This document discusses various models and theories of emotion that have been proposed over time. It describes early philosophical models from Plato and Aristotle, and mentions contributions from thinkers like Darwin, James, and Cannon. Modern perspectives include cognitive theories that emphasize appraisal and judgment, somatic theories focused on physiological responses, and situated perspectives that see emotions as social and environmentally influenced. Neurobiological theories link specific emotions to brain regions like the limbic system. Overall, the document provides a broad overview of the historical development and current landscape of models seeking to explain the nature and mechanisms of human emotion.
Emotions have often been considered a threat to morality and rationality; in the Romantic tradition, passions were placed at the center of both human individuality and moral life. This ambivalence has led to an ambiguity between the terms of emotions for vices and virtues. Epicureans and Stoics have argued that emotions are irrational. The Stoics believed that virtue is nothing but knowledge, and emotions are essentially irrational beliefs. Skeptics believed that beliefs were responsible for pain, recommending rejection of opinions of any kind. These schools emphasized the general value of "ataraxia", the absence of mental disturbance, the philosophy being regarded as therapy for the cleansing of the emotions in the soul.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27533.77282
The critical reflection of the aspects of emotional intelligence can be put on account of the different epistemological perspectives, reflecting a maturity of the concept. There is a need to find consistent empirical evidence for the dimensionality of emotional intelligence and to develop appropriate methods for its correct and useful measurement. A concern of researchers is whether emotional intelligence is a theory of personality, a form of intelligence, or a combination of both. Many studies consider emotional intelligence to be a personal factor associated with competence. But most researchers consider emotional intelligence as an emotional awareness of oneself and others, in addition to professional efficiency and emotional management.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19339.11045
In the epistemological context, two questions have a special relevance: "are emotions knowledge?" and "is a uniform theory of emotions necessary to evaluate the epistemological state of emotions?". A restrictive interpretation of "knowledge" requires theories to have propositional content. In such a case, emotions are usually assimilated to normative beliefs or judgments. More liberal interpretations of "knowledge" also include theories that interpret emotions on the perception model. A minimal definition of cognitive theories of emotions includes the assertion that emotions are intentional.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11326.72004
Emotional intelligence is the ability of individuals to recognize their own and others' emotions, to discern between different feelings and to label them correctly, using emotional information to guide thinking and behavior, and to manage and adjust emotions to adapt to the environment or to achieve their own goals. There are several models that aim to measure emotional intelligence levels. Goleman's original model is a mixed model that combines abilities with traits. A trait model was developed by Konstantinos V. Petrides in 2001, with a focus on self-knowledge, and an ability model was developed by Peter Salovey and John Mayer in 2004 focusing on social relationship.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13623.75685
The two functions systems that have contributed to the origin of Psychology has been emotional arousal and cognitive processes. Emotional arousal has provided the basic driving f orce, whereas cognitive processing contributed to making sensory-motor contacts with reality. Complex cognitive processing facilitated extensive knowledge base of the sensory-motor contacts, as well as helped to create virtual realities. Emotional arousal supported the genesis of responses and actions, as per the cognitive judgments made in the system. The article deals with brief account of the complex nature of interactions between the two systems and how psychology - the mind and behavior emerged from the interactions.
Emotions have often been considered a threat to morality and rationality; in the Romantic tradition, passions were placed at the center of both human individuality and moral life. This ambivalence has led to an ambiguity between the terms of emotions for vices and virtues. Epicureans and Stoics have argued that emotions are irrational. The Stoics believed that virtue is nothing but knowledge, and emotions are essentially irrational beliefs. Skeptics believed that beliefs were responsible for pain, recommending rejection of opinions of any kind. These schools emphasized the general value of "ataraxia", the absence of mental disturbance, the philosophy being regarded as therapy for the cleansing of the emotions in the soul.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27533.77282
The critical reflection of the aspects of emotional intelligence can be put on account of the different epistemological perspectives, reflecting a maturity of the concept. There is a need to find consistent empirical evidence for the dimensionality of emotional intelligence and to develop appropriate methods for its correct and useful measurement. A concern of researchers is whether emotional intelligence is a theory of personality, a form of intelligence, or a combination of both. Many studies consider emotional intelligence to be a personal factor associated with competence. But most researchers consider emotional intelligence as an emotional awareness of oneself and others, in addition to professional efficiency and emotional management.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19339.11045
In the epistemological context, two questions have a special relevance: "are emotions knowledge?" and "is a uniform theory of emotions necessary to evaluate the epistemological state of emotions?". A restrictive interpretation of "knowledge" requires theories to have propositional content. In such a case, emotions are usually assimilated to normative beliefs or judgments. More liberal interpretations of "knowledge" also include theories that interpret emotions on the perception model. A minimal definition of cognitive theories of emotions includes the assertion that emotions are intentional.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11326.72004
Emotional intelligence is the ability of individuals to recognize their own and others' emotions, to discern between different feelings and to label them correctly, using emotional information to guide thinking and behavior, and to manage and adjust emotions to adapt to the environment or to achieve their own goals. There are several models that aim to measure emotional intelligence levels. Goleman's original model is a mixed model that combines abilities with traits. A trait model was developed by Konstantinos V. Petrides in 2001, with a focus on self-knowledge, and an ability model was developed by Peter Salovey and John Mayer in 2004 focusing on social relationship.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13623.75685
The two functions systems that have contributed to the origin of Psychology has been emotional arousal and cognitive processes. Emotional arousal has provided the basic driving f orce, whereas cognitive processing contributed to making sensory-motor contacts with reality. Complex cognitive processing facilitated extensive knowledge base of the sensory-motor contacts, as well as helped to create virtual realities. Emotional arousal supported the genesis of responses and actions, as per the cognitive judgments made in the system. The article deals with brief account of the complex nature of interactions between the two systems and how psychology - the mind and behavior emerged from the interactions.
This is a paper I wrote on the subject of Motivation and Emotions as part of my Term 1 submission for Micro-OB. Students of Organization Behavior and HR may find it useful. In case you find it useful please drop some feedback so that I can improve my skills. Thanks!
