This paper deals with the study of failure loads of glass vinylester composite plates with a circular hole subjected to a traction force by a rigid pin. These are investigated for two variables, the ratio of distance from the free edge of the plate (E) to the diameter of the hole (D) and the ratio of width of the plate (W) to the diameter of the hole (D). The work consists of a numerical study of different specimens using finite element analysis package ANSYS. Also, a mathematical model has been developed to determine the failure loads of different geometry plates. The results obtained from the numerical study and the mathematical models are compared with experimental results from the existing literature and the correlations are observed for both. A comparison of the experimental results with the numerical model shows that the numerical model gives results with correlation co-efficient 0.96. A comparison of the experimental results with the mathematical model shows that the mathematical model gives results with correlation co-efficient 0.99. For estimation of the failure loads within the range of E/D and W/D considered for the study, the mathematical model developed, i.e., Full Cubic Model proves to be more efficient with the observed values of correlation co-efficient, Root Mean Square Error and Maximum Absolute Error.
Hyperelastic material models in finite element analysis of polymersKartik Srinivas
This paper describes the Hyperelastic material models and strain energy functions used in the finite element analysis (FEA) of polymers. Material characterization testing
Uniaxial tension test is used to determine yield strength, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, true stress-strain. Finite element analysis, Kartik Srinivas
Study of Round Central Hole in Buckling Analysis of Cross Ply LaminatesAM Publications
Laminated structures find many applications in various engineering fields namely aerospace, bio-medical, civil, marine and mechanical engineering due to easy handling, good mechanical properties and low fabrication cost. Laminated plates with round holes and other openings are extensively used as structural members in aircraft design. These holes are act sometimes as access holes, holes for hardware to pass through, or in the case of fuselage, windows and doors or simply used to reduce the weight of the structure. These laminated structures are often subjected to load in one or more direction in cycles or as intermittent load. Thus there is need to study the failure of these components under bi-axial loading with the view to optimize the shape and lay of the components so as they give maximum service and more life. In this paper bi-axial testing machine is developed to determine bucking load of different materials. Experiments are carried out on cross ply composite under various buckling loads on the bi-axial testing machine. The theoretical results, analytical and experimental results are compared with each other. It is observed that the strength of Bakelite composite plates is higher than glass epoxy laminated composite plate. So Bakelite is more suitable than glass epoxy
Hyperelastic material models in finite element analysis of polymersKartik Srinivas
This paper describes the Hyperelastic material models and strain energy functions used in the finite element analysis (FEA) of polymers. Material characterization testing
Uniaxial tension test is used to determine yield strength, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, true stress-strain. Finite element analysis, Kartik Srinivas
Study of Round Central Hole in Buckling Analysis of Cross Ply LaminatesAM Publications
Laminated structures find many applications in various engineering fields namely aerospace, bio-medical, civil, marine and mechanical engineering due to easy handling, good mechanical properties and low fabrication cost. Laminated plates with round holes and other openings are extensively used as structural members in aircraft design. These holes are act sometimes as access holes, holes for hardware to pass through, or in the case of fuselage, windows and doors or simply used to reduce the weight of the structure. These laminated structures are often subjected to load in one or more direction in cycles or as intermittent load. Thus there is need to study the failure of these components under bi-axial loading with the view to optimize the shape and lay of the components so as they give maximum service and more life. In this paper bi-axial testing machine is developed to determine bucking load of different materials. Experiments are carried out on cross ply composite under various buckling loads on the bi-axial testing machine. The theoretical results, analytical and experimental results are compared with each other. It is observed that the strength of Bakelite composite plates is higher than glass epoxy laminated composite plate. So Bakelite is more suitable than glass epoxy
This paper addresses the fracture toughness ( ), or also known as critical stress intensity Factor, according to
conditions of Lineal Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM). The characterization of the mechanical properties in
tensile and fracture toughness of structural steel pipes API-5L used in hydrocarbons transportation was
performed. For fracture toughness, the material was tested through fatigue crack propagation on standardized
compact specimen (CT) according to ASTM E-399 norm. A thickness (B) equal to and a crack size (a) equal
to 0.5w were used. With the porpoise of establishing the adequate conditions at the crack tip, the specimens were
subjected to fatigue pre-cracking by application of repeated cycles of load in tensile-tensile and constant load
amplitude with a load ratio of R = 0.1. The experimental Compliance method was used based on data obtained
from load vs. Crack Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD). The results show a Stress Intensity factor of 35.88
MPa√m for a 25 mm crack size specimen. The device used for testing is a MTS-810 machine with capacity of
100KN and 6 kHz sampling rate, which meets the conditions of the ASTM E-399 standard. The cracking
susceptibility of steel is influenced by the size, morphology and distribution of non-metallic inclusions,
thermochemical interaction with the environment and microstructure.
