All life on Earth is built from four different types of molecules. These four types of molecules are often referred to as the molecules of life.
The four molecules of life are proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Each of the four groups is vital for every single organism on Earth. Without any of these four molecules, a cell and organism would not be able to live. All of the four molecules of life are important either structurally or functionally for cells and, in most cases, they are important in both ways.
Proteins
Protein - molecules of lifeProteins are the first of the molecules of life and they are really the building blocks of life. Proteins are the most common molecules found in cells. If all the water is removed from a cell, proteins make up more than half of the remaining weight.
Protein molecules are involved in a range of aspects of a cell’s biology. They come in a huge variety of forms and perform a massive range of functions. They are involved in muscle movement, storage of energy, digestion, immune defence and much more.
The primary structure of a protein is a long chain made of many smaller molecules called amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids that are used to build proteins. The different amino acids can be arranged into trillions of different sequences that each creates a unique protein. The long chain of amino acids twists and folds on itself to produce the final shape of a protein.
Amino acids contain nitrogen. Nitrogen-based compounds are an essential part of the diet of all organism so they can produce new proteins for their cells. This is why farmers often add nitrogen-based fertilisers to help their crops grow and why it is important for humans to eat foods that contain proteins.Carbohydrates
The next of the four molecules of life are carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are an important source of energy. They also provide structural support for cells and help with communication between cells.
CarbohydratesA carbohydrate molecule is made of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are found in the form of either a sugar or many sugars linked together.
A single sugar molecule is known as a monosaccharide. Two sugar molecules bonded together is a disaccharide and many sugar molecules make a polysaccharide. The three different types of carbohydrates are all important for different reasons.
Carbohydrates are the most important sources of energy for many organisms. Plants use the sun’s energy to convert CO₂ into carbohydrates. The energy of these carbohydrates later allows plants to grow and reproduce.
Many organisms have what is known as a cell wall that surrounds their cell. The cell walls of plants and fungi are made from carbohydrates. Cell walls provide important protection for the cells of plants and fungi.
You can learn more about carbohydrates here.
Lipids
Lipids are a highly variable group of molecules that include fats, oils, waxes and some steroids.
File ini berisi kitab-kitab yang dirancang oleh BATARTAMA PP. Sidogiri yang digunakan oleh santri I'dadiyyah Sidogiri sekaligus menjadi Metode efektif belajar membaca kitab gundul dan belajar literatur bahasa arab
File ini berisi kitab-kitab yang dirancang oleh BATARTAMA PP. Sidogiri yang digunakan oleh santri I'dadiyyah Sidogiri sekaligus menjadi Metode efektif belajar membaca kitab gundul dan belajar literatur bahasa arab
Sex education in urdu book by doctor syed mubeen akhtar اسلامی نکاح،شادی بیاہMyWritings
معلومات دینی مقاصد کی تحت شیر کی جا رہی ہیں غلط استعمال کی صورت میں آپ الّلہ کو جواب دہ ھوں گے
زندگی میں صرف نیکی کو اپنا نیں اور بس نیکی ھی کو فروغ دیں
ایم علی لاھور
Virology Lectures 2020 #26: Therapeutic viruses
https://youtu.be/6M0PgaA_V-g
Notes on Virology lectures 2020
Taught by Prof. Vincent Racaniello.
Written by Subhajit Sahu.
Sex education in urdu book by doctor syed mubeen akhtar اسلامی نکاح،شادی بیاہMyWritings
معلومات دینی مقاصد کی تحت شیر کی جا رہی ہیں غلط استعمال کی صورت میں آپ الّلہ کو جواب دہ ھوں گے
زندگی میں صرف نیکی کو اپنا نیں اور بس نیکی ھی کو فروغ دیں
ایم علی لاھور
Virology Lectures 2020 #26: Therapeutic viruses
https://youtu.be/6M0PgaA_V-g
Notes on Virology lectures 2020
Taught by Prof. Vincent Racaniello.
Written by Subhajit Sahu.
a) Bioassay: Prerequisites and development, errors in bioassay and how to overcome them. Statistical design of bioassay.
b) Principles of Microbiological Analysis (diffusion method) of the Following Drugs:
(i) Microbiological Assay: Antibiotics, vitamins, sulfa drugs
This Paper contains the basics of Machining processes such as Grinding , electrochemical machining , Ultra sonic machining , Electro-Discharge Machining and Abrasive jet machining.
I have also analysed the mechanisms and characteristics. The content can be understood and can be applied for your undergraduate exams
Similar to Molecules Of Life Bsc 2nd Semester Chemistry Practical (20)
CBSE Physics Practical File For Class 12.pdfOm Prakash
CBSE Physics Practicals for Class 12 are an important part of the assessment, which also adds to the subject’s final marks. As the CBSE exam approaches, students get busy preparing for different subjects. But an essential part of the CBSE exam is the CBSE Class 12 practical, which consist of 30 marks. Students must know all the experiments along with theorems, laws and numerical to understand all the concepts of CBSE 12th standard Physics in a detailed way. Students can also get the Physics Practical Class 12 pdf download for free.