According to Antonio Damasio, the emotional process begins with conscious considerations about the object in the form of mental images. These images correspond to a neural substrate (topographic representations) influenced by the dispositional representations. At the unconscious level, the networks in the prefrontal cortex respond automatically and involuntarily to the signals derived from the processing of the above images, according to the dispositional representations, acquired based on personal experience rather than innate.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21624.06401
Understanding EmotionalIntelligence in Educational Contextinventionjournals
Emotional intelligence (EI), the recent origin concept in the field of social and Behavioural science, is getting more and more popularity in research, business and recruitment purpose. Low predictability of IQ score in real life situation and workplace gave birth the new concept. We have seen that someone who are incredibly bright and intelligent yet cannot seem to pull their life together. As the pace of change is increasing and world of work is making ever greater demands on a person‟s cognitive, emotional and physical resources, this particular set of abilities are becoming increasingly important. Since majority of the concerns in organization involve people in different roles, emotional intelligence must become a determining factor for their effective management. Its importance and relevance in various fields is being scientifically researched and asserted. Yet, the cross-cultural relevance of the concept still remains an unexplored area. In this present paper attempt were made to make a clear understanding regarding the concept, nature, models and implication in the field of education, which will be helpful for in the field of education (in classroom). Though this concept is popular in western country, Indian views regarding EI has also been analyzed in this present paper.
Desires and Decisions - A look into how positive emotions influence decision ...Shiva Kakkar
In the past few years the field of emotions has increasingly attracted the attention of researchers. A major reason for this is the ability of emotions to influence human motivation and actions by influencing the cognitive processes of the brain (Latham, 2007). Research by Kahneman and Tversky (1973) has for long suggested that not all human decisions are rational in nature. A significant part of irrational decision making can be attributed to the play of emotions in human beings. Thus, it is interesting to see how emotions interfere with the thinking process of individuals. The paper specifically attempts to view the effect of positive emotions i.e. feeling of happiness, joy and/or enthusiasm on the decision making process in human beings. In order to achieve this, two opposite scientific views in the form of a critique and a refutation are presented to understand the utility of positive emotions in decision making.
Riscuri și provocări în inteligența artificială: Cutii negre și actorii de am...Nicolae Sfetcu
Inteligența artificială a creat oportunități fără precedent, dar și noi riscuri. Creșterea exponențială a capabilităților modelelor de inteligența artificială permite atingerea unor niveluri de valoare și generalizare neatinse până acum. Cu toate acestea, opacitatea acestor modele a crescut, de asemenea, iar natura lor de cutie neagră face dificilă, chiar și pentru experți, explicarea justificării concluziilor lor. Acest lucru poate reprezenta un punct critic din punct de vedere tehnologic și social, deoarece riscul este real, după cum demonstrează episoadele recente, ale sistemelor de antrenament care sunt compromise de părtiniri și prejudecăți de discriminare, care au învățat din datele de instruire. Prin urmare, este posibil ca învățarea din urmele digitale ale deciziilor trecute să poată duce la încorporarea prejudecăților invizibile existente în modelele rezultate, perpetuându-le.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 41-47
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT21269
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/riscuri-si-provocari-in-inteligenta-artificiala-cutii-negre-si-actorii-de-amenintare/
EU Clear English Tips for Translators - eBookNicolae Sfetcu
Here are some tips to help translators avoid copying structure and wording from other languages that would be awkward in English.
They should be useful to non-native speakers, but may serve as handy reminders for native speakers too.
This is a paper I wrote on the subject of Motivation and Emotions as part of my Term 1 submission for Micro-OB. Students of Organization Behavior and HR may find it useful. In case you find it useful please drop some feedback so that I can improve my skills. Thanks!
According to Antonio Damasio, the emotional process begins with conscious considerations about the object in the form of mental images. These images correspond to a neural substrate (topographic representations) influenced by the dispositional representations. At the unconscious level, the networks in the prefrontal cortex respond automatically and involuntarily to the signals derived from the processing of the above images, according to the dispositional representations, acquired based on personal experience rather than innate.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21624.06401
Understanding EmotionalIntelligence in Educational Contextinventionjournals
Emotional intelligence (EI), the recent origin concept in the field of social and Behavioural science, is getting more and more popularity in research, business and recruitment purpose. Low predictability of IQ score in real life situation and workplace gave birth the new concept. We have seen that someone who are incredibly bright and intelligent yet cannot seem to pull their life together. As the pace of change is increasing and world of work is making ever greater demands on a person‟s cognitive, emotional and physical resources, this particular set of abilities are becoming increasingly important. Since majority of the concerns in organization involve people in different roles, emotional intelligence must become a determining factor for their effective management. Its importance and relevance in various fields is being scientifically researched and asserted. Yet, the cross-cultural relevance of the concept still remains an unexplored area. In this present paper attempt were made to make a clear understanding regarding the concept, nature, models and implication in the field of education, which will be helpful for in the field of education (in classroom). Though this concept is popular in western country, Indian views regarding EI has also been analyzed in this present paper.
Desires and Decisions - A look into how positive emotions influence decision ...Shiva Kakkar
In the past few years the field of emotions has increasingly attracted the attention of researchers. A major reason for this is the ability of emotions to influence human motivation and actions by influencing the cognitive processes of the brain (Latham, 2007). Research by Kahneman and Tversky (1973) has for long suggested that not all human decisions are rational in nature. A significant part of irrational decision making can be attributed to the play of emotions in human beings. Thus, it is interesting to see how emotions interfere with the thinking process of individuals. The paper specifically attempts to view the effect of positive emotions i.e. feeling of happiness, joy and/or enthusiasm on the decision making process in human beings. In order to achieve this, two opposite scientific views in the form of a critique and a refutation are presented to understand the utility of positive emotions in decision making.
