The document discusses modals and auxiliary verbs, highlighting their significance in enhancing sentence meaning and expression. It categorizes modals into various types such as those for ability, permission, obligation, and possibility, while explaining their role in conveying probability and constructing sentences in different tenses. Additionally, it provides guidance on negation, question formation, common expressions, and includes practice exercises for applying modal knowledge.

1. Modals and
Auxiliary Verbs
Welcome to the world of modals and auxiliary verbs. In this presentation,
we'll explore these essential grammatical tools that enhance sentence
meaning and add nuance to your writing and speaking.
by Lungguh Halira

2. Definition and Purpose of
Modals
Modals are auxiliary verbs that combine with main verbs to express different
meanings like possibility, necessity, permission, or obligation. These verbs add
extra layers of meaning to sentences, conveying subtle nuances.
Expressing Ability
Can, could, and be able to indicate
capacity or skill.
Expressing Permission
May, might, and can denote
authorization or allowance.
Expressing Obligation
Must, have to, should, and ought
to express a sense of duty or
requirement.
Expressing Possibility
May, might, could, and can
indicate a chance or likelihood.

3. Types of Modals
Modals are categorized based on the specific meaning they convey. Each
type provides a distinct shade of meaning to your sentence, enriching
communication.
1 Ability
Can, could, be able to
2 Possibility
May, might, could
3 Necessity
Must, have to, should, ought
to
4 Permission
May, can, might

4. Expressing Probability and
Certainty
Modals play a crucial role in expressing levels of probability or certainty.
They add shades of confidence to our statements.
Modal Probability
Must Very likely, almost certain
Should Likely, probable
Might Possible, but not certain
Could Possible, but less likely

5. Using Modals in Different
Tenses
Modals can be used to express different meanings across various tenses,
adding flexibility to sentence construction.
1 Past
Could, would, might, should
2 Present
Can, may, will, must, should, have to
3 Future
Will, may, might, could, should

6. Negation and Questions with Modals
Forming questions and negative sentences with modals follows specific patterns, adding an extra layer of complexity to the usage
of these essential verbs.
Negation
To form the negative, add "not" after the modal. For example:
"I can't go" or "You shouldn't eat that."
Questions
To form questions, simply move the modal to the beginning of
the sentence. For example: "Can you help me?" or "Should we
go?"

7. Common Modal Expressions
Beyond the basic forms, several common modal expressions add specific meanings
and nuances to your language. These expressions add a touch of formality or
casualness to your writing and speech.
Have to
Expresses a strong obligation or
necessity. Example: "I have to finish this
project by tomorrow."
Should
Indicates a recommendation or
suggestion. Example: "You should visit
the museum, it's fantastic."
Might
Expresses a possibility or uncertainty.
Example: "We might go to the beach, it
depends on the weather."
Could
Implies a potential or ability. Example: "I
could help you with that if you need it."

8. Practice Exercises and Application
To master your knowledge of modals and related expressions, practice with various
exercises and apply them in real-world scenarios. Engage with diverse examples to solidify
your understanding.
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences using the correct modal verb.
Exercise 2
Write a paragraph about a day in your life using as many modals as
possible.
Exercise 3
Analyze a piece of literature and identify different types of modal verbs
used.