This document discusses vulnerable populations and three key risk factors for vulnerability - race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and health insurance. It provides an overview of trends related to each factor and how they are interrelated. Race/ethnicity often serves as a proxy for socioeconomic status. Lower socioeconomic status is linked to poorer education, employment opportunities, income, and health outcomes. Lacking health insurance creates barriers to accessing healthcare and obtaining needed care. When these three risk factors overlap, they can perpetuate cycles of vulnerability across generations.
Aetna Presentation Social Determinants of Latino HealthDanny Santibanez
Social Determinants of Hispanic/Latino Health
Daniel Santibanez, MPH, RD, University of North Florida
September 23, 2005 - UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminars
This is part 8 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of the Duval County Health Department.
Presentation by Paula Braveman, MD, MPH at the 2009 Virginia Health Equity Conference.
Dr. Braveman described the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) Commission to Build a Healthier America and explained the RWJF’s rationale for creating the Commission and for the Commission’s work to focus on the social determinants of health, and its relevance to health equity. She also discussed the Commission’s recommendations.
Aetna Presentation Social Determinants of Latino HealthDanny Santibanez
Social Determinants of Hispanic/Latino Health
Daniel Santibanez, MPH, RD, University of North Florida
September 23, 2005 - UNF Hispanic Health Issues Seminars
This is part 8 of an 8 part series of seminars on Hispanic Health Issues brought to you by the University of North Florida’s Dept. of Public Health, College of Health, a grant from AETNA, and the cooperation of the Duval County Health Department.
Presentation by Paula Braveman, MD, MPH at the 2009 Virginia Health Equity Conference.
Dr. Braveman described the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) Commission to Build a Healthier America and explained the RWJF’s rationale for creating the Commission and for the Commission’s work to focus on the social determinants of health, and its relevance to health equity. She also discussed the Commission’s recommendations.
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Addressing child health disparities: We made the case, we need a movement!renataschiavo
This presentations reviews recent studies and experiences on child health disparities, and provides insights and recommendations to advance child health equity. It was presented at the 2015 Health Equity Capacity Institute of the CDC Division of Community Health, Office of Health Equity.
1Health Care DisparityBlack AmericansHispanicsLatinos.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Health Care Disparity
Black Americans
Hispanics/Latinos
Demographics
45.7 million, which is 14.3% of USA population.
15% of the USA population
Cultural Norms
Strong kinship bonds, strong work orientation, strong religious orientation, take care of their own, seniors are highly respected, don’t like to admit they need help, poverty impacts education, self-esteem, quality of life and life style across.
Strong family ties, strong church and community orientation, male dominance, age dominance, negative view on asking for help, take care of their own majority are roman catholic, distrust of government, modesty is important and very proud of heritage
Religious and Spiritual Beliefs
Have strong religious affiliation with Christian denominations and also Islam.
Have strong belief in the spirit world. Majority are roman CatholicsS
Primary Insurance Coverage
Most of them are not insured, but the affordable care act provision target at improving provisions that will highly improve their lives.
Six in ten Hispanic adults in USA lack health insurance.
Education
17% have attained bachelor’s degree
11% have attained bachelor’s degree
Medical Conditions
They reside at disadvantaged neighborhoods with increased risks for health disparities. Obesity in children is enormous
More than a quarter of its population lack usual health care provider. Hispanic adults have a low prevalence for many chronic diseases and a high prevalence for diabetes.
Outreach
Foundation of African American outreach program to provide assistance to Africa-Americans
Action plan to reduce racial and ethnic health disparities
Introduction
The health of a population is influenced by both its social and its economic circumstances and health care services it receives. The health care services provided to Hispanics and black in United States of America is low. Throughout the years we have seen advancements in the health care quality received by ethnic minorities groups. But there is still a large gap when comparing minorities with their white counterparts (Vicini, 2015). This has affected the two groups which have low income families and experience poor quality care. Hispanic and blacks are less likely to have a high school education. Disparities in quality of care are common among the blacks and Hispanics in USA. For instance adults of 65 years and above receive worse care than adults with 18-44 years. Poor people have worse access to care than the high income people (Lee et al., 2003).
Healthcare Disparities between the Blacks and the Latinos in USA
The healthcare insurance status for the blacks and Latinos is low and as a result it forms barriers to access to quality health care utilization. Language barriers in health care are associated with decrease in quality of care, safety, patient and clinical satisfaction and contribute to health disparities even among people with insurance. Statistics have shown when comparing blacks and Latinos to their whi ...