Riscuri și provocări în inteligența artificială: Cutii negre și actorii de am...Nicolae Sfetcu
Inteligența artificială a creat oportunități fără precedent, dar și noi riscuri. Creșterea exponențială a capabilităților modelelor de inteligența artificială permite atingerea unor niveluri de valoare și generalizare neatinse până acum. Cu toate acestea, opacitatea acestor modele a crescut, de asemenea, iar natura lor de cutie neagră face dificilă, chiar și pentru experți, explicarea justificării concluziilor lor. Acest lucru poate reprezenta un punct critic din punct de vedere tehnologic și social, deoarece riscul este real, după cum demonstrează episoadele recente, ale sistemelor de antrenament care sunt compromise de părtiniri și prejudecăți de discriminare, care au învățat din datele de instruire. Prin urmare, este posibil ca învățarea din urmele digitale ale deciziilor trecute să poată duce la încorporarea prejudecăților invizibile existente în modelele rezultate, perpetuându-le.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 41-47
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT21269
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/riscuri-si-provocari-in-inteligenta-artificiala-cutii-negre-si-actorii-de-amenintare/
EU Clear English Tips for Translators - eBookNicolae Sfetcu
Here are some tips to help translators avoid copying structure and wording from other languages that would be awkward in English.
They should be useful to non-native speakers, but may serve as handy reminders for native speakers too.
Funcții PHP definite de utilizator în dezvoltarea WordPressNicolae Sfetcu
PHP definește o gamă largă de funcții ca blocuri reutilizabile de instrucțiuni în limbajul de bază, și multe sunt, de asemenea, disponibile în diferite extensii. Aceste funcții sunt bine documentate în documentația online PHP. Funcțiile personalizate pot fi definite de dezvoltator. O funcție nu se va executa automat când se încarcă o pagină, ea poate fi apelată de oriunde și oricând în cadrul programului. PHP acceptă declarații de tip privind parametrii funcției, care sunt aplicate în timpul execuției.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 37-40
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT37237
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/functii-php-definite-de-utilizator-in-dezvoltarea-wordpress/
Practici comune pentru limbajul de programare în CNicolae Sfetcu
Odată cu utilizarea pe scară largă, o serie de practici și convenții comune au evoluat pentru a ajuta la evitarea erorilor în programele C. Acestea sunt simultan o demonstrație a aplicării bunelor principii de inginerie software într-un limbaj, și o indicație a limitărilor C. Deși puține sunt utilizate universal, iar unele sunt controversate, fiecare dintre acestea se bucură de o utilizare largă.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 30-36
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT80750
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/practici-comune-pentru-programarea-in-c/
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 3, Septembrie 2023 - RezumateNicolae Sfetcu
Revista IT & C este o publicație trimestrială din domeniile tehnologiei informației și comunicații, și domenii conexe de studiu și practică.
Cuprins:
EDITORIAL
Provocări în inteligența artificială
TEHNOLOGIA INFORMAȚIEI
Blockchain Design and Modelling
TELECOMUNICAȚII
Arhitectura de bază a rețelelor 5G
INTERNET
Big Data Ethics in Education and Research
SOFTWARE
Tableau Software: Vizualizarea și analiza datelor
PROGRAMARE
Rezumarea automată în inteligența artificială prin învățare nesupravegheată: TextRank
DEZVOLTARE WEB
Argumentele funcțiilor PHP – Transmiterea argumentelor prin referință
SECURITATE CIBERNETICĂ
Criptomonede și criptosecurități – Contracte inteligente
ISSN 2821– 8469 ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT55267
EAN , Cod IT23 , ID 32330
IT & C (PDF, EPUB, MOBI pentru Kindle) https://www.internetmobile.ro/revista/revista-it-c-volumul-2-numarul-3-septembrie-2023/
Vizualizarea datelor cu aplicațiile Tableau SoftwareNicolae Sfetcu
Tableau este un instrument de analiză și vizualizare a datelor care se poate conecta cu multe surse de date, creând tablouri de bord interactive. Tableau utilizează inovații de integrare a aplicațiilor, cum ar fi API-urile JavaScript și aplicația de conectare unică, pentru a include în mod constant analiza Tableau în aplicațiile de afaceri de bază. Tableau interoghează baze de date relaționale, cuburi de procesare analitică online, baze de date în cloud și foi de calcul pentru a genera vizualizări de date de tip grafic. De asemenea, software-ul poate extrage, stoca și prelua date dintr-un motor de date în memorie.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 23-29
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT10117
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/vizualizarea-datelor-cu-aplicatiile-tableau-software/
La revendication de Hooke sur la loi de la gravitéNicolae Sfetcu
Dans une note intitulée « Un état vrai de l'affaire et la controverse entre Sr Isaak Newton et le Dr Robert Hooke comme priorité de cette noble hypothèse du mouvement des planètes autour du Soleil en tant que leurs centres » non publié au cours de sa vie, Hooke a décrit sa théorie de la gravité. Pour soutenir sa « priorité », Hooke cite ses conférences sur les mouvements planétaires du 23 mai 1666, « Une tentative de prouver le mouvement de la Terre à partir d'observations » publiées en 1674 et la correspondance avec Isaac Newton en 1679.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26375.24485
Procesarea Big Data cu instrumente avansateNicolae Sfetcu
Datele trebuie procesate cu instrumente avansate de colectare și analiză, pe baza unor algoritmi prestabiliți, pentru a putea obține informații relevante. Algoritmii trebuie să ia în considerare și aspecte invizibile pentru percepțiile directe. Big Data în procesele guvernamentale cresc eficiența costurilor, productivitatea și inovația. Registrele civile sunt o sursă pentru Big Data. Datele prelucrate ajută în domenii critice de dezvoltare, cum ar fi îngrijirea sănătății, ocuparea forței de muncă, productivitatea economică, criminalitatea, securitatea și gestionarea dezastrelor naturale și a resurselor.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 18-22
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT91785
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/procesarea-big-data/
Corupţia, Globalizarea și NeocolonialismulNicolae Sfetcu
O introducere în conceptele interdependente despre corupţie, globalizare prin instituţiile financiare internaţionale, şi neocolonialism înţeles ca exploatarea resurselor şi materiilor prime a ţărilor sărace şi în curs de dezvoltare de unele mari corporaţii multinaţionale.