Study of Damage to ABS Specimens Submitted To Uniaxial Loadingtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF PIEZOLAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES USING HSDTP singh
Piezoelectric materials have excellent sensing and actuating capabilities have made them the most practical smart materials to integrate with laminated structures. Integrated structure system can be called a smart structure because of its ability to perform self-diagnosis and quick adaption to environment changes. An analytical procedure has been developed in the work based on higher order shear deformation theory subjected to electromechanical loading for investigating transient characteristics of smart material plates. For analysis two displacement models are to be considered i.e., model-1 accounts for strain in thickness direction is zero whereas in model-2 in-plane displacements are expanded as cubic functions of the thickness coordinate. Navier’s technique has been adopted for obtaining solutions of anti-symmetric cross–ply and angle-ply laminates of both model-1 and model-2 with simply supported boundary conditions. For obtaining transient response of a laminated composite plate attached with piezoelectric layer Newmark’s method has been used. Effect of thickness coordinate of composite laminated plates attached with piezoelectric layer subjected to electromechanical loadings is studied.
A review and buckling analysis of stiffened plateeSAT Journals
Abstract It happens many times that the structure is safe in normal stress and deflection but fails in buckling. Buckling analysis is one of the method to go for such type of analysis.It predicts various modes of buckling. Plates are used in many applications such as structures, aerospace, automobile etc. Such structures are subjected to heavy uniformly distributed load and concentrated load many times over it’s life span. Strength of these structures are increased by adding stiffeners to its plate. This paper deals with the analysis of rectangular stiffened plates which forms the basis of structures. A comparison of stiffened plate and unstiffened plate is done for the same dimensions. In order to continue this analysis various research papers were studied to understand the previous tasks done for stiffened plate. Hyper mesh and Nastran is used in this research work.Buckling analysis is performed for the component with aspect ratio of 2.Rectangular flat bar is used as stiffener Keywords: Stiffened Plate; Dynamic load; Buckling; Aspect ratio;Buckling Analysis.
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS UNDER PUNCHIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an implementation of a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for evaluating the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under centric load. The concrete was idealized by using eight-nodded solid elements. While flexural reinforcement and the shear were modeled as line elements, a perfected bond between solid elements and line elements was assumed. The nonlinear behavior of concrete in compression is simulated by an elasto-plastic work-hardening model, and in tension a suitable post-cracking model based on tension stiffening and shear retention models are employed. The steel was simulated using an elastic-full plastic model. The validity of the theoretical formulations and the program used was verified through comparison with available experimental data, and the agreement has proven to be good. A parametric study has been also carried out to investigate the influence of the slab thickness on column-slab connection response
Analysis of Functionally Graded Material Plate under Transverse Load for Vari...IOSR Journals
Functionally gradient materials (FGM) are one of the most widely used materials in various
applications because of their adaptability to different situations by changing the material constituents as per the
requirement. Most structural components used in the field of engineering can be classified as beams, plates, or
shells for analysis purposes. In the present study the power law, sigmoid and exponential distribution is
considered for the volume fraction distributions of the functionally graded plates. The work includes parametric
studies performed by varying volume fraction distributions and boundary conditions. Also static analysis of
functionally gradient material plate is carried out by sigmoid law and verified with the published results. The
convergence study of the results is optimized by changing the mesh size and layer size. Power law and
exponential law are applied for the same material and set of conditions.
Low cycle biaxial fatigue behavior of direct aged Nickel-based 718 superalloy IJERA Editor
In recent years, significant advances in the fabrication process of nickel-base supperalloy leading to grain size
reduction have been made in order to improve fatigue properties of aircraft turbine discs. Indeed, a change in
particle size affects the initiation mode of fatigue cracks as well as the fatigue life of the material. The present
study aims to investigate the fatigue behavior of a newly developed nickel-based superalloy under biaxial-planar
loading. Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) tests are performed at different stress ratios to study the influence of the
multiaxial stress state on the fatigue life of the material. Full-field displacement and strain measurements as well
as crack initiation detection are obtained using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques. Results related to
different load ratios are presented and an appropriate biaxial lifetime prediction is given. Crack detection, strain
amplitude and number of cycles to crack initiation vs. triaxial stress ratio for each loading case are mentionned.
From fractographic investigations by scanning electron microscopy it is found that the mechanism of fatigue
crack initiation does not depend on the triaxial stress ratio and that most fatigue cracks initiate from subsurface
carbides.