DB FOR DTUDENT HOLLYMany variables exist that could create a vulLinaCovington707
DB FOR DTUDENT HOLLY
Many variables exist that could create a vulnerable population. Vulnerable populations are subsets of people from the larger community who experience disparities in health and healthcare due to racial, ethnic, economic, and chronic health conditions (Joszt, 2020). Additionally, social issues such as disability, homelessness, geographical location, sexual orientation, extreme youth, and older age are all factors that create sensitivity towards healthcare disparity (Joszt, 2020). Being part of a vulnerable population can mean many things, but it can also mean that one is part of a group that faces discrimination and reduced access to care in healthcare.
One thing a public health nurse could do to serve vulnerable populations better is to seek out federal grants that would assist in providing the needed care (grants.gov). To better serve these populations, public health nurses should first educate themselves about the available services for those populations; that way, they can inform others. One of the more significant barriers vulnerable populations face in receiving adequate healthcare is their economic status. The working poor and the uninsured often delay or neglect seeking medical care entirely (Duquesne University, 2020). Replacing the existing economic model with one that facilitates care for those that aren’t financially able to cover the costs would ultimately lead to improved health and the enhanced ability of those from vulnerable populations to return to work.
I think the vulnerable populations of the United States could be better served by being given preventative education, awarded grants that would enable the facilitation of care, and receive improved medical coverage. These three actions could theoretically place those from vulnerable populations in a position to rise above that status and live healthier lives.
DB FOR STUDENT BUKOLA
Vulnerable Populations
The vulnerable populations refer to the individuals having a higher likelihood of facing difficulties as far as health statuses are concerned; they have limited access to resources to take care of themselves compared to other members of the society. Generally, the low resilience of the vulnerable populations to health risks is exacerbated by poverty and the limited access to social, physical, and environmental resources that they require to enjoy the same level of quality of life as other demographics in the society (Palley, 2016). Additionally, vulnerable populations such as teen mothers and migrant workers are more susceptible to various health risks because of their low levels of education, illiteracy, and low-level skills. These factors prevent them from gaining access to the economic opportunities and income necessary to maintain health and well-being. The literature has also discovered that one of the reasons for the high sensitivity of the vulnerable population to health risks is their separation from core elements of society, such as the high r ...
Achieving Health Justice Addressing Disparities in Healthcare.pdfSayed Quraishi
Achieving Health Justice: Addressing Disparities in Healthcare is a phrase that
refers to the idea that all individuals should have access to high-quality and
equitable healthcare, regardless of their background. Health justice is a concept
that encompasses the idea that healthcare is a basic human right and that all
individuals should have access to the resources and opportunities they need to
maintain good health. This phrase highlights the importance of addressing
2Quote Log Health and WealthStudents NameInst.docxrobert345678
2
Quote Log Health and Wealth
Student's Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Instructors Name
Social Issue: Health & Wealth
Topic:
Health & Wealth
Thesis:
The stressors of finance can have adverse effects because they can affect the development of children, create an unsafe psychological state and contribute to poor physical health.
Reasons:
1. It has been shown that a family's socioeconomic standing has a substantial bearing on the educational, vocational, and social opportunities that are made accessible to the children of that family. These factors, in turn, influence the children's long-term physical and mental health.
2. Children from families with lower earnings are less likely to be insured or have access to medications and treatments that may assist in managing chronic health conditions. This is particularly true for individuals who reside in households where there is only one parent present.
3. Children who are worse on the socioeconomic ladder are more prone to deal in a destructive way, such as by smoking or drinking excessively when they grow up, which may inflict significant harm to one's health if done to an extreme.
Entry #1
Source:
Sapolsky, R.M. (2018). The health-wealth gap.
Scientific American, 319(5), pp. 62- 67.
http://ezproxy.umgc.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=edb&AN=132271091&site=eds-live&scope=site
Quote:
"One of the consequences of the growing poor is worsening health, and the reasons are not as obvious as you might think. Yes, lower socioeconomic status (SES) means less access to health care and living in more disease-prone neighbourhoods. And, yes, as the SES ladder's lower rungs have become more populated, the number of people with medical problems has climbed. This is not merely an issue of poor health for the poor and some version of better health for everyone else. Starting with Jeff Bezos at the top, every step down the ladder is associated with worse health.” (Sapolsky, 2018, p. 62-67).
Paraphrase:
The welfare of children will deteriorate as a consequence of people falling into poverty. Children from families with lower socioeconomic positions have a lower chance of accessing medical treatment and tend to reside in locations with a higher incidence of disease (Sapolsky, 2018).
Explanation of quote selection and connection:
Children who are not perfect and battling to live in a healthy environment are likely to get ill and have difficulty affording medical treatment due to their low socioeconomic position. This is because their living conditions are not ideal. Children who come from families with a low socioeconomic status, which is often the result of financial disparity, are more likely to have physical and mental health issues.
Entry #2
Source:
Purnell, J. Q. (2015). Financial health is public health. In L. Choi, D. Erickson, K. Griffin, A. Levere, & E. Seidman (Eds.),
What it’s Worth: Strengthening the financial futures .