Corupţia este atât o cauză majoră cât şi un rezultat al sărăciei în întreaga lume. Ea apare la toate nivelurile societăţii, de la autorităţile locale şi naţionale, la societatea civilă, sistemul judiciar, întreprinderile mari şi mici, unităţile militare, etc. Corupţie sistemică (sau corupţia endemică) este corupţia, care se datorează în primul rând punctelor slabe ale unei organizaţii sau proces. Aceasta poate fi contrastată la funcţionarii sau agenţii individuali corupţi din cadrul sistemului. Factorii care încurajează corupţia sistemică includ stimulente contradictorii, puteri discreţionare, puteri de monopol, lipsa de transparenţă, salarii mici, şi o cultură a impunităţii. printre actele specifice de corupţie se numără luarea de mită, şantaj, şi deturnarea de fonduri, într-un sistem în care corupţia devine regula mai degrabă decât excepţia.
Neocolonialismului este practica de utilizare a capitalismului, globalizării, şi a forţelor culturale, pentru a controla o ţară, în locul unui control direct militar sau politic. Un astfel de control poate fi economic, cultural, sau lingvistic. Societăţile corporative care aparţin culturii impuse pot pătrunde mult mai uşor pe pieţele din aceste ţări. Astfel, neocolonialismului este rezultatul final al unor interese de afaceri sau geopolitice se obţine prin deformarea culturii ţărilor colonizate.
În urma unei ideologii cunoscut sub numele de neoliberalism, şi răspândită de instituţii financiare similare, cunoscută sub numele de "Consensul de la Washington", au fost impuse politici de ajustare structurală pentru a se asigura de rambursarea datoriilor şi restructurarea economică. Dar, în realitate s-a cerut ţărilor sărace să-şi reducă cheltuielile cu sănătatea, educaţia şi dezvoltarea, făcându-se o prioritate din rambursarea datoriilor şi a altor politici economice favorizante pentru ţările dezvoltate.Practic, FMI şi Banca Mondială au cerut ţărilor sărace să reducă nivelul de trai al populaţiei.
Corupţia, crimele de stat corporativ, şi crima organizată, sunt oricum considerate atât crime internaţionale cât şi crime de stat la nivel naţional. În cele mai multe cazuri crima de stat este considerată ca aplicabilă atunci când statul se implică direct în secretomania excesivă şi acoperirea unor activităţi ilegale, dezinformarea, şi o evidenţă financiară superficială sau chiar incorectă (care încurajează evaziunea fiscală în cazul unora din oficialii guvernamentali), reflectănd adesea interesele doar a anumitor clase sociale şi interese de grup, şi încălcând astfel drepturile omului.
Corupţia presupune cel puţin o persoană care corupe, una coruptă, şi o masă mare de păgubiţi inerţi. Vina este a tuturor!
Performanța și standardele rețelelor de telecomunicații 5GNicolae Sfetcu
Pentru măsurarea precisă a performanței 5G se utilizează simulatoare și teste specifice. Inițial, termenul a fost asociat cu standardul IMT-2020 al Uniunii Internaționale de Telecomunicații, care necesita o viteză maximă teoretică de descărcare de 20 gigabiți pe secundă și 10 gigabiți pe secundă viteza de încărcare, împreună cu alte cerințe. Apoi, grupul de standarde industriale 3GPP a ales standardul 5G NR (New Radio) împreună cu LTE ca propunere pentru transmitere la standardul IMT-2020.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 13-17
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT52354
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/performanta-si-standardele-retelelor-de-telecomunicatii-5g/
Intelligence Info, Volumul 2, Numărul 3, Septembrie 2023Nicolae Sfetcu
Revista Intelligence Info este o publicație trimestrială din domeniile intelligence, geopolitică și securitate, și domenii conexe de studiu și practică.
Cuprins:
EDITORIAL
Rolul serviciilor de informații în război, de Nicolae Sfetcu
INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence Analysis, de Nicolae Sfetcu
ISTORIA
Reformele serviciilor secrete de la Mihail Moruzov la Eugen Cristescu, între inovație și decadență, de Rodica Liseanu
Take Ionescu – O biografie vectorială în istoria partidelor politice și în semantica diplomației, de Rodica Liseanu
GEOPOLITICA
Apusul universalismului european, de Lisa-Maria Achimescu
Chinese Hegemony in the Production of Rare Earths, de Emilian M. Dobrescu
România. Între ‘gura de rai’ geografică şi răspântia geopolitică, de Radu Carp
SECURITATE
Schimbarea paradigmelor în mediul internațional de securitate, de Alexandru Cristian
Adevăr și dezinformare în fenomenul OZN, de Dan D. Farcaș
ȘTIINȚA INFORMAȚIEI
Utilizarea analiticii rețelelor sociale în intelligence, de Nicolae Sfetcu
ISSN 2821-8159 ISSN-L 2821-8159, DOI: 10.58679/II30199
EAN , Cod II23 , ID 22330
Intelligence Info (PDF, EPUB, MOBI pentru Kindle) https://www.intelligenceinfo.org/revista/revista-intelligence-info-volumul-2-numarul-3-septembrie-2023/
Ontologii narative în tehnologia blockchainNicolae Sfetcu
Paul Ricoeur a examinat o serie de forme diferite de discurs extins, începând cu discursul metaforic. Discursul narativ este una din formele investigate, configurând concepte eterogene care identifică acțiunile într-un moment în care un lucru se întâmplă nu numai după altceva, ci și din cauza altui lucru dintr-o poveste sau istorie care poate fi urmată. Reformează evenimentele fizice ca evenimente narative, care au sens deoarece spun ceea ce se întâmplă într-o poveste sau într-o istorie. Narațiunile sunt întotdeauna o sinteză a conceptelor eterogene care configurează episoadele povestirii.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 7-12
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT70323
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/ontologii-narative-in-tehnologia-blockchain/
Philosophy of Blockchain Technology - OntologiesNicolae Sfetcu
About the necessity and usefulness of developing a philosophy specific to the blockchain technology, emphasizing on the ontological aspects. After an Introduction that highlights the main philosophical directions for this emerging technology, in Blockchain Technology I explain the way the blockchain works, discussing ontological development directions of this technology in Designing and Modeling. The next section is dedicated to the main application of blockchain technology, Bitcoin, with the social implications of this cryptocurrency. There follows a section of Philosophy in which I identify the blockchain technology with the concept of heterotopia developed by Michel Foucault and I interpret it in the light of the notational technology developed by Nelson Goodman as a notational system. In the Ontology section, I present two developmental paths that I consider important: Narrative Ontology, based on the idea of order and structure of history transmitted through Paul Ricoeur's narrative history, and the Enterprise Ontology system based on concepts and models of an enterprise, specific to the semantic web, and which I consider to be the most well developed and which will probably become the formal ontological system, at least in terms of the economic and legal aspects of blockchain technology. In Conclusions I am talking about the future directions of developing the blockchain technology philosophy in general as an explanatory and robust theory from a phenomenologically consistent point of view, which allows testability and ontologies in particular, arguing for the need of a global adoption of an ontological system for develop cross-cutting solutions and to make this technology profitable.
