is coaxially fed using surface
mount adapter. The
proposed circularly shaped fractal antenna is found
to resonate at four centre frequencies such as 0.6
83
GHz, 0.97 GHz, 1.29 GHz, and 1.68 GHz. The antenna
finds applications in various compact multiband
wireless communications due its smaller size , low
cross polarization and multiband behaviour
Design of t shaped fractal patch antenna for wireless applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Since the evolution of the patch antennas, there is rapid growth observed in the applications of the patch antenna. There are number of advantages such as small size, ease of fabrication and installment, and a stable performance, so there are huge number of designs has been developed and presented by the researchers time to time. Taking an example of the mobile phone antennas, the antenna must have a small size and must be capable to resonate at multiple frequency bands. Reviewing about the various requirements of the antenna design for the wireless applications a novel multiple band fractal patch antenna has been designed. In this paper, a T-shaped patch antenna has been designed and discussed and fractal geometry has been applied to it in order to obtain self-similar characteristics. The dimensions of the Square Patch has been taken as 36 x 36 mm. Dimension of ground has been taken as been taken as 50 x 50 mm. The substrate material used for antenna design is FR-4 having dielectric constant 4.4. Antenna resonates at four operating bands 3.5 GHz, 4.48 GHz, 6.1 GHz and 8.17 GHz. This antenna has return loss of -16.76 dB, -16 dB, -28.63 dB and -15.03dB with bandwidth of 432 MHz, 332 MHz, 295 MHz and 364 MHz at resonant frequencies. Further this antenna has impressive gain of 3.55 dBi, 5.7 dBi and 3.16 dBi and 3.27 dBi at corresponding frequencies. This antenna can be useful for Wi-Max, 4G network, WLAN, Satellite & RADAR communication applications. Key Words: Wireless applications, WLAN, Fractal Microstrip Patch Antenna.
Square Microstrip Antenna with Dual Probe for Dual Polarization in ISM BandIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents the design of antenna operating in ISM band at 2.4 GHz. The designed square patch antenna is dual polarized with two rectangle shaped slot inserted on the patch. The FR4 dielectric material is used for the antenna consist of Dual probe feed with ground plane. HFSS software is used for the simulation which shows the result for isolation as 28 dB, antenna gain of 5.96 dB and bandwidth 222MHz. Keywords: Dual feed, Dual polarization, ISM Band, Probe Feed, Square MSA
Pseudo-Sections for Target Depth Estimations Using Physical Modelling Studies...Editor IJCATR
Once the data are acquired either in the Lab or in the field for investigation of the natural resources, the data are presented in the form of profiles in the case of resistivity/Induced Polarization (IP) profiling or in the form of curves for comparison with the available Master curves. It is, however, possible to plot both sounding and profiling data obtained over a traverse on a single depth section where the depth to the top of the target is indicated, which is called pseudo-section.. It is named so to emphasize the fact that these are only apparent values in terms of magnitude and location. These pseudo-sections are carefully interpreted by different methods such as inversion techniques to get the true resistivity and IP effect. All that one has to do is to prepare the modified pseudo-sections with two or more arrays possible corroboration along a traverse, in the middle of anomalous zone. If the positions of the maximum anomaly contour in the pseudo-sections with the arrays, by and large, agree with each other than one can recommend a borehole passing through such positions to strike the top of the target.
A simple, easy and flexible Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is proposed for rectangular arrays and
demonstrated theoretically in here with the aim of achieving suppression of cross polarization resulting improved
polarization purity in radiated fields. The employed DGS appears to be highly efficient in terms of suppressing
Cross Polarization especially in H-plane. A [2×2] array has been designed having aspect ratio of 1.3 and showing
14 dB enhancement in the segregation between the co-polarization to cross-polarization dissemination with
improved impedance Bandwidth.