Numerical Analysis of Engineered Steel Fibers as Shear Reinforcement in RC BeamsP singh
Using suitable fibers and additives in concrete to enhance its performance is an important consideration in the concrete industry with regard to the structural aspects of concrete. The purpose of this project is to investigate numerically the effectiveness of the engineered steel fiber as shear reinforcement in RC beams. Here steel fibers completely replaces the shear reinforcement (stirrups & links). The dimension of beam taken was 1000*150*150 mm with aspect ratio 80. The beams were reinforced with 10 mm steel bars as secondary reinforcement and 12 mm bars as main reinforcement on the tension side. Numerical analysis using ANSYS R16.1 software package was carried out. The load-deflection curves for the beams with different dosage of fibers were drawn superimposing their numerical values. Initially, in all three cases the curve was linear elastic and about 80% of ultimate load they tend to be non-linear. It was observed that there was fair agreement between the results which indicates some favourable aspects concerning the use of steel fibres as shear reinforcement in concrete beams. It was investigated that the inclusion of steel fibres (Hook End Type) improves the shear strength of RC beams without stirrups by improving the matrix between concrete and steel fibers. Thus this project focuses in the design and analysis using the software ANSYS R16.1 for an alternative steel reinforcement with better or equivalent performance.
LITERATURE REVIEW ON FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND IMPACT TOUGHNESSijiert bestjournal
The present paper gives a technical revi ew of fracture toughness,and impact toughness for metallic materials in terms of the linear elastic fracture mechanics. This includes the early investigations and recent advances of fracture toughness test methods and practices developed by various agencies and societies. The review describes the most important fracture mechanics parameters:such as the elastic energy release rate G,the stress intensity factor K,the J - integral,the crack - tip opening displacement (CTOD) and the crack - tip opening angle (CTOA) from the basic concept,definition,to,tes t methods. Attention is paid to guidelines on how to choose an appropriate fracture parameter to characterize fracture toughness for the material of interest,and how to measure the fracture toughness value defined either at a critical point or in a resist ance curve format using laboratory specimens. The effects of loading rate,temperature and crack - tip constraint on fracture toughness as well as fracture instability analysis are also reviewed.
AHP technique a way to show preferences amongst alternativesijsrd.com
This article presents a review of the applications of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP is a multiple criteria decision-making tool that has been used in almost all the applications related with decision-making. Decisions involve many intangibles that need to be traded off. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a theory of measurement through pairwise comparisons and relies on the judgements of experts to derive priority scales. It is these scales that measure intangibles in relative terms. The comparisons are made using a scale of absolute judgements that represents how much more; one element dominates another with respect to a given attribute. The judgements may be inconsistent, and how to measure inconsistency and improve the judgements, when possible to obtain better consistency is a concern of the AHP. The derived priority scales are synthesised by multiplying them by the priority of their parent nodes and adding for all such nodes. An illustration is also included.
Yapay sinir ağları ile alakalı İnternet de bulunan belgelerden yararlanarak, yapay sinir ağlarına giriş için hazırladığım sunumum. Yapay sinir ağları ile alakalı herhangi bir bilginiz yok ise başlangıç için ideal bir kaynak. (Telif hakkı bulundurabileceği gerekçesi ile kendim hazırlamadığım resimleri kaldırdım. )
This paper addresses the fracture toughness ( ), or also known as critical stress intensity Factor, according to
conditions of Lineal Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM). The characterization of the mechanical properties in
tensile and fracture toughness of structural steel pipes API-5L used in hydrocarbons transportation was
performed. For fracture toughness, the material was tested through fatigue crack propagation on standardized
compact specimen (CT) according to ASTM E-399 norm. A thickness (B) equal to and a crack size (a) equal
to 0.5w were used. With the porpoise of establishing the adequate conditions at the crack tip, the specimens were
subjected to fatigue pre-cracking by application of repeated cycles of load in tensile-tensile and constant load
amplitude with a load ratio of R = 0.1. The experimental Compliance method was used based on data obtained
from load vs. Crack Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD). The results show a Stress Intensity factor of 35.88
MPa√m for a 25 mm crack size specimen. The device used for testing is a MTS-810 machine with capacity of
100KN and 6 kHz sampling rate, which meets the conditions of the ASTM E-399 standard. The cracking
susceptibility of steel is influenced by the size, morphology and distribution of non-metallic inclusions,
thermochemical interaction with the environment and microstructure.
Study of Damage to ABS Specimens Submitted To Uniaxial Loadingtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF PIEZOLAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES USING HSDTP singh
Piezoelectric materials have excellent sensing and actuating capabilities have made them the most practical smart materials to integrate with laminated structures. Integrated structure system can be called a smart structure because of its ability to perform self-diagnosis and quick adaption to environment changes. An analytical procedure has been developed in the work based on higher order shear deformation theory subjected to electromechanical loading for investigating transient characteristics of smart material plates. For analysis two displacement models are to be considered i.e., model-1 accounts for strain in thickness direction is zero whereas in model-2 in-plane displacements are expanded as cubic functions of the thickness coordinate. Navier’s technique has been adopted for obtaining solutions of anti-symmetric cross–ply and angle-ply laminates of both model-1 and model-2 with simply supported boundary conditions. For obtaining transient response of a laminated composite plate attached with piezoelectric layer Newmark’s method has been used. Effect of thickness coordinate of composite laminated plates attached with piezoelectric layer subjected to electromechanical loadings is studied.