1
Healthcare
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course Details
Instructor’s Name
Date
Healthcare
Health inequity is a serious healthcare problem that negatively affects everyone. This problem worsens the health outcomes of the population it directly impacts and those with resources and power. For instance, health disparity makes it hard to control, contain and treat infections illnesses, like the Covid-19, therefore putting everyone at risk of contracting the disease regardless of their socioeconomic class. Culture plays a critical role in patient care and health outcomes and affects our perception of others, health behaviors, and expectations during care delivery. This paper discusses health inequalities, advocacy for families, patients, and community, and cultural competencies. Comment by lola siyanbola: Can you explain how?
Health inequalities involve differences in health resources' distribution of health between different population groups resulting from social conditions in which members of the population are born, live, grow, work and age. The inequalities are basically the systematic differences in the status of health between population groups (Marmot, 2017). The inequalities have substantial economic and social costs to both persons and communities. Social factors including employment status, education level, gender, ethnicity, and level of income affect an individual's health status, therefore creating health disparities among populations due to variations of the social factors (Malbon, 2019). Lower socioeconomic status is associated with poor health outcomes. The appropriate combination of government policies can address these health disparities. Comment by lola siyanbola: This is a fact can you rephrase or cite Comment by lola siyanbola: This is too vague, can you elaborate a little?
I would advocate for patients by connecting them with resources outside and inside the hospital to support their wellbeing and double-check for errors to identify, stop, and correct errors to ensure their safety (Doucette et al., 2018). I would educate the patients on the best way to manage their health conditions and improve their quality of life. Protecting patients' rights and giving them a voice, particularly when vulnerable, is key to safe and quality patient care. I would advocate for families by utilizing my expertise to persuade the hospital authorities about the economic position of the family, their educational level, and their cultural values about patient care. I would advocate for the community by working to ensure community members are adequately and fairly treated in all matters of health.
The first Implicit Association Tests (IAT) reveals that I hold a moderate automatic preference for Arab Muslims with 26% over Other People. This means that I am likely to respond moderately respond faster to the care needs of patients from the Arap Muslim compared to other patients. ...
Closing the Gap Achieving Health Equity for All.pdfSayed Quraishi
Closing the Gap: Achieving Health Equity for All is a phrase that refers to the idea of addressing and reducing disparities in health outcomes and access to healthcare among different populations. The “gap” refers to the difference in health outcomes and access to care between different groups, such as those based on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic
Determinants of health refer to the various factors that influence an individual's overall health status.
Dimensions of health, on the other hand, represent different aspects or components of health. I
Health and health care inequalities
Name
Institution
Racial inequalities and discrimination
African Americans bear disproportionate burden in injury, disease morbidity, disability and mortality. This disadvantage is mostly related to age-related mortality. African Americans are significantly at risk for early death compared to the native community. The overall death rate of death among the African Americans in the US is equivalent to that of the natives thirty years ago (Dreyer, Brettle, & Roderick, 2020). The premature death is caused by various disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular heart disease, and hypertension. For example, the cases of death due to heart-related diseases is higher among the African Americans than any other race group in the United States. These health challenges occur in the context of increasing inequalities in the rate of disease infection.
Economic differences cannot explain the difference in health inequalities even when socioeconomic status is controlled. Differences in skin tone may be the basis of the discrimination in health status. The health disparities that negatively affect the African Americans arise from many sources including social inequalities, inherited health risks, and lifestyle patterns. Health disparities could also be caused by race-based discrimination. The concept of place or geographical location is important in explaining contribution of social injustice to health risks. Various studies shows that neighborhood is important in mediating access to social connections and opportunities, all which are factors that affect health status. When neighborhood is characterized by segregation, often linked to racial concentration, then African Americans have higher rates of mortality and morbidity. Residential segregation and discrimination that creates concentrated neighborhoods where residents are poor are social spaces with concentrated health-related problems. African Americans have higher exposure to stressful environments because of fewer resources.
African American, a poor racial minority has poorer health status. The poor community is less likely to have sufficient health and social services and this create a problem of timely access to medical services. Second, the community environment expose the African American to health hazards such as air pollution, dirt, and water contamination (Barsanti & Salmi, 2017). Moreover, concentration of social inequalities and poverty and it related characteristics such as substance abuse, anxiety, unemployment, and crime often creates social environment that lessen social connectedness. Researchers link the idea of biological responses that may be triggered by neighborhood stressors. There is correlation between residential segregation and social inequality. There are different factors that concentrate social stressors which trigger risks of heart disease, cognitive impairment, and chronic inflammation. African Americans who mostly live in unhealthy ...