Inteligența artificială, o provocare esențialăNicolae Sfetcu
Inteligența artificială a progresat până la punctul în care este o componentă esențială în aproape toate sectoarele economiei moderne actuale, cu un impact semnificativ asupra vieții noastre private, sociale și politice. Ea a fost întemeiată pe presupunerea că inteligența umană poate fi descrisă atât de precis încât să poată fi făcută o mașină să o simuleze. Acest lucru ridică argumente filozofice despre minte și etica creării de ființe artificiale înzestrate cu inteligență asemănătoare omului. Inteligența artificială sunt o sursă a unui set complet nou de probleme de explicabilitate, responsabilitate și încredere.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 3-6
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT30677
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/inteligenta-artificiala-o-provocare-esentiala/
Ghidul de faţă se bazează în general pe ghidul în limba engleză „How to write clearly”, aducând o serie de recomandări specifi ce redactării textelor în limba română.
https://www.telework.ro/ro/e-books/ghid-ue-pentru-traduceri/
Activitatea de intelligence – Ciclul intelligenceNicolae Sfetcu
David Singer afirmă că, în prezent, amenințarea constituie principalul obiectiv al agențiilor de informații. Activitatea de informații poate fi considerată ca fiind procesul prin care anumite tipuri de informații sunt solicitate, colectate, analizate și diseminate, și modul în care sunt concepute și desfășurate anumite tipuri de acțiuni secrete. Ciclul intelligence reprezintă un set de procese utilizate pentru a furniza informații utile în luarea deciziilor. Ciclul constă din mai multe procese. Domeniul conex al contrainformațiilor este însărcinat cu împiedicarea eforturilor informative ale altora.
INTELLIGENCE INFO, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 34-40
ISSN 2821 – 8159, ISSN – L 2821 – 8159, DOI: 10.58679/II18551
URL: https://www.intelligenceinfo.org/activitatea-de-intelligence-ciclul-intelligence/
Cunoașterea Științifică, Volumul 2, Numărul 3, Septembrie 2023Nicolae Sfetcu
Revista Cunoașterea Științifică este o publicație trimestrială din domeniile științei și filosofiei, și domenii conexe de studiu și practică.
Cuprins:
EDITORIAL
Știința schimbărilor climatice, de Nicolae Sfetcu
ȘTIINȚE NATURALE
Interactions between the brain, the biofields, and the physical, de Adrian Klein și Robert Neil Boyd
The Psycho-Neural Connectivity, de Adrian Klein
ȘTIINȚE SOCIALE
School dropout rate in Romania, de Alexandra Mocanu
Ipoteza hipercivilizațiilor, de Dan D. Farcas
The Importance of the Rare Earths for the World Economy, de Emilian M. Dobrescu
Puteri emergente şi noile paradigme în mediul internațional de securitate, de Alexandru Cristian
Models of Emotional Intelligence in Research and Education, de Nicolae Sfetcu
Cultura anime în România, de Alexandra Mocanu
ȘTIINȚE FORMALE
Etica în inteligența artificială: provocări și perspective, de Sebastian Bidașcă
FILOSOFIE
Portretul biblic al unicornilor și paranoia fără fundamente privind seria „My Little Pony”, de Valentina-Andrada Minea
Materialism şi realitatea esteticii: Argumente şi contraargumente la scrisorile lui Friedrich Schiller privind educaţia estetică a omului (1/3), de Petru Ababii
Unele aspecte ale filosofiei lui Albert Einstein și Henri Bergson, timpul şi paradoxul lui Zenon în viziune critică nonsofisticată, de Petru Ababii
RECENZII CĂRȚI
Humanism, Becoming and the Demiurge in The Adventures of Pinocchio, de Nicolae Sfetcu
ISSN 2821-8086 ISSN-L 2821-8086, DOI: 10.58679/CS90773
EAN 725657205492, Cod CS23P , ID 12330
Cunoașterea Științifică (PDF, EPUB, MOBI pentru Kindle) https://www.cunoasterea.ro/revista/revista-cunoasterea-stiintifica-volumul-2-numarul-3-septembrie-2023/
Manual pentru începători pentru întreţinerea şi depanarea calculatoarelor, cu o introducere în noţiuni de calculatoare, hardware, software (inclusiv sisteme de operare) şi securitatea pe Internet.
Un calculator de uz general are patru componente principale: unitatea logică aritmetică (ALU), unitatea de control, memoria, şi dispozitive de intrare şi ieşire (denumite colectiv I/O). Aceste piese sunt interconectate prin bus-uri, de multe ori făcut din grupuri de fire.