A review and buckling analysis of stiffened plateeSAT Journals
Abstract It happens many times that the structure is safe in normal stress and deflection but fails in buckling. Buckling analysis is one of the method to go for such type of analysis.It predicts various modes of buckling. Plates are used in many applications such as structures, aerospace, automobile etc. Such structures are subjected to heavy uniformly distributed load and concentrated load many times over it’s life span. Strength of these structures are increased by adding stiffeners to its plate. This paper deals with the analysis of rectangular stiffened plates which forms the basis of structures. A comparison of stiffened plate and unstiffened plate is done for the same dimensions. In order to continue this analysis various research papers were studied to understand the previous tasks done for stiffened plate. Hyper mesh and Nastran is used in this research work.Buckling analysis is performed for the component with aspect ratio of 2.Rectangular flat bar is used as stiffener Keywords: Stiffened Plate; Dynamic load; Buckling; Aspect ratio;Buckling Analysis.
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS UNDER PUNCHIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an implementation of a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for evaluating the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under centric load. The concrete was idealized by using eight-nodded solid elements. While flexural reinforcement and the shear were modeled as line elements, a perfected bond between solid elements and line elements was assumed. The nonlinear behavior of concrete in compression is simulated by an elasto-plastic work-hardening model, and in tension a suitable post-cracking model based on tension stiffening and shear retention models are employed. The steel was simulated using an elastic-full plastic model. The validity of the theoretical formulations and the program used was verified through comparison with available experimental data, and the agreement has proven to be good. A parametric study has been also carried out to investigate the influence of the slab thickness on column-slab connection response
Analysis of Functionally Graded Material Plate under Transverse Load for Vari...IOSR Journals
Functionally gradient materials (FGM) are one of the most widely used materials in various
applications because of their adaptability to different situations by changing the material constituents as per the
requirement. Most structural components used in the field of engineering can be classified as beams, plates, or
shells for analysis purposes. In the present study the power law, sigmoid and exponential distribution is
considered for the volume fraction distributions of the functionally graded plates. The work includes parametric
studies performed by varying volume fraction distributions and boundary conditions. Also static analysis of
functionally gradient material plate is carried out by sigmoid law and verified with the published results. The
convergence study of the results is optimized by changing the mesh size and layer size. Power law and
exponential law are applied for the same material and set of conditions.
Low cycle biaxial fatigue behavior of direct aged Nickel-based 718 superalloy IJERA Editor
In recent years, significant advances in the fabrication process of nickel-base supperalloy leading to grain size
reduction have been made in order to improve fatigue properties of aircraft turbine discs. Indeed, a change in
particle size affects the initiation mode of fatigue cracks as well as the fatigue life of the material. The present
study aims to investigate the fatigue behavior of a newly developed nickel-based superalloy under biaxial-planar
loading. Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) tests are performed at different stress ratios to study the influence of the
multiaxial stress state on the fatigue life of the material. Full-field displacement and strain measurements as well
as crack initiation detection are obtained using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques. Results related to
different load ratios are presented and an appropriate biaxial lifetime prediction is given. Crack detection, strain
amplitude and number of cycles to crack initiation vs. triaxial stress ratio for each loading case are mentionned.
From fractographic investigations by scanning electron microscopy it is found that the mechanism of fatigue
crack initiation does not depend on the triaxial stress ratio and that most fatigue cracks initiate from subsurface
carbides.
Numerical Analysis of Engineered Steel Fibers as Shear Reinforcement in RC BeamsP singh
Using suitable fibers and additives in concrete to enhance its performance is an important consideration in the concrete industry with regard to the structural aspects of concrete. The purpose of this project is to investigate numerically the effectiveness of the engineered steel fiber as shear reinforcement in RC beams. Here steel fibers completely replaces the shear reinforcement (stirrups & links). The dimension of beam taken was 1000*150*150 mm with aspect ratio 80. The beams were reinforced with 10 mm steel bars as secondary reinforcement and 12 mm bars as main reinforcement on the tension side. Numerical analysis using ANSYS R16.1 software package was carried out. The load-deflection curves for the beams with different dosage of fibers were drawn superimposing their numerical values. Initially, in all three cases the curve was linear elastic and about 80% of ultimate load they tend to be non-linear. It was observed that there was fair agreement between the results which indicates some favourable aspects concerning the use of steel fibres as shear reinforcement in concrete beams. It was investigated that the inclusion of steel fibres (Hook End Type) improves the shear strength of RC beams without stirrups by improving the matrix between concrete and steel fibers. Thus this project focuses in the design and analysis using the software ANSYS R16.1 for an alternative steel reinforcement with better or equivalent performance.