Để xem full tài liệu Xin vui long liên hệ page để được hỗ trợ
: https://www.facebook.com/thuvienluanvan01
HOẶC
https://www.facebook.com/garmentspace/
https://www.facebook.com/thuvienluanvan01
https://www.facebook.com/thuvienluanvan01
tai lieu tong hop, thu vien luan van, luan van tong hop, do an chuyen nganh
Addressing child health disparities: We made the case, we need a movement!renataschiavo
This presentations reviews recent studies and experiences on child health disparities, and provides insights and recommendations to advance child health equity. It was presented at the 2015 Health Equity Capacity Institute of the CDC Division of Community Health, Office of Health Equity.
1Health Care DisparityBlack AmericansHispanicsLatinos.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Health Care Disparity
Black Americans
Hispanics/Latinos
Demographics
45.7 million, which is 14.3% of USA population.
15% of the USA population
Cultural Norms
Strong kinship bonds, strong work orientation, strong religious orientation, take care of their own, seniors are highly respected, don’t like to admit they need help, poverty impacts education, self-esteem, quality of life and life style across.
Strong family ties, strong church and community orientation, male dominance, age dominance, negative view on asking for help, take care of their own majority are roman catholic, distrust of government, modesty is important and very proud of heritage
Religious and Spiritual Beliefs
Have strong religious affiliation with Christian denominations and also Islam.
Have strong belief in the spirit world. Majority are roman CatholicsS
Primary Insurance Coverage
Most of them are not insured, but the affordable care act provision target at improving provisions that will highly improve their lives.
Six in ten Hispanic adults in USA lack health insurance.
Education
17% have attained bachelor’s degree
11% have attained bachelor’s degree
Medical Conditions
They reside at disadvantaged neighborhoods with increased risks for health disparities. Obesity in children is enormous
More than a quarter of its population lack usual health care provider. Hispanic adults have a low prevalence for many chronic diseases and a high prevalence for diabetes.
Outreach
Foundation of African American outreach program to provide assistance to Africa-Americans
Action plan to reduce racial and ethnic health disparities
Introduction
The health of a population is influenced by both its social and its economic circumstances and health care services it receives. The health care services provided to Hispanics and black in United States of America is low. Throughout the years we have seen advancements in the health care quality received by ethnic minorities groups. But there is still a large gap when comparing minorities with their white counterparts (Vicini, 2015). This has affected the two groups which have low income families and experience poor quality care. Hispanic and blacks are less likely to have a high school education. Disparities in quality of care are common among the blacks and Hispanics in USA. For instance adults of 65 years and above receive worse care than adults with 18-44 years. Poor people have worse access to care than the high income people (Lee et al., 2003).
Healthcare Disparities between the Blacks and the Latinos in USA
The healthcare insurance status for the blacks and Latinos is low and as a result it forms barriers to access to quality health care utilization. Language barriers in health care are associated with decrease in quality of care, safety, patient and clinical satisfaction and contribute to health disparities even among people with insurance. Statistics have shown when comparing blacks and Latinos to their whi ...
DB FOR DTUDENT HOLLYMany variables exist that could create a vulLinaCovington707
DB FOR DTUDENT HOLLY
Many variables exist that could create a vulnerable population. Vulnerable populations are subsets of people from the larger community who experience disparities in health and healthcare due to racial, ethnic, economic, and chronic health conditions (Joszt, 2020). Additionally, social issues such as disability, homelessness, geographical location, sexual orientation, extreme youth, and older age are all factors that create sensitivity towards healthcare disparity (Joszt, 2020). Being part of a vulnerable population can mean many things, but it can also mean that one is part of a group that faces discrimination and reduced access to care in healthcare.
One thing a public health nurse could do to serve vulnerable populations better is to seek out federal grants that would assist in providing the needed care (grants.gov). To better serve these populations, public health nurses should first educate themselves about the available services for those populations; that way, they can inform others. One of the more significant barriers vulnerable populations face in receiving adequate healthcare is their economic status. The working poor and the uninsured often delay or neglect seeking medical care entirely (Duquesne University, 2020). Replacing the existing economic model with one that facilitates care for those that aren’t financially able to cover the costs would ultimately lead to improved health and the enhanced ability of those from vulnerable populations to return to work.
I think the vulnerable populations of the United States could be better served by being given preventative education, awarded grants that would enable the facilitation of care, and receive improved medical coverage. These three actions could theoretically place those from vulnerable populations in a position to rise above that status and live healthier lives.
DB FOR STUDENT BUKOLA
Vulnerable Populations
The vulnerable populations refer to the individuals having a higher likelihood of facing difficulties as far as health statuses are concerned; they have limited access to resources to take care of themselves compared to other members of the society. Generally, the low resilience of the vulnerable populations to health risks is exacerbated by poverty and the limited access to social, physical, and environmental resources that they require to enjoy the same level of quality of life as other demographics in the society (Palley, 2016). Additionally, vulnerable populations such as teen mothers and migrant workers are more susceptible to various health risks because of their low levels of education, illiteracy, and low-level skills. These factors prevent them from gaining access to the economic opportunities and income necessary to maintain health and well-being. The literature has also discovered that one of the reasons for the high sensitivity of the vulnerable population to health risks is their separation from core elements of society, such as the high r ...