Caracteristica definitorie a computerelor moderne, care le distinge de toate celelalte maşini, este că acestea pot fi programate. Asta presupune că un anumit tip de instrucţiuni (program) poate fi implementat în calculator, care le va procesa. Calculatoare moderne, bazate pe arhitectura von Neumann, au adesea codul maşină în forma unui limbaj de programare imperativ.
Drobeta Turnu Severin Heavy Water Plant: ConstructionNicolae Sfetcu
The heavy water plant was established under the name of Combinatul Chimic Drobeta, by Decree 400/16.11.1979, under the Inorganic Products Industrial Center (CIPA) Râmnicu Vâlcea. The thermo-electric plant for supplying the heavy water factory with steam was decided to be located in Halânga village, three kilometers from the factory. The process water required for the factory was brought from the Danube, and the hydrogen sulphide used in the process was produced in the plant, through a specific technology, and then compressed, liquefied and stored in special tanks. The works on the heavy water factory at Drobeta Turnu Severin started in 1979, based on a derogatory HCM. The equipment for the heavy water plant was purchased through the Industrial Center for Chemical and Refinery Equipment (CIUTCR). All equipment and facilities that transported hydrogen sulphide had to meet strict quality assurance conditions.
CUNOAȘTEREA ȘTIINȚIFICĂ, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 39-44
ISSN 2821 – 8086, ISSN – L 2821 – 8086, DOI: 10.58679/CS96723
URL: https://www.cunoasterea.ro/drobeta-turnu-severin-heavy-water-plant-construction/
Din punct de vedere metodologic, atât Newton cât și Einstein, și ulterior Dirac, au susținut fără rezerve principiul simplității matematice în descoperirea noilor legi fizice ale naturii. Lor li s-au alăturat și Poincaré și Weyl. Eduard Prugovecki afirmă că gravitația cuantică a impus luarea în considerare a unor întrebări epistemologice fundamentale, care pot fi identificate în filosofie cu problema minții-corp și cu problema liberului arbitru. Aceste întrebări au influențat epistemologia mecanicii cuantice sub forma “paralelismului psiho-fizic” al lui von Neumann și analiza ulterioară a tezei de către Wigner că “colapsul pachetului de unde” are loc în mintea “observatorului”.
CUNOAȘTEREA ȘTIINȚIFICĂ, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 20-38
ISSN 2821 – 8086, ISSN – L 2821 – 8086, DOI: 10.58679/CS96800
URL: https://www.cunoasterea.ro/epistemologia-gravitatiei-cuantice/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Models of Emotion
1. Models of Emotion
Nicolae Sfetcu
19.01.2020
Sfetcu, Nicolae, "Models of Emotion", SetThings (January 19, 2020), URL =
https://www.setthings.com/en/models-of-emotion/
Email: nicolae@sfetcu.com
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nd/4.0/.
A partial translation of:
Sfetcu, Nicolae, " Emoțiile și inteligența emoțională în organizații", SetThings (31 decembrie
2019), MultiMedia Publishing (ISBN 978-606-033-328-9), DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32991.20640,
URL = https://www.setthings.com/ro/e-books/emotiile-si-inteligenta-emotionala-in-organizatii/
2. Nicolae Sfetcu: Emotions and Emotional Intelligence in Organizations
2
Emotion is a mental state induced by one or more internal or external stimuli, (Panksepp
2004) (A. R. Damasio 1998) (Ekman și Davidson 1994) which determines chemical bodily
changes, behavioral responses and a certain state. (Cabanac 2002) (D. L. Schacter, Gilbert, și
Wegner 2011) Emotion is in a permanent interdependence with the mood, temperament,
personality, disposition and motivation of the person. (.about.com 2019) The meaning of the word
emotion in everyday language is quite different from that in academic discourse. (Fehr și Russell
1984)
The term "emotion" was introduced in research to designate passions, feelings and
affections. (Dixon 2003) The modern concept of emotion appeared around the 1830s. "No one felt
emotions before about 1830. Instead they felt other things - "passions", "accidents of the soul",
"moral sentiments" - and explained them very differently from how we understand emotions
today.” (Smith 2016) Emotions can be defined as a positive or negative experience associated with
a particular pattern of physiological activity. The initial role of emotions was to motivate adaptive
behaviors that in the past would have contributed to the transmission of genes through survival,
reproduction and natural selection." (D. Schacter et al. 2011) (Pinker și Foster 2014) The Oxford
Dictionary defines emotion as "A strong feeling deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or
relationships with others." (Oxford 2019) Joseph LeDoux defined emotions as the result of a
cognitive and conscious process that appears in response to stimuli that act on the body. (Emory
2018)
Emotions can be events or dispositions, of variable duration, (Scarantino și de Sousa 2018)
with an intensity on a continuous scale according to psychotherapist Michael C. Graham. (Graham,
Priddy, și Graham 2014) Emotional responses may be verbal, physiological, behavioral, and / or
neural mechanisms. (Fox 2008) Emotions result in physical and psychological changes that
3. Nicolae Sfetcu: Emotions and Emotional Intelligence in Organizations
3
influence behavior. (D. L. Schacter, Gilbert, și Wegner 2011) They are often the driving force
behind motivations. (Gaulin și McBurney 2003) Emotions are responses to significant internal and
external events. (D. Schacter et al. 2011) Emotions facilitate adaptation to the environment,
resulting from evolution. (Ekman 1992) Emotions allow communication in a community,
(Fielding 2015) with positive or negative ethical value.
The classification of emotions is not universal, and depends on the cultural context,
(Russell 1991) although some emotions have an intercultural character, they are universal.