LITERATURE REVIEW ON FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND IMPACT TOUGHNESSijiert bestjournal
The present paper gives a technical revi ew of fracture toughness,and impact toughness for metallic materials in terms of the linear elastic fracture mechanics. This includes the early investigations and recent advances of fracture toughness test methods and practices developed by various agencies and societies. The review describes the most important fracture mechanics parameters:such as the elastic energy release rate G,the stress intensity factor K,the J - integral,the crack - tip opening displacement (CTOD) and the crack - tip opening angle (CTOA) from the basic concept,definition,to,tes t methods. Attention is paid to guidelines on how to choose an appropriate fracture parameter to characterize fracture toughness for the material of interest,and how to measure the fracture toughness value defined either at a critical point or in a resist ance curve format using laboratory specimens. The effects of loading rate,temperature and crack - tip constraint on fracture toughness as well as fracture instability analysis are also reviewed.
AHP technique a way to show preferences amongst alternativesijsrd.com
This article presents a review of the applications of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP is a multiple criteria decision-making tool that has been used in almost all the applications related with decision-making. Decisions involve many intangibles that need to be traded off. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a theory of measurement through pairwise comparisons and relies on the judgements of experts to derive priority scales. It is these scales that measure intangibles in relative terms. The comparisons are made using a scale of absolute judgements that represents how much more; one element dominates another with respect to a given attribute. The judgements may be inconsistent, and how to measure inconsistency and improve the judgements, when possible to obtain better consistency is a concern of the AHP. The derived priority scales are synthesised by multiplying them by the priority of their parent nodes and adding for all such nodes. An illustration is also included.
Yapay sinir ağları ile alakalı İnternet de bulunan belgelerden yararlanarak, yapay sinir ağlarına giriş için hazırladığım sunumum. Yapay sinir ağları ile alakalı herhangi bir bilginiz yok ise başlangıç için ideal bir kaynak. (Telif hakkı bulundurabileceği gerekçesi ile kendim hazırlamadığım resimleri kaldırdım. )
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Modelling and Analysis of Hybrid Composite Joint Using Fem in AnsysIOSR Journals
Abstract: Composite materials are widely used in the various Fields. Due to the high strength they are widely
used in the low weight constructions and also used as a suitable alternative to metals. In various applications
and also for joining various composite parts together, they are fastened together using adhesives or Mechanical
fasteners. Modeling and static analysis of 3-D Models of joints such as bonded, riveted and hybrid. The results
were found in terms of vonmises stress, shear stress, and normal stress for stress distribution. ANSYS FEA tool
has been used for stress distribution characteristics of various configurations of double riveted single lap joint
with three joining methods namely bonded, riveted and hybrid the present study deals with the analysis of single
lap joint subjected to the given tensile load and the stress distribution in the members under various design
conditions are found.
Abstract The present research work is to determine buckling load per unit length in rectangular plate with circular cut-outs under bi-axial compression using 2D finite element analysis. The commercial finite element analysis software ANSYS has been successfully executed. The buckling factors are evaluated by changing the position of the holes, length to thickness ratio. The effect of changing the position of holes, a/b ratio, b/t ratio and buckling load per unit length is discussed. The results shows that buckling load per unit length is in clamped-clamped boundary conditions and buckling load is more at top positioned hole, decreases with increase in aspect ratio, decrease with increase breadth to thickness ratio. Keywords: Buckling analysis, Finite element method, Buckling load per unit length , carbon/epoxy composite plate, aspect ratio, b/t ratio, and Biaxial load.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In this paper we have analyzed the stress distribution over a rectangular specimen
with hybrid composite material at its central hole. Using Vacuum bag technique the
material has been fabricated and it consists of carbon and glass fiber with epoxy. The
cross ply lamina arrangement with alternate carbon and glass has increased the
strength of the structure. This is because carbon properties are high compared to
glass. The cutouts made in typical aircraft and automobile components reduce the
weight and bulking load carrying capacity of the aircraft according to the weight
reduction law. Three specimens were used to carry out experimental investigations as
per ASTM D5766 in the universal testing machine. We have analyzed and compared
the results of the stress concentration in the rectangular specimen with a hole using
FEA
Probabilistic Design of Hollow Circular Composite Structure by using Finite E...IJERA Editor
This study represents simulation of hollow circular composite beam by using Monte Carlo method .A three
dimensional static analysis of large displacement type has been carried out. Finite element analysis of hollow
circular composite structure has been carried out and uncertainty in bending stress is analyzed. Bending stress
was objective function. Beam length, beam radius, elastic modulus, shear modulus and Poisson ratio of epoxy
graphite, ply angles of hollow circular section, radius and force are randomly varied within effective range and
their effect on bending stress has been analyzed. In order to validate the results, one loop of simulation is
benchmarked from results in literature. Ultimately, best set of probabilistic design variable is proposed to reduce
bending stress under static loading condition.