Robustness of Median Filter For Suppression of Salt and Pepper Noise (SPN) an...CSCJournals
Noises in images are caused by many sources. Image de-noising has remained an active area of research. Results of numerical experiments on the robustness of median filter for suppression of Salt and Pepper Noise (SPN) and Random Valued Impulse Noise (RVIN) of varying noise densities are presented and discussed. Varying densities of SPN and RVIN were simulated and used to corrupt five selected test images which have different image frequencies. The corrupted images were filtered with Median Filters which has 3 by 3 kernel size. The effects of larger kernels were also examined. The performance metrics are the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Gain. SPN is found to have more adverse effects on images than RVIN. However, the Median filter is found to achieve a higher degree of noise suppression with SPN than RVIN. Effects of SPN and RVIN increase with an increase in noise density. Median filtering of SPN and RVIN corrupted images are found to be satisfactory with 3 by 3 kernel for noise densities up to the maximum of 60% and 40% noise densities respectively. Median filter Gain is found to increase with noise density up 40% and then reduce with further increase in noise density. To some extent, there is some correlation between Median filter gain and test image frequency. Using 5 by 5 kernel may improve noise suppression but the resulting filter image is blurred. 3 by 3 is the optimum kernel size.
Parametric Variation Based Analysis AND Effective Design of Rectangular Patch...IOSR Journals
Abstract : This paperdevelops an understanding of creating and improving the design of microstripantenna by the performance analysis of resultsfromitsvarious configurationsrelating to rectangular patch microstripantenna. Furthermore, itaccommodates a simulated patch antennawith effective results for bluetooth applicationsatafrequency of 2.4GHz. The proposed antenna is not only designed on the formulated calculations but also analyzed on different sizes, positions and orientations of substrate, feeding point and slots respectively. Propagation parameters are greatly improved by amendments suggested by the analysis of the variation based studies provided by this paper. The initial resultsobtained using formulae based designs are compared with the ameliorated results to illustrate the effects of such variations on antenna parameters. The final antenna show significantly improved return losses of -46.7dB, VSWR of 1.0093, Bandwidth of 180MHz and a far field radiation pattern with a gain of 2.2782dB. The Antenna designed is optimized and interpreted with Ansoft HFSS 13.0 simulator. Keywords: Bluetooth, rectangular patch antenna, feedpoint, trial and error method, slot orientation, wide bandwidth
V ERIFICATION OF MULTIBAND CHARACTERISTICS IN ITERATIVE FRACTAL ANTENNAjantjournal
This paper presents verification of multiband chara
cteristics of a circularly shaped iterative fractal
antenna with increasing number of fractal iteration
s. The four numbers of iterations are considered fo
r
this study. Also, the miniaturization characteristi
cs of the fractal antenna with increasing number of
fractal iterations have been studied. The proposed
4
th
iterated fractal antenna is designed on FR4
substrate (h = 1.56 mm and
ε
r
= 4.3). The antenna is coaxially fed using surface
mount adapter. The
proposed circularly shaped fractal antenna is found
to resonate at four centre frequencies such as 0.6
83
GHz, 0.97 GHz, 1.29 GHz, and 1.68 GHz. The antenna
finds applications in various compact multiband
wireless communications due its smaller size , low
cross polarization and multiband behaviour
Design of t shaped fractal patch antenna for wireless applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Since the evolution of the patch antennas, there is rapid growth observed in the applications of the patch antenna. There are number of advantages such as small size, ease of fabrication and installment, and a stable performance, so there are huge number of designs has been developed and presented by the researchers time to time. Taking an example of the mobile phone antennas, the antenna must have a small size and must be capable to resonate at multiple frequency bands. Reviewing about the various requirements of the antenna design for the wireless applications a novel multiple band fractal patch antenna has been designed. In this paper, a T-shaped patch antenna has been designed and discussed and fractal geometry has been applied to it in order to obtain self-similar characteristics. The dimensions of the Square Patch has been taken as 36 x 36 mm. Dimension of ground has been taken as been taken as 50 x 50 mm. The substrate material used for antenna design is FR-4 having dielectric constant 4.4. Antenna resonates at four operating bands 3.5 GHz, 4.48 GHz, 6.1 GHz and 8.17 GHz. This antenna has return loss of -16.76 dB, -16 dB, -28.63 dB and -15.03dB with bandwidth of 432 MHz, 332 MHz, 295 MHz and 364 MHz at resonant frequencies. Further this antenna has impressive gain of 3.55 dBi, 5.7 dBi and 3.16 dBi and 3.27 dBi at corresponding frequencies. This antenna can be useful for Wi-Max, 4G network, WLAN, Satellite & RADAR communication applications. Key Words: Wireless applications, WLAN, Fractal Microstrip Patch Antenna.