(Wierzbicka 1999) Graham differentiates emotions as functional or dysfunctional and argues that
all functional emotions have benefits. Another way of classifying emotions is according to the
possible target. (Hume 2011) Depending on the length of life, one can distinguish between
emotional (short-term) episodes and emotional dispositions (comparable to character traits). Other
specialists include emotions in a more general category of "affective states". (Schwarz 2012)
Paul Ekman argued that emotions are discrete, measurable and physiologically distinct,
some being even universally recognizable, independent of culture, respectively anger, disgust,
fear, happiness, sadness and surprise. (Handel 2011) Recent studies by Daniel Cordaro and Dacher
Keltner have expanded the list of emotions. (Cordaro et al. 2016) (Cordaro et al. 2018) (Keltner,
Oatley, și Jenkins 2013) Robert Plutchik developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight
primary emotions positively or negatively grouped: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust
versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. (Handel 2011) Complex emotions arise from the
combination of basic emotions in a certain cultural context. (Plutchik 2001)
Models of emotion
Emotion may be different from other similar constructs, (Fox 2008) such as feelings (not
all feelings include emotion; (Givens 2014) moods (they last much longer than emotions, are less
4. Nicolae Sfetcu: Emotions and Emotional Intelligence in Organizations
4
intense and often lack contextual stimulation (Hume 2011)), or affect (experience of feeling or
emotion).
Plato, in Republic, proposes three basic components of the human mind: reasoning, desire
and emotional parts. (Plato 2015) For Aristotle, emotions were important in the moral life, an
essential component of virtue. (Aristotel 1566) The Stoics have emphasized the importance of
emotions in judgment (in Stoic theories, emotions are considered a hindrance to reason, and
therefore to virtue). In the Middle Ages the Aristotelian vision was developed by scholasticism,
especially by Thomas Aquino. (Aquinas 2013) Avicenna (11th century) can be considered as a
precursor to emotional intelligence, considering that emotions influence health and behaviors and
suggesting the need to manage emotions. (Haque 2004) In ancient China, excessive emotions were
considered harmful, including for vital organs. (Suchy 2011)
The theory of evolution, through Charles Darwin's 1872 book, The Expression of the
Emotions in Man and Animals, influenced the perspective on emotions. (Darwin și Prodger 1998)
Darwin argued that emotions evolved through the inheritance of acquired characters, (Sheldrake
2015) but that they do not serve now any evolutionary purpose for humans, neither in
communication nor in survival. (Hess și Thibault 2009) From the study of non-verbal expressions,
he concluded that some expressions have intercultural universality, exemplifying with
homologous expressions of emotions that appear in animals. This aspect led to the neuronal study
of emotions.
In the early modern era, emotions were addressed in the works of philosophers, such as
René Descartes, Niccolò Machiavelli, Baruch Spinoza, (A. Damasio 2003) Thomas Hobbes
(Hobbes 1651) and David Hume. Emotions were considered adaptive and, in sec. 18, have been
studied mainly from an empirical psychiatric perspective. An emotion model developed by
5. Nicolae Sfetcu: Emotions and Emotional Intelligence in Organizations
5
Descartes and supported by many contemporary psychologists takes into consideration a few basic
emotions from which all other emotions are composed. Hobbes has assimilated "passions" with
specific attractions or aversions. Hume considered that reason is the slave of passions, and for
Spinoza emotions make the difference between the best and the worst life, influencing the power
of the soul. Kant saw emotions as essentially connotative phenomena.
There are alternative models, which are based on the evaluation of certain properties, based
on physiology or evolutionary psychology. (Panksepp 2004) (Tooby și Cosmides 2008) Classical
philosophers have addressed emotions as responses to certain types of events that are related to a
subject, causing bodily and behavioral changes. In the last century emotions were neglected, being
considered a disturbing factor. Lately, emotions have returned to the attention of philosophers and
psychologists, corroborating them with other disciplines such as psychology, neurology,
evolutionary biology and even economics.
William James argued in 1884 (James 1884) that feelings and emotions are secondary to
physiological phenomena, considering that the perception of "exciting facts" directly determines
physiological responses ("emotions") (Carlson 2012) According to him, stimuli trigger activity in
the autonomic nervous system, which thus producing an emotional experience in the brain. He
started from the idea that emotions are a class of feelings, different from sensations and perceptions
by their experienced quality, developing together with Carl G. Lange the "James-Lange theory" of
emotion. (James 1884) According to this theory emotions are specific feelings caused by changes
in physiological conditions related to autonomic and motor functions. James stated that "we feel
sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and not that we cry,
strike, or tremble, because we are sorry, angry, or fearful". (James 1884, 190) Thus, a stimulus that
evokes emotion triggers a pattern of physiological response that is interpreted as a particular
6. Nicolae Sfetcu: Emotions and Emotional Intelligence in Organizations
6
emotion, an interpretation supported by experiments. (Laird 2007) However, this theory does not
distinguish between emotions, according to Walter Cannon. (Cannon 1929a) According to James,
what distinguishes emotions is that each involves the perception of a unique set of bodily changes.
The James-Lange theory is disputed in terms of causality (body states that provoke emotions and
are a priori), (Reisenzein, Meyer, și Schützwohl 1995) but most contemporary neurologists use
the components of the theory. (Dalgleish 2004) The main contribution of the theory is the emphasis
on embodying emotions, the fact that changes in bodily correspondences of emotions can change
the experienced intensity. (Dalgleish 2004, 583)
Walter Bradford Cannon has argued that physiological responses are too slow and often
imperceptible, and thus could not represent the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness
of emotion, (Carlson 2012) resulting in rather undifferentiated responses. (Cannon 1929b)
(Cannon 1987) An event that evokes emotion simultaneously triggers both a physiological
response and a conscious experience of an emotion. Phillip Bard developed this theory, known as
the Cannon-Bard theory. Following Bard's studies, Cannon argued that emotional stimuli trigger
both physiological and experiential aspects of emotion simultaneously. (Cannon 1929b)
Taylor believes that emotions are closely related to the reasons that give rise to them.