Static Analysis of Single Lap Joint of Composite Materialsijsrd.com
Mechanically fastened joints are critical parts in composite aircraft structures. The composite structural members are highly used in the following applications such as aerospace, automobiles, marine, architecture etc., In the past decades, adhesive bonding is a practical joint method for joining composite materials which provide low shear and tensile strength .To improve the tensile strength, the joint is made with material joint. Glass Fiber/Chopped strands mat and Bi-Directional fly / Epoxy composite is fabricated by hand lay-up method. The tensile properties of the material joint are obtained and compared with that of bolted joint. The experimental results shows that the material joint has superior tensile properties than the bolted joint and the Bi-Directional fly composite exhibits superior tensile strength than the chopped strands mat. Finite element analysis also done and compared with the experimental results and found to be similar.
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
This paper discusses variety of issues for preserving and managing data produced by IoT. Every second large amount of data are added or updated in the IoT databases across the heterogeneous environment. While managing the data each phase of data processing for IoT data is exigent like storing data, querying, indexing, transaction management and failure handling. We also refer to the problem of data integration and protection as data requires to be fit in single layout and travel securely as they arrive in the pool from diversified sources in different structure. Finally, we confer a standardized pathway to manage and to defend data in consistent manner.
Interactive Technologies for Improving Quality of Education to Build Collabor...ijsrd.com
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Model Development for Estimation of Failure Loads: A Case Study of Composite Plates with Single Pin-Loaded Hole
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 05, 2013 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1268
Model Development for Estimation of Failure Loads:
A Case Study of Composite Plates with Single Pin-Loaded Hole
K. Sridevi1
A. Satyadevi2
1, 2
Mechanical Engineering Department
1
Faculty of Tech. & Engg.(M. S. University),Baroda 2
G. I. T. A. M. University, Hyderabad
Abstract--- This paper deals with the study of failure loads
of glass vinylester composite plates with a circular hole
subjected to a traction force by a rigid pin. These are
investigated for two variables, the ratio of distance from the
free edge of the plate (E) to the diameter of the hole (D) and
the ratio of width of the plate (W) to the diameter of the hole
(D). The work consists of a numerical study of different
specimens using finite element analysis package ANSYS.
Also, a mathematical model has been developed to
determine the failure loads of different geometry plates. The
results obtained from the numerical study and the
mathematical models are compared with experimental
results from the existing literature and the correlations are
observed for both. A comparison of the experimental results
with the numerical model shows that the numerical model
gives results with correlation co-efficient 0.96. A
comparison of the experimental results with the
mathematical model shows that the mathematical model
gives results with correlation co-efficient 0.99. For
estimation of the failure loads within the range of E/D and
W/D considered for the study, the mathematical model
developed, i.e., Full Cubic Model proves to be more
efficient with the observed values of correlation co-efficient,
Root Mean Square Error and Maximum Absolute Error.
Keywords: composite plates, pin joint, failure load.
I. INTRODUCTION
Composite materials have become very popular and are used
in almost all fields due to their light weight, high strength to
weight ratio, good fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance
etc. compared to metals. The applicability of composite
materials has increased the demand for high reliability
materials in various industries like aerospace, aircraft, and
automobile. In building complex structures several parts
must be joined together. Mechanical joining using bolt or a
rivet is one method for joining parts. The difficulty with this
method is that the presence of a hole in a laminated plate
subjected to external loading introduces a disturbance in the
stress field. Stress concentrations are generated in the
vicinity of the hole making the joint a weak one. The
knowledge of failure strength of a joint helps in selecting the
appropriate joint size in a given application. The capability
of a composite structure to withstand any physical load can
be evaluated either by physical testing or any advanced
computational method. Performing physical tests on
composites is destructive and costly. So, implementing
advanced computational techniques to determine the failure
loads and failure modes are preferred after some
experiments are done.