Achieving Health Justice Addressing Disparities in Healthcare.pdfSayed Quraishi
Achieving Health Justice: Addressing Disparities in Healthcare is a phrase that
refers to the idea that all individuals should have access to high-quality and
equitable healthcare, regardless of their background. Health justice is a concept
that encompasses the idea that healthcare is a basic human right and that all
individuals should have access to the resources and opportunities they need to
maintain good health. This phrase highlights the importance of addressing
2Quote Log Health and WealthStudents NameInst.docxrobert345678
2
Quote Log Health and Wealth
Student's Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Instructors Name
Social Issue: Health & Wealth
Topic:
Health & Wealth
Thesis:
The stressors of finance can have adverse effects because they can affect the development of children, create an unsafe psychological state and contribute to poor physical health.
Reasons:
1. It has been shown that a family's socioeconomic standing has a substantial bearing on the educational, vocational, and social opportunities that are made accessible to the children of that family. These factors, in turn, influence the children's long-term physical and mental health.
2. Children from families with lower earnings are less likely to be insured or have access to medications and treatments that may assist in managing chronic health conditions. This is particularly true for individuals who reside in households where there is only one parent present.
3. Children who are worse on the socioeconomic ladder are more prone to deal in a destructive way, such as by smoking or drinking excessively when they grow up, which may inflict significant harm to one's health if done to an extreme.
Entry #1
Source:
Sapolsky, R.M. (2018). The health-wealth gap.
Scientific American, 319(5), pp. 62- 67.
http://ezproxy.umgc.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=edb&AN=132271091&site=eds-live&scope=site
Quote:
"One of the consequences of the growing poor is worsening health, and the reasons are not as obvious as you might think. Yes, lower socioeconomic status (SES) means less access to health care and living in more disease-prone neighbourhoods. And, yes, as the SES ladder's lower rungs have become more populated, the number of people with medical problems has climbed. This is not merely an issue of poor health for the poor and some version of better health for everyone else. Starting with Jeff Bezos at the top, every step down the ladder is associated with worse health.” (Sapolsky, 2018, p. 62-67).
Paraphrase:
The welfare of children will deteriorate as a consequence of people falling into poverty. Children from families with lower socioeconomic positions have a lower chance of accessing medical treatment and tend to reside in locations with a higher incidence of disease (Sapolsky, 2018).
Explanation of quote selection and connection:
Children who are not perfect and battling to live in a healthy environment are likely to get ill and have difficulty affording medical treatment due to their low socioeconomic position. This is because their living conditions are not ideal. Children who come from families with a low socioeconomic status, which is often the result of financial disparity, are more likely to have physical and mental health issues.
Entry #2
Source:
Purnell, J. Q. (2015). Financial health is public health. In L. Choi, D. Erickson, K. Griffin, A. Levere, & E. Seidman (Eds.),
What it’s Worth: Strengthening the financial futures .
1
Healthcare
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course Details
Instructor’s Name
Date
Healthcare
Health inequity is a serious healthcare problem that negatively affects everyone. This problem worsens the health outcomes of the population it directly impacts and those with resources and power. For instance, health disparity makes it hard to control, contain and treat infections illnesses, like the Covid-19, therefore putting everyone at risk of contracting the disease regardless of their socioeconomic class. Culture plays a critical role in patient care and health outcomes and affects our perception of others, health behaviors, and expectations during care delivery. This paper discusses health inequalities, advocacy for families, patients, and community, and cultural competencies. Comment by lola siyanbola: Can you explain how?
Health inequalities involve differences in health resources' distribution of health between different population groups resulting from social conditions in which members of the population are born, live, grow, work and age. The inequalities are basically the systematic differences in the status of health between population groups (Marmot, 2017). The inequalities have substantial economic and social costs to both persons and communities. Social factors including employment status, education level, gender, ethnicity, and level of income affect an individual's health status, therefore creating health disparities among populations due to variations of the social factors (Malbon, 2019). Lower socioeconomic status is associated with poor health outcomes. The appropriate combination of government policies can address these health disparities. Comment by lola siyanbola: This is a fact can you rephrase or cite Comment by lola siyanbola: This is too vague, can you elaborate a little?