Square Microstrip Antenna with Dual Probe for Dual Polarization in ISM BandIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents the design of antenna operating in ISM band at 2.4 GHz. The designed square patch antenna is dual polarized with two rectangle shaped slot inserted on the patch. The FR4 dielectric material is used for the antenna consist of Dual probe feed with ground plane. HFSS software is used for the simulation which shows the result for isolation as 28 dB, antenna gain of 5.96 dB and bandwidth 222MHz. Keywords: Dual feed, Dual polarization, ISM Band, Probe Feed, Square MSA
Pseudo-Sections for Target Depth Estimations Using Physical Modelling Studies...Editor IJCATR
Once the data are acquired either in the Lab or in the field for investigation of the natural resources, the data are presented in the form of profiles in the case of resistivity/Induced Polarization (IP) profiling or in the form of curves for comparison with the available Master curves. It is, however, possible to plot both sounding and profiling data obtained over a traverse on a single depth section where the depth to the top of the target is indicated, which is called pseudo-section.. It is named so to emphasize the fact that these are only apparent values in terms of magnitude and location. These pseudo-sections are carefully interpreted by different methods such as inversion techniques to get the true resistivity and IP effect. All that one has to do is to prepare the modified pseudo-sections with two or more arrays possible corroboration along a traverse, in the middle of anomalous zone. If the positions of the maximum anomaly contour in the pseudo-sections with the arrays, by and large, agree with each other than one can recommend a borehole passing through such positions to strike the top of the target.
A simple, easy and flexible Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is proposed for rectangular arrays and
demonstrated theoretically in here with the aim of achieving suppression of cross polarization resulting improved
polarization purity in radiated fields. The employed DGS appears to be highly efficient in terms of suppressing
Cross Polarization especially in H-plane. A [2×2] array has been designed having aspect ratio of 1.3 and showing
14 dB enhancement in the segregation between the co-polarization to cross-polarization dissemination with
improved impedance Bandwidth.
Robustness of Median Filter For Suppression of Salt and Pepper Noise (SPN) an...CSCJournals
Noises in images are caused by many sources. Image de-noising has remained an active area of research. Results of numerical experiments on the robustness of median filter for suppression of Salt and Pepper Noise (SPN) and Random Valued Impulse Noise (RVIN) of varying noise densities are presented and discussed. Varying densities of SPN and RVIN were simulated and used to corrupt five selected test images which have different image frequencies. The corrupted images were filtered with Median Filters which has 3 by 3 kernel size. The effects of larger kernels were also examined. The performance metrics are the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Gain. SPN is found to have more adverse effects on images than RVIN. However, the Median filter is found to achieve a higher degree of noise suppression with SPN than RVIN. Effects of SPN and RVIN increase with an increase in noise density. Median filtering of SPN and RVIN corrupted images are found to be satisfactory with 3 by 3 kernel for noise densities up to the maximum of 60% and 40% noise densities respectively. Median filter Gain is found to increase with noise density up 40% and then reduce with further increase in noise density. To some extent, there is some correlation between Median filter gain and test image frequency. Using 5 by 5 kernel may improve noise suppression but the resulting filter image is blurred. 3 by 3 is the optimum kernel size.
3D Scene Analysis via Sequenced Predictions over Points and RegionsFlavia Grosan
I gave this talk in Machine Vision seminar at Jacobs University. I presented the state of the art in 3D point cloud classification and I described X. Xiong et al approach in a paper published in 2010.
Generating Training Data from Noisy MeasrementsLouisa Diggs
Quantifying Error in Training Data for Mapping and Monitoring the Earth System - A Workshop on “Quantifying Error in Training Data for Mapping and Monitoring the Earth System” was held on January 8-9, 2019 at Clark University, with support from Omidyar Network’s Property Rights Initiative, now PlaceFund.
The increasing demand of clear communication in any situation and in any environment leads
people to find a better way to communicate. Since the presence of tree canopies can affect the ability of a GSM
signals through its way, one of the hardest environment is forested areas. In order to find a better way to
communicate, the propagation features of the environment should be known.This study investigates the
attenuation characteristics of GSM (2G, 3G and 4G) frequencies in the forest. Some theoretical models from
literature were studied and simulated. The electrical field of the transmitted signal was measured in Sakarya.