Many investigators have studied the strength of
mechanically fastened joints in composite structures. Chang
et al. (1982) developed a computer code, which can be used
to calculate the maximum load. Icten et al. (2003)
investigated the mechanical behaviour and damage
development of woven glass fiber-epoxy composite pinned
joint. Vyasaraj and Kakhandki (2005) obtained analytical
solutions for an irregular shaped hole in an orthotropic
laminate. Karakuzu et al. (2006) predicted the failure loads
experimentally and numerically on glass vinylester
composite plates subjected to pin loading. In the numerical
analysis, they used the Hashin failure criterion in order to
determine failure loads and failure modes. LUSAS
commercial finite element software was utilized during their
analysis. Sridevi and Satyadevi (2006) carried out
numerical analysis to determine failure loads and failure
modes using ANSYS and then compared it with the
experimental results. Later the numerical analysis was done
to find the effect of different geometric parameters on the
failure loads and failure modes of specimens. Whitworth et
al. (2008) investigated the characteristic dimensions in
tension and compression using point stress failure criteria
and Yamada-Sun failure criteria. Nanda et al. (2009) studied
the effects of various geometric parameters on the behaviour
of three and four-pin joints in glass fiber/epoxy composite
laminate with emphasis on pitch-to-diameter ratio.
Numerical analysis was performed using a two-dimensional
finite element model to study the propagation of damage by
implementing Tsai–Wu failure criteria to predict failure load
and to differentiate failure modes. Experiments were
conducted to validate the results obtained from finite
element analysis. Aktas (2011) has done experimental and
numerical study to determine the failure behaviour of glass
epoxy composite plates with single and two holes. The
numerical study was performed by using ANSYS and
Yamada-Sun failure criteria were used. Ozen and Sayman
(2011) investigated experimentally and numerically the first
failure load and the bearing strength behaviour of pinned
joints of glass fibre reinforced woven epoxy composite
prepregs with two serial holes subjected to traction forces by
two serial rigid pins. Ondurucu (2012) has studied the
effects of joint geometry and stacking sequence on the
bearing strength and damage mode experimentally. Damage
progression was examined by using scanning electron
microscopy on specimens loaded up to ultimate failure.
Rahimi et al. (2012) has performed the Last Ply Failure
analysis of a laminated composite plate. The analysis is
carried out by employing Maximum Stress and Tsai-Wu
failure criteria. Khashaba et al. (2013) has dealt with the
failure and reliability analysis of composite pinned-joints
using theoretical models based on Weibull distribution
functions with experimental results for a guideline of safe
design strength. In the present work both numerical and
mathematical models are developed to determine the failure
loads of different pin loaded glass vinylester composite
2. Model Development for Estimation of Failure Loads: A Case Study of Composite Plates with Single Pin-Loaded Hole
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 05/2013/056)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1269
plates. The results are later compared with experimental data
given by Karakuzu et al. (2006).
II. PROBLEM DEFINITION
In the present work a composite rectangular plate, shown in
Fig. 1, of length L+E, width W and thickness T is
considered. A hole of diameter D is present at a distance E
from one edge of the plate. A rigid pin is located at the
centre of the hole. A load P is applied to the plate along the
longitudinal axis. The plate is symmetric with respect to the
longitudinal axis. The diameter of the hole is taken as 5mm,
total length of the plate L+E as 200mm and thickness of the
plate T as 2.8mm.
The material properties considered are shown in
Table 1 given by Karakuzu et al. (2006). Different models
are obtained by varying E/D and W/D but keeping the
parameters D and T as constant. These models are analyzed
using Finite Element package ANSYS. Also, a mathematical
model is developed to obtain the failure loads of different
specimens. A comparison of both models with experimental
results is made and correlations are observed.
E1=E2
MPa
G12
MPa
µ12 Xt =Yt
MPa
XC=YCMPa S
MPa
Vf
%
20769 4133 0.09 395 260 75 63
Table. 1: Material properties of the plate.
III. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
The Finite Element method was chosen for numerical
analysis of the model due to its unique capability to analyze
structures of complex material behaviour. The model was
developed by using ANSYS software. The Maximum Stress
theory is used to check the failure criterion. A two
dimensional model of the specimen is built. The specimen
has symmetry about the longitudinal axis. Therefore one
half of the model is created. A symmetry condition is
applied on the model along the longitudinal axis. The pin
located at the centre of the hole tries to compress one half of
the hole because of the load acting in the other direction. It
is considered as a radial constraint on the hole. The
boundary conditions applied on the finite element model are
as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. The model is meshed using
PLANE42 from the ANSYS element library.
Fig. 2: Model showing the boundary conditions
Fig. 3: Enlarged view of the hole showing the radial
constraint
The Failure of the specimen takes place either due to
tension, compression or shear. To check whether failure has
occurred, the failure criterion option available in ANSYS is
used. At this point the maximum induced stress in the
specimen reaches one of the permissible stresses viz. tensile,
compressive and shear stresses. The failure mode is decided
depending on which stress has reached its permissible limit
first. This procedure is continued with different specimens.
Different specimens are obtained by varying the geometric
proportions of the model. The geometry is varied by taking
W/D as 2, 3, 4 and 5 and for each W/D, E/D varying from 1
to 5. These specimens are analyzed for their failure loads
and compared with the available experimental results.