I would advocate for patients by connecting them with resources outside and inside the hospital to support their wellbeing and double-check for errors to identify, stop, and correct errors to ensure their safety (Doucette et al., 2018). I would educate the patients on the best way to manage their health conditions and improve their quality of life. Protecting patients' rights and giving them a voice, particularly when vulnerable, is key to safe and quality patient care. I would advocate for families by utilizing my expertise to persuade the hospital authorities about the economic position of the family, their educational level, and their cultural values about patient care. I would advocate for the community by working to ensure community members are adequately and fairly treated in all matters of health.
The first Implicit Association Tests (IAT) reveals that I hold a moderate automatic preference for Arab Muslims with 26% over Other People. This means that I am likely to respond moderately respond faster to the care needs of patients from the Arap Muslim compared to other patients. ...
Closing the Gap Achieving Health Equity for All.pdfSayed Quraishi
Closing the Gap: Achieving Health Equity for All is a phrase that refers to the idea of addressing and reducing disparities in health outcomes and access to healthcare among different populations. The “gap” refers to the difference in health outcomes and access to care between different groups, such as those based on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic
Determinants of health refer to the various factors that influence an individual's overall health status.
Dimensions of health, on the other hand, represent different aspects or components of health. I
Health and health care inequalities
Name
Institution
Racial inequalities and discrimination
African Americans bear disproportionate burden in injury, disease morbidity, disability and mortality. This disadvantage is mostly related to age-related mortality. African Americans are significantly at risk for early death compared to the native community. The overall death rate of death among the African Americans in the US is equivalent to that of the natives thirty years ago (Dreyer, Brettle, & Roderick, 2020). The premature death is caused by various disorders such as obesity, cardiovascular heart disease, and hypertension. For example, the cases of death due to heart-related diseases is higher among the African Americans than any other race group in the United States. These health challenges occur in the context of increasing inequalities in the rate of disease infection.
Economic differences cannot explain the difference in health inequalities even when socioeconomic status is controlled. Differences in skin tone may be the basis of the discrimination in health status. The health disparities that negatively affect the African Americans arise from many sources including social inequalities, inherited health risks, and lifestyle patterns. Health disparities could also be caused by race-based discrimination. The concept of place or geographical location is important in explaining contribution of social injustice to health risks. Various studies shows that neighborhood is important in mediating access to social connections and opportunities, all which are factors that affect health status. When neighborhood is characterized by segregation, often linked to racial concentration, then African Americans have higher rates of mortality and morbidity. Residential segregation and discrimination that creates concentrated neighborhoods where residents are poor are social spaces with concentrated health-related problems. African Americans have higher exposure to stressful environments because of fewer resources.
African American, a poor racial minority has poorer health status. The poor community is less likely to have sufficient health and social services and this create a problem of timely access to medical services. Second, the community environment expose the African American to health hazards such as air pollution, dirt, and water contamination (Barsanti & Salmi, 2017). Moreover, concentration of social inequalities and poverty and it related characteristics such as substance abuse, anxiety, unemployment, and crime often creates social environment that lessen social connectedness. Researchers link the idea of biological responses that may be triggered by neighborhood stressors. There is correlation between residential segregation and social inequality. There are different factors that concentrate social stressors which trigger risks of heart disease, cognitive impairment, and chronic inflammation. African Americans who mostly live in unhealthy ...
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Lesson Objectives
Define vulnerable populations
Review the reasons for studying vulnerable populations
Determine the difference between vulnerability and equity
Briefly review existing models of vulnerability
Introduce three risk factors related to vulnerability
3. Who are Vulnerable Populations?
Often described as disadvantaged, underprivileged, medically
underserved, poverty stricken, distressed populations, and the
underclasses.
Vulnerability denotes susceptibility to poor health, but most health
research or policy focuses on distinct populations.
Common Vulnerable Groups:
Racial/ethnic minorities
Lower socioeconomic (SES) families
Children or adolescents
The elderly or older individuals
Homeless individuals
Those with chronic conditions (i.e., diabetes)
4. Vulnerability Risks Overlap
Vulnerable groups share common traits
Racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to have lower SES (both family income and education).
Low SES families are more likely to be homeless and/or have chronic conditions
These commonalities call for a renewed concept of vulnerability that incorporates these
overlapping risks
5. Why Study Vulnerable Populations?
Vulnerable populations have greater health needs.
Greater risk of poor physical, mental, social, and emotional health
Higher rates of both morbidity and mortality
An increasing prevalence of vulnerability in the United States.
Minority population is estimated to nearly equal the size of the non-Hispanic white population, and
already does in some U.S. counties.
Number of individuals in poverty is increasing steadily
6. Why Study Vulnerable Populations?
Vulnerable populations are created/remedied by social forces.
Economic, social, and political factors are responsible for creating vulnerability (i.e., poverty rates
affected by economic policy, eligibility for public assistance are defined by policies in each state, etc.)
Vulnerability is fundamentally linked with national resources.