(Taylor 1975) Although the basic psychological processes depend on socio-cultural practices and
meanings, (Triandis 2000) the concept of emotion being relatively new did not convincingly
approach the intercultural aspect, (Sharma et al. 2009) culture influencing essentially
understanding and expressing emotions. (Lewis, Haviland-Jones, și Barrett 2008) Psychologists
use methods such as factor analysis to limit emotions to measurable and at the same time
differentiable dimensions. (Scherer et al. 2013) Based on these dimensions, coordinate maps are
7. Nicolae Sfetcu: Emotions and Emotional Intelligence in Organizations
7
constructed (Osgood, Suci, și Tannenbaum 1957) to highlight an important component of emotion,
the affect of the nucleus. (D. L. Schacter, Gilbert, și Wegner 2011) (Russell și Lisa Feldman 1999)
Contemporary views have focused on motivating, by emotions, adaptive behaviors in the
ancestral environment. (Gaulin și McBurney 2003) Emotions are thus viewed as influencing
decisions. (Lerner et al. 2015) Somatic theories from the 19th century, especially through William
James, support the paramount importance of bodily responses to emotions. The theory lost ground
in the 20th century, but has recently been resumed in the neurological studies (Pace-Schott et al.
2019) of theorists such as John Cacioppo, (Cacioppo 1998) António Damásio, (Aziz-Zadeh și
Damasio 2008) Joseph E. LeDoux (LeDoux 1996) and Robert Zajonc. (Emerick 1997)
The two-factor theory of Stanley Schachter is based on the studies of a Spanish doctor,
Gregorio Marañón, according to which physiological reactions contribute to the emotional
experience, facilitating a focused cognitive evaluation of a given physiological excited event, and
this assessment is what defines the subjective emotional experience . Emotions are thus a result of
the process in two stages: general physiological arousal and experience of emotion. (D. L.
Schacter, Gilbert, și Wegner 2010) The experiments on which this theory is based have been
criticized by Jesse Prinz. (Prinz 2004)
Subsequently, several cognitive theories were developed that considered the cognitive
activity required for an emotion to occur. Richard Lazarus, for example, argued that emotions must
have a certain cognitive intent. Emotion would thus be a disturbance arising from a cognitive
appraisal followed by physiological changes that cause an action. The quality and intensity of
emotions would thus be controlled by cognitive processes. Another example is Robert C. Solomon,
(Solomon 1993) who argues that emotions are judgements. His objection to cognitivism is that it
can occur with or without emotion, so judgment cannot be identified with emotion.
8. Nicolae Sfetcu: Emotions and Emotional Intelligence in Organizations
8
Perceptual theories use perceptions to reach emotions, (Goldie 2007) being hybrid theories
of somatic and cognitive theories. Such a theory argues that both bodily responses and the meaning
of emotions are important to emotions, according to cognitive theories. According to this theory it
follows that cognition on a conceptual basis is not necessary, as bodily changes causally include
the significant content of the emotion, providing information about the relationship between the
subject and the world. The theory was supported by philosopher Jesse Prinz in his book Gut
Reactions (Prinz 2004) and psychologist James Laird in the book Feelings. (Laird 2007)
The theory of affective events was developed by Howard M. Weiss and Russell
Cropanzano in the context of lucrative activities. (Weiss și Cropanzano 1996) They consider that
emotions are influenced and caused by events that in turn influence attitudes and behaviors. The
theory was used by researchers to better understand emotion from a communicative perspective,
being reviewed by Howard M. Weiss and Daniel J. Beal. (Weiss și Beal 2005)
A situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino,
addresses situationalism in psychology, (Griffiths 2004) focusing on external factors in the
emotional process considered purely internal, the environment being only a stimulus of emotion.
In contrast, the situationist perspective sees emotion as the product of an organism that is
influenced by its environment and the responses of other organisms. Emotion thus becomes an
active factor in social relationships.
Emotions being a motivating factor in social interactions and relationships, are directly
related to basic physiology. Emotional phenotype temperament affects social connections in
complex social systems, (Kotrschal 2013) due to genes, through information encoded in DNA
sequences and natural selection of hereditary traits.
9. Nicolae Sfetcu: Emotions and Emotional Intelligence in Organizations
9
The neurobiological theory explains the emotion as an organized mental state in the limbic
system of the brain, as patterns of general vertebral arousal with intensity depending on
neurochemicals (dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, ...), mediated by pheromones and resulting
in bodily changes. (Givens 2014) Emotions are related to certain brain activities that direct our
attention, motivate our behavior and determine the significance of what is happening around us.
Paul Broca, (Broca 1878) James Papez, (Papez 1995) and Paul D. MacLean (Maclean 1952)
concluded that emotion is linked to the limbic system in the brain's center.
Other theories are based on the idea of the left prefrontal cortex activated by stimuli that
provoke a positive approach. (Kringelbach et al. 2003) Selective activation of the specific region
of the brain causes a positive stimulus. The theory was later expanded to include negative stimuli.
(Merckelbach și Van Oppen 1989) Following verification of several neurobiological models of
emotion in the prefrontal cortex, the so-called "directional" model was accepted, which made
better predictions. (Harmon-Jones et al. 2004)
A neurological approach by Bud Craig in 2003 distinguishes two classes of emotions:
"classical" (evoked by environmental stimuli) and "homeostatic" (which requires attention, evoked
by the states of the body) that motivate the behavior and maintain the internal environment of the
body in his ideal state. (Craig 2003) Derek Denton regards homeostatic emotions as "primordial
emotions", defining them as "the subjective element of the instincts, which are the genetically
programmed behavior patterns which contrive homeostasis. They include thirst, hunger for air,
hunger for food, pain and hunger for specific minerals etc. There are two constituents of a
primordial emotion--the specific sensation which when severe may be imperious, and the
compelling intention for gratification by a consummatory act." (Denton et al. 2009)
10. Nicolae Sfetcu: Emotions and Emotional Intelligence in Organizations
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Joseph LeDoux states that the amygdala can release hormones through a trigger (such as a
reaction), but "then we elaborate it through cognitive and conscious processes." (Emory 2018)
Lisa Feldman Barrett highlights the differences in emotions between different cultures in
the theory of constructed emotion, and states that emotions "are not triggered; you create them.
They emerge as a combination of the physical properties of your body, a flexible brain that wires
itself to whatever environment it develops in, and your culture and upbringing, which provide that
environment." (Barrett 2017)
11. Nicolae Sfetcu: Emotions and Emotional Intelligence in Organizations
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