IV. MATHEMATICAL MODELING
A mathematical model has been developed to predict the
failure loads of specimens with different geometries using
curve expert. The model has been built with the available
experimental results. The equation has two independent
variables in W/D ratio as x1 and E/D ratio as x2. The
dependent variable considered here is the failure load P. The
thickness of the specimen and the diameter of the hole are
constant for all the specimens. A Full Cubic polynomial
equation is found to be best suited to determine the failure
loads for the existing problem. This equation can be used to
predict the failure load of specimens with other geometric
parameters within the given range i.e. for E/D and W/D
ratios for which experiments have not been done. The
limitation with the model is that the failure mode is not
predicted. But, we know that for higher values of E/D and
W/D the shear strength and normal strength of the plates
increase, so specimen tends to fail in bearing mode only.
Hence, the mathematical model is best suited to obtain the
results for failure loads. The equation developed is found to
be
P = a + b*x1 + c*x2 + d*x1
2
+ e*x2
2
+ f*x1
3
+ g*x2
3
+
h*x1*x2 + i*x1
2
*x2 + j*x1*x2
2
Where in the values of the co-efficients a, b, c, d, e,
f, g, h, i and j are given in Table 2 and graphical
representation of the model is shown in Fig. 4.
a b c d e
-2196.31 2636.96 1515.40 -670.57 -404.52
f g h i j
58.20 33.94 54.48 -12.08 7.44
Table. 2: Co-efficients of the Full Cubic Model Developed
3. Model Development for Estimation of Failure Loads: A Case Study of Composite Plates with Single Pin-Loaded Hole
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 05/2013/056)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1270
Fig. 4: Full Cubic Model Developed
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The failure loads of specimens obtained by varying the E/D
and W/D ratios are found by numerical technique and also
from mathematical model. Numerical models are developed
using ANSYS. A comparison of the failure loads obtained
from experimental, numerical and mathematical model have
been made. Shown in the Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 are the graphs
plotted for the failure loads of specimens obtained from
experimental, numerical and mathematical models for
different W/D ratios and E/D ratios. All the three methods
show the same trend in the failure loads but the results
obtained by the mathematical model are close to the
experimental results. It is observed from the results obtained
that For a constant W/D ratio, the failure strength of the
specimen increases with increase in E/D. This is because
keeping the diameter of hole constant, when E/D increases,
the distance of the hole from one edge of the plate increases
which increases the shear strength of the specimen.
With the increase in W/D ratio, keeping E/D ratio
constant, the failure load of the specimens increase.
This is because as W/D increases and hence the
width of the specimen, the normal strength of
specimen increases.
Both numerical and mathematical models show the
same trend in failure loads with varying E/D and
W/D ratios.
A comparison of the experimental results with the
numerical model shows that the numerical model
gives results with Correlation Co-efficient 0.96,
Maximum Absolute Error as 286N and Root Mean
Square Error as 162N.
A comparison of the experimental results with the
mathematical model shows that the mathematical model
gives results with Correlation Co-efficient 0.99, Maximum
Absolute Error as 176N and Root Mean Square Error as
80N.
Fig. 5: Comparison of results for constant W/D ratios
4. Model Development for Estimation of Failure Loads: A Case Study of Composite Plates with Single Pin-Loaded Hole
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 05/2013/056)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1271
Fig. 6: Comparison of results for constant E/D ratios
VI. CONCLUSIONS
In the present work, failure loads of glass vinylester
composite plates with singe pin holes were studied by
mathematical modelling and numerical analysis using finite
element method for the geometrical parameters W/D and
E/D. Maximum stress theory was used to predict failure
loads by finite element analysis using ANSYS and a
mathematical model has also been developed for the same
using Curve Expert. A comparison of the both with the
experimental results show that
The specimen is weak for lower values of E/D and W/D
and so failure occurs at small loads.
E/D ratio has a greater effect on the failure load of the
specimen.
As for higher values of E/D and W/D ratios, the
specimen generally fails in bearing mode only, and
hence the failure loads are the important parameters to
be analyzed, wherein the mathematical models prove to
be more efficient.
The numerical model when compared with the
experimental results gives results with Correlation Co-
efficient 0.96, Maximum Absolute Error as 286N and
Root Mean Square Error as 162N.
The mathematical model when compared to
experimental results gives results with Correlation Co-
efficient 0.99, Maximum Absolute Error as 176N and
Root Mean Square Error as 80N.
For estimation of the failure loads within the range of
E/D and W/D considered for the study, the
mathematical model developed, i.e., Full Cubic Model
proves to be more efficient with the above given values
of Correlation Co-efficient, Maximum Absolute Error
and Root Mean Square Error.
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