The U.S. continues to rank poorly in national health indicators compared to other countries.
Poor health not only impacts families but detracts from national productivity and economic prosperity
7. Why Study Vulnerable Populations?
Vulnerability and equity cannot coexist.
Equality is a governing principle of the U.S. and public policies have been enacted to create some
protections where equity does not exist (i.e., civil rights legislation, woman suffrage.)
8. Who Gets the Heart?
Look at the following chart and decide on a heart transplant case among 3 candidates who
will need an organ transplant very soon or death will result.
All three candidates are from vulnerable populations.
What factors influenced your decision?
9. Who Gets the Heart?
Rick Ripley Josie Morris Mikey Federici
51 38 18
Divorced, 3 children
ages 7, 11, & 16
Married, no children,
but hopes to adopt
Single, engaged,
undecided about
children
High blood pressure
and deaf in one ear
Heavy smoker and lost
arm in a kayaking
accident
Juvenile diabetes and
struggles with weight
Dairy farmer County Judge High School Graduate
10. Existing Models of Vulnerability
Individual and
Community Interaction
Model
Individual Models
•Determinants
•Social Resources
•Health Behaviors
•Socioeconomic Status
Community Models
•Social Resources
•Environmental Exposures
•Medically Underserved
11. What characteristics identify
specific populations as ‘more
vulnerable’ than others?
How do health-risk behaviors
contribute to vulnerability?
How do the lack of social and
personal resources influence
vulnerability?
Why is socioeconomic status
a vulnerability characteristic?
Individual Models
Determinants Social Resources Health Behaviors Socioeconomic Status
Individual Level Models
Individual models focus on person-level risk factor explanations for vulnerability.
12. Community Models
Social Resources Environmental Exposures Medically Underserved
How do the lack of
community resources create
vulnerable community
populations?
Community Level Models
Community models focus on community-level risk factor explanations for
vulnerability.
Note: These models emphasize that vulnerability is not
simply a matter of bad luck or lack of will.
How do the local community
physical environment and
occupational environment
create vulnerability?
How does the lack of medical
provider capacity impact
levels of vulnerability?
13. The Vulnerability Model
Vulnerability for poor health is determined by a convergence of risks:
Predisposing factors
the propensity of individuals to poor health
Enabling factors
the means that individuals have available to obtain better health
Need factors
specific illness or health needs
14. Future Chapters Focus on Three Risk Factors:
These are three of the most commonly cited risk factors for poor health
care access, quality, and health status.
Race/Ethnicity SES Health Insurance
16. Lesson Objectives
Review the trends and mechanism of three of the risk factors of vulnerability.
Define race/ethnicity and its relation to health.
Analyze the importance of cultural competency.
Review SES and its impact on health outcomes.
Demonstrate the role that health insurance plays in access to healthcare.
18. Race/Ethnicity
Racial/ethnic differences are common determinants of disparity and conflict. In
many countries around the world, access to medical care breaks down across
racial/ethnic lines; and within a country, vulnerable populations are often made up
of minorities who are underserved in many ways.
In medicine and health policy, it has been common to classify individuals as black,
white, Asian, or Hispanic, without regard for the many cultural differences within
groups.
This has reflected primarily skin color, cultural heritage or language.
The minority population as a percentage of the total US population (i.e., non-
whites) has grown considerably in the last two decades:
1990: 24%
2000: 30%
2010: 35%
20. How is Race/Ethnicity Related to Health?
Race/ethnicity often serves as a proxy for other factors that explain the link with
both health and health care experiences, including those originating from the
family as well as health and social systems.
Socioeconomic status
Differences in SES (family income, education, and occupation) explain some
racial/ethnic differences in health care experiences and health status
Blacks and Hispanics, in particular, are more likely than whites to have lower
family income and lower education levels.
Race/ethnicity is sometimes so closely intertwined with SES that it is often
difficult to separate the effects of each.
21. How is Race/Ethnicity Related to Health?
Cultural Factors
Perhaps offering the most potential for future research into disparities are cultural factors
including language, family preferences, or beliefs leading to various health behaviors or
health seeking practices.
Racial/ethnic differences in family expectations or preferences for care are not well identified
and catalogued, but may uniquely affect experiences with care and how this care is reported
or rated.
Health Needs
Health needs drive the seeking of health care services and derive not only from both acute
and chronic illness, but recommendations for preventive or follow-up care received from a
physician.
Since minorities tend to have poorer health status than whites, this greater need for care
raises a major problem: those who need care the most are often the least likely to receive it.
22. Cultural Competency
Helps to combat discrimination or the differential action toward an individual or
group based on race, and is a manifestation of prejudice, stereotyping, and
assumptions about group abilities, motives, or intentions.
