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Module 1 - Basic Electricity and Equipments
- 1. Module 1 –Basic Electrical Knowledge Oct 2021
- 2. Module 1 –Discussion Topics 1. Basic Electrical Laws 2. Description of Electrical Equipment in a Typical Distribution and Reticulation Network. 3. Interpreting Nameplate Data 4. Interpreting Equipment Manuals 5. Standard Electrical Calculations to Determine Equipment Ratings 6. Building Blocks of a Medium and LowVoltage Network. 7. Practical Session 8. Work Place Safety
- 3. Module 1 –Basic Electrical Laws Ohms Law
- 4. Module 1 –Basic Electrical Laws Impedance
- 5. Module 1 –Basic Electrical Laws Reactance
- 6. Module 1 –Basic Electrical Laws Power Equations Losses Equation
- 7. Module 1 –Basic Electrical Laws Power Equations Resistor Circuit E=RxI InductorCircuit Capacitor Circuit
- 8. Module 1 –Basic Electrical Laws Power Equations Resistor Circuit E=RxI InductorCircuit Capacitor Circuit
- 9. Module 1 –Basic Electrical Laws Power Factor
- 10. Module 1 –Basic Electrical Laws Power Factor
- 11. Module 1 –Basic Electrical Laws Power Factor
- 12. Module 1 –Basic Electrical Laws Power Factor – Practical Example
- 13. Module 1 –Basic Electrical Laws Power Factor – Practical Example
- 14. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment • Electrical Equipment - Generators – SynchronousGenerators (Dynamic Rotating Electric Machine) • Steam Generators - Normally found where waste steam is available and used for base load or standby • Hydro Plants - Waterfalls and large rivers and used for base load or standby. • Gas Turbines - Generally used for peak-lopping or mobile applications. • Diesel Engines - Most popular as standby plant. – Asynchronous Generators • Wind Turbines. – Inverter Type • Wind Turbines • Solar PV – Storage Systems • Concentrated Solar • BESS (Battery Energy Storage Systems)
- 15. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment – Synchronous Generators • Can operate in Island mode • Adjust Speed and Voltage levels for variable loads • Can be set as Variable and constant power factor. • Complex Synchronisation Control Configuration (Voltage, Phase Angle, Frequency)
- 16. Synchronous Generators Capability Curve Module1 – Electrical Equipment
- 17. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment • Asynchronous Generators – Cannot operate in Island mode – Simple Synchronisation Control Configuration – Only Voltage – Fix Power Factor.
- 18. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment Torque - Speed Curve
- 19. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment • Wind Turbines (DFIG) – Cannot operate in Island mode – Simple Synchronisation Control Configuration – Only Voltage – Fix Power Factor.
- 20. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment • Wind Turbine (Inverter Type) – Cannot operate in Island mode – Electronic SynchronisationControl Configuration – Variable Power Factor.
- 21. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment • Solar PV – Cannot operate in Island mode – Electronic SynchronisationControl Configuration – Variable Power Factor. – Susceptible to Cloud Movement
- 22. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment Solar PV Electrical Equipment
- 23. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment Solar PV • Need Spinning Reserve to accommodate cloud movement
- 24. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment Concentrated Solar • Temperature of fluid around1000ᵒC • Heat exchangerto heat water to superheated steam. • $5000-10000/kWe
- 25. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment • Electrical Equipment – Power Lines & Cables – Different Type of Bare Conductor • ACSR – Aluminium Conductor Steal Reinforced • AAC – All Aluminium Conductor • AAAC – All Aluminium Alloy Conductors Hydro Plants ACSR AAR/AAAR
- 26. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment • Electrical Equipment – Power Lines
- 27. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment • Electrical Equipment – Power Lines & Cables – Arial Bundle Conductor(ABC) • German Design • French Design
- 28. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment – Arial Bundle ConductorLine Materials
- 30. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment
- 31. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment • Transformers – Distribution Transformer – Power Transformer – Generator; High Voltage Switch Yard – Losses: • Losses Parameter Distribution Transformer Power Transformer No-LoadLosses Eddy Currents Hysteresis Low High Load Losses – Copper Losses Resistanceof Cu Windings High Low
- 32. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment • Transformers • Vector Groupings: Dyn11; YNd5 Double Winding Transformer Three Winding Transformer
- 33. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment • Transformers - Tapchanger Double Winding Transformer Three Winding Transformer
- 34. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment • Electrical Equipment – Transformers TransformerFault TransformerNameplate
- 35. Module 1 –Electrical Equipment • Overload and Fault Current Calcultations 𝐼𝐹𝐿 = 𝑉𝐴 √3 × 𝑉 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 50000 0.065 × 1.73× 400 𝐼𝐹𝐿 = 72.25𝐴 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 𝑉𝐴 %𝑍 × √3 × 𝑉 𝐼𝐹𝐿 = 50000 1.73 × 400 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 1.13𝑘𝐴
- 36. Module 1 –Earthing Systems • Electrical Equipment – Earthing Systems These have been designated in the IEE Regulations using the letters: T, N, C and S. These letters stand for: T - terre (French for earth) and meaning a direct connection to earth. N - neutral C - combined S - separate. When these letters are grouped, they form the classification of a type of system.
- 37. Module 1 –Earthing Systems • Electrical Equipment – Earthing Systems TT SYSTEM A TT system has a direct connection to the supply source to earth and a direct connection of the installation metalwork to earth. An example is an overhead line supply with earth electrodes, and the mass of earth as a return path as shown below.
- 38. Module 1 –Earthing Systems • Electrical Equipment – Earthing Systems TN-S SYSTEM A TN-S systemhas the supply source directly connected to earth, the installation metalwork connectedto the neutral of the supply source via the lead sheath of the supply cable, and the neutral and protectiveconductors throughoutthe whole systemperforming Separatefunctions. The resistancearound the loop P-B-N-Eshould be no more than 0.8 ohms.
- 39. Module 1 –Earthing Systems • Electrical Equipment – Earthing Systems TN-S SYSTEM A TN-C-S systemis as the TN-S but the supply cable sheath is also the neutral, i.e. it forms a combined earth/neutral conductorknown as a PEN (protectiveearthed neutral) conductor. The installationearth and neutral are separateconductors. This systemis also known as PME (protectivemultiple earthing). The resistancearound the P-B-N-Nloop should be less than 0.35ohms.
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