Due to weather and seasonal conditions, experiment was re-modeled with the trees with small, thin trunk and
high amount of leaves. Finally, the literature data and experimental data were compared and discussed.
Analysis of Adaptive and Advanced Speckle Filters on SAR DataIOSRjournaljce
Synthetic Aperture RADAR(SAR) images get inherently affected by speckle noise which is multiplicative in nature. This noise affects the image spatial statistics and properties. Over the past several years, many SAR denoising algorithms have been developed to reduce speckle noise. Some of the standard speckle filters are Gamma MAP, Lee, Frost and Kuan filters. Further, these have also been modified to obtain better results after filtering, than their original counterparts. Apart from the standard speckle filters, advanced SAR filters like Block Matching 3 Dimensional (BM3D) are also present. In this paper several standard as well as advanced speckle filters have been analyzed and compared. For comparison, Quality Assessment has been performed where the filtered images are compared to each other using parameters like Radiometric Resolution and others. These parameters help to distinguish the performance of the filters on basis of signal strength, speckle reduction, mean preservation and edge and feature preservation. In the paper, radiometric resolution, speckle index and mean preservation index will be used to analyze among the performance of the filters.
Molinier - Feature Selection for Tree Species Identification in Very High resolution Satellite Images.ppt
1. Feature Selection for Tree Species Identification in Very High Resolution Satellite Images Matthieu Molinier and Heikki Astola VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland [email_address] , [email_address] IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, 28.7.2011
2.
3. NewForest approach in forest variable estimation Modelling based on satellite image pixel reflectances and contextual features Individual tree crown (ITC) detection and crown width estimation Combining data to predict total amount and size variation by species segmentation estimates Refined, more accurate species-wise estimates
4.
5.
6.
7. Input for feature selection – 35 + 4 features R G B NIR PAN mean intensity within 1.5 m radius around tree candidates ( TC ) SPECTRAL (5) – set A CONTEXTUAL (9) – set B From PAN , 7.5 m radius around TC mean mean / median skewness kurtosis contrast pm1 : mean of brightest pixels ps1 : std of brightest pixels pm2 : mean of darkest pixels ps2 : std of darkest pixels SEGMENT-WISE (21) – set C From PAN , 3 segment sizes : 50 m 2 , 85 m 2 , 125 m 2 mean mean / median skewness kurtosis std : standard deviation pmean : partial mean pstd : partial standard deviation Probe variables random vectors or random permutations of a feature vector probe_gauss1 , probe_gauss2 probe_shuffle1 , probe_shuffle2
8. Class definitions and training scheme WHOLE DATASET (1164 samples) 900 trees, 264 non-trees TESTING (391) MODEL DESIGN (773) 2 / 3 1 / 3 TRAINING (512) VAL (261) 2 / 3 1 / 3 stratified sampling to preserve classes proportions model building ranking Class # Class name 1 pine 2 spruce 3 deciduous 4 shadow 5 open area / sunlit 6 bare ground 7 green vegetation Tree classes Non-tree classes
9.
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11. 6-10 features is enough Spectral features performed best segment-wise features not suited to mixed species study Overall classification accuracy on tree classes over 80% Probe variables selected more often in the first places with LDA than with kNN : linear classifier too simple. Quadratic LDA was overfitting. kNN, k=5 best overall performance, and lowest difference from training to validation error => lower risk of overfitting
This presentation was supposed to be given on Monday but I could not make it because the flight from London was delayed.
Good quality, not many clouds Spruce dominant species
100% pure species plots for training because : mixed plots not good for contextual features (radius of analysis around the tree, overlap) Possible to obtain both plot level error and stand level error Not to mix the datasets Train and test data not measured exactly in the same way, and not by the same operators – one by forest centres (public), one by a private company
1.5m : signature only of the tree 7.5 m : context – neighboring trees Partial mean and std : cutting the tails of the distributions Permutation of the feature vector (all tres / samples) Probe variables are obviously not related or correlated to the target forest variables Are the true variables more relevant than the probes ? If a variable is ranked worse than a probe for a given classification task, it should not be selected
Primary interest in tree classes Keep classes proportions
ATTENTION : correlation between two features does not mean we can eliminate one from the selection (toy examples from Guyon et al.)
Always start from the simplest model – linear Nonlinear but keep it simple