The ability of providers and organizations to understand and integrate factors such
as race, ethnicity, nationality, language, gender, socioeconomic status, physical
and mental ability, sexual orientation, and occupation into the delivery and
structure of the health care system. The goal of culturally competent health care
services is to provide the highest quality of care to every patient, regardless of
race, ethnicity, cultural background, English proficiency or literacy.
https://youtu.be/fqB3bpC4czs
23. Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Because SES has a significant impact on health, it is essential to understand what
factors influence it and how modifying these factors could improve population
health well before public health efforts or medical care are required.
Among factors, such as social and economic policy, a person’s place of residence
is one of many important influences on measures of SES:
Education
Occupation
Income
24. Residence and Education
Residence dictates which public school students can attend. Because public school funding
depends on the local tax base, a community’s resources partially determine the quality of a
public school.
In areas of concentrated poverty public schools have:
lower average test scores,
more restricted curricula,
fewer qualified teachers,
less interaction with potential colleges and employers,
higher levels of teen pregnancy,
and higher dropout rates.
25. Residence and Occupation
Residence further dictates employment opportunities by determining access to
convenient and well-paying jobs.
Since the 1950s, higher-paying jobs have been migrating out of poor, urban areas
to more suburban or ex-urban areas.
Racial/ethnic minorities living in urban areas have been the most affected by this
migration or “spatial mismatch”.
Corporations expanding, relocating, or building new facilities have previously used
geographical racial composition or SES in deciding where to place these facilities.
Communities with high unemployment can entangle themselves in a cycle of
poverty as fewer employment opportunities limit an economic escape and fewer
consistently employed adults are around to act as role models for young adults in
the next generation
26. Residence and Income
Lack of education and employment opportunities in impoverished areas leads to
long-term difficulties with poverty.
With high rates of poverty in an area, the costs to the welfare system increase and
the tax-base decreases, magnifying the difficulty of reinvesting dollars to improve
the conditions in the community.
27. Linking SES with Health Care and
Health
How does a persons’ SES affect health outcomes and
health care experiences?
There are two overarching theories:
The absence of access to material goods
The absence of social support and participation
These theories apply at both the individual and
community level.
28. Health Insurance
The United States is one of only a couple developed nations that does not
guarantee its citizens access to health care through a system of universal
health coverage or a national health service.
In 2000, the World Health Organization released a report ranking countries
on the quality of their health systems.
The report ranked the United States 37th for health system performance
and 72nd for health outcome performance (out of 191 countries).
This is despite the fact that the U.S. spends more than any other nation on
health care.
29. The Development of Federal and State
Health Insurance Programs
Before the 1960s, the U.S. government was mostly uninterested in
assisting its citizens with the ability to access health care.
In 1965, a monumental change occurred. As part of President Lyndon
Johnson’s Great Society, the federal government enacted two major health
insurance programs to help the poor (Medicaid) and elderly (Medicare).
In 1997, the federal government took the next major incremental step
toward universal coverage by enacting a program to provide health
insurance coverage for children who are from low-income families but
were not categorically poor.
30. The Working Poor and Insurance
The problem of lacking insurance coverage has evolved into an issue
primarily among the working poor.
These individuals are generally employed in low-paying jobs that do not
offer health insurance coverage or enable individuals to purchase
insurance.
But they also tend to earn too much to qualify the individual for
government assistance in programs like Medicaid.
So while the U.S. has insured the poorest individuals, there are many families
living on meager wages without coverage.
Because health insurance is closely tied to education, occupation, and
income, there are major demographic disparities in insurance coverage and
type.
In 2008, Hispanics were the most likely to be uninsured (33.2%). Blacks
and Asians had similar rates of being uninsured (19.0% and 18.2%), much
higher than for whites (10.0%).
31. Linking Health Insurance with Health Care
and Health
The uninsured are particularly vulnerable to financial barriers in accessing
health care. Once a person is insured, there are three mechanisms by
which insurance may be related to health and health care experiences:
health plan policies may affect care-seeking and cost-sharing
behaviors of beneficiaries
providers incentives and reimbursement strategies may influence
provider behavior
perceptions of health insurance plans may create feelings of stigma
and affect the use of services and reports of quality
32. Interconnections Between Risk Factors
The generic model can be interpreted as
follows:
Because of a long history of exclusion
from educational resources, African
Americans and Hispanics remain less
likely than other racial/ethnic groups to
obtain higher education.
Without higher education, employment
opportunities for these individuals are
frequently limited to low-wage or service
sector jobs.
These jobs tend not to pay sufficiently
well to support a family and also
frequently do not provide health
insurance coverage.
Lacking insurance creates barriers to
obtaining high quality medical care and
increased chances that needed care will
not be obtained.
This likely means more sick days from
work or more school days missed due to
illness.
This also means health problems go
untreated and a host of health-related
barriers to achieving at school may
remain unaddressed.