The Physics Practical for Class 12 is divided into two terms, each consisting of 15 marks. In each term, two experiments (8 marks) are asked from each section in the practical exam. The experiment records and activities consist of 2 marks, and the viva on the experiment consists of 5 marks. Here, students will find all the experiments and activities to be performed in term 1 and term 2. Also, we have provided the Physics Lab Manual Class 12, which consists detailed explanation of each experiment.
Topics To Be Covered:-
Experiments Assigned for Term I
1. To determine resistivity of two / three wires by plotting a graph between potential difference versus current.
2. To find resistance of a given wire / standard resistor using metre bridge.
OR
To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistances using a metre bridge.
OR
To verify the Laws of combination (parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge.
3. To compare the EMF of two given primary cells using potentiometer.
OR
To determine the internal resistance of given primary cell using potentiometer.
4. To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find its figure of merit.
5. To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into a voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same.
OR
To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into an ammeter of desired range and to verify the same.
6. To find the frequency of AC mains with a sonometer.
1. To find the focal Length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/u and 1/v.
2. To find the focal Length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.
or,
To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex Lens
3. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation.
4. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
5. To find refractive index of a liquid by using convex Lens and plane mirror.
6. To draw the I-V characteristic curve for a p-n junction in forward bias and reverse bias.
Class 12 Physics Activities
CBSE Class 12 Physics Activities Term I
1. To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without an iron core.
2. To measure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and check continuity of a given circuit using a multimeter.
3. To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs,
Navodaya Question Class 6th Previous Papers with Answer Solutions from Old ExamOm Prakash
JNVST Class 6th & 9th Previous Question Papers PDF, Navodaya Class 6th & 9th Model papers PDF, JNVST Class 6th & 9th Model Question Papers PDF Download Here @ Navodaya.gov.in. Students who are appearing for the Navodaya Class 6th & 9th Examinations, for such candidates this Navodaya Class 6th & 9th Previous Papers are very helpful. Also the officials of JNVST is going to conduct the Navodaya Class 6th Examination and Navodaya Class 9th Examination soon. So all the students need to be very attentive. To help the candidates in preparation we have already shared the information about the JNVST books. For that, they can refer to Navodaya Vidyalaya Entrance Exam Preparation Books.
As the exams are coming near, candidates and their parents start looking for best study material, model papers and previous year papers are considered the best option for practice. For better result students have to prepare the Navodaya Class 6th & 9th Previous Papers pdf.
To Study Principles of Microscopy: Light Microscope, Phase Contrast Microsco...Om Prakash
To Study Principles of Microscopy: Light Microscope, Phase Contrast Microscope & Electron Microscope
ByOm Prakash
June 13, 2022
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on To Study Principles of Microscopy: Light Microscope, Phase Contrast Microscope & Electron Microscope
Aim: To study principles of Microscopy: Light Microscope, Phase Contrast Microscope & Electron Microscope
Table of Contents
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
Light Microscopy
History:
SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
Principles of Microscopy:
THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
Phase Contrast Microscope
Electron Microscopes
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)
Also Read
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
Light Microscopy
The light microscope is an instrument designed for the study of cells and tissues. It comprises of lenses that produce a magnified image of the object under study. The light microscope is considered to be a simple important invention that has contributed to the advancement of biological research.
History:
The ancient Greeks and Romans knew the use of Glass and quartz lenses. In the 14th century, spectacles and lenses were used to magnify objects. Galileo had constructed a microscope at the same time (1610). It was employed for the study of the arrangement of the compound eye of insects. Anton Von Leeuwenhoek (1674), the father of biology was the first to use the microscope for biological studies. His microscope has consisted of a single lens with a higher power of magnification. The compound microscope was constructed by Robert Hooke (1665) and is the forerunner of the present-day compound microscope.
SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
The simple microscope distinguishes between two points that are less than 0.1mm apart when placed at a normal viewing distance of 25cm. The two points appear as one and the eye fails to resolve or distinguish them as two distinct points. Another limitation of the human eye is that it cannot resolve any image less than 5µm.
A simple microscope consists of a single convex lens or a combination of lenses that functions as a convex lens. A convex lens magnifies the objects and also helps to produce a magnified image of a near object which appears to be at the distance of distinct vision.
The magnification obtained with a convex lens can be easily calculated by the formula
M = 25/f + 1
Where f= focal length, 25 is the distance of distinct vision in cm.
Principles of Microscopy:
1. Resolving power: It is defined as the capacity of the microscope to distinguish images of two pointed objects lying very close together. If two points are at a distance of more than 0.2 µm, they will appear as two points in the microscope.
2. Limit of resolution: It is defined as the minimum distance at which two objects appear as two distinct objects or entities. It can be calculated as:
Limit of Resolution: 0.61λ/NA = 0.61λ/n Sin θ
Where 0.61 is the constant representing the minimum detectable difference in contrast λ = wavelength of illumination
NA = Numerical aperture, light gathering capa
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
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