Misophonia is a newly termed disorder that describes individuals who have severely aversive reactivity to specific sounds. Changing ideas about diagnostic classification, the absence of cross-disciplinary work in the allied health/mental health professions, and cursory and inaccurate reporting of mental health/health information have all interacted to create an abyss of harmful misinformation. Emerging from this cloud of chaos are memes related to misophonia.
This is a guide for Doctors/Therapists/Audiologists/OT's who are seeing individuals with Misophonia. Individuals with Misophonia may also download this and bring to their doctors!
Since the mid twentieth century, psychologists, psychiatrists, and neuroscientists have sought to explain mental illness in biological terms. In this talk, we'll discuss the emergence of influential biological models such as the monoamine hypothesis of depression, the rise of neuropsychopharmacology (the prescription and widespread use of medications such Prozac and Zoloft), and the complexity of studying complex conditions like generalized anxiety and schizophrenia in biological terms.
Trauma at the End of Life: Somatic Experiencing and Other Touch Based Treatme...Michael Changaris
This paper explores the use of touch in working with elders. It explores neurodegenerative disorders, challenges working with individuals with cognitive changes and how to develop a treatment plan that includes safe therapeutic touch.
Drug addiction has been given the title of a "disease" when the earliest writings on addiction said it is "like a disease" and not a disease. There are those who claim that addiction is a "brain disease" when there actually is no direct research that proves this. This paper questions the disease concept in addiction.
This is a guide for Doctors/Therapists/Audiologists/OT's who are seeing individuals with Misophonia. Individuals with Misophonia may also download this and bring to their doctors!
Since the mid twentieth century, psychologists, psychiatrists, and neuroscientists have sought to explain mental illness in biological terms. In this talk, we'll discuss the emergence of influential biological models such as the monoamine hypothesis of depression, the rise of neuropsychopharmacology (the prescription and widespread use of medications such Prozac and Zoloft), and the complexity of studying complex conditions like generalized anxiety and schizophrenia in biological terms.
Trauma at the End of Life: Somatic Experiencing and Other Touch Based Treatme...Michael Changaris
This paper explores the use of touch in working with elders. It explores neurodegenerative disorders, challenges working with individuals with cognitive changes and how to develop a treatment plan that includes safe therapeutic touch.
Drug addiction has been given the title of a "disease" when the earliest writings on addiction said it is "like a disease" and not a disease. There are those who claim that addiction is a "brain disease" when there actually is no direct research that proves this. This paper questions the disease concept in addiction.
Discussion Question Comparison of Theories on Anxiety Disord.docxTatianaMajor22
Discussion Question:
Comparison of Theories on Anxiety Disorders
There are numerous theories that attempt to explain the development and manifestation of psychological disorders. Some researchers hold that certain disorders result from learned behaviors (behavioral theory), while other researchers believe that there is a genetic or biological basis to psychological disorders (medical model), while still others hold that psychological disorders stem from unresolved unconscious conflict (psychoanalytic theory). How would each of these theoretical viewpoints explain anxiety disorders? Does one explain the development and manifestation of anxiety disorders better than the others?
200- 400 words please
Three min resources with
in text citations and examples
you can use the following as a module reference
cite as university 2014
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, specific phobias, and social anxiety disorder feature a heightened autonomic nervous system response that is above and beyond what would be considered normal when faced with the object or situation that the person reacts to. For example, a person with a specific phobia of spiders (called arachnophobia) experiences a heightened autonomic response when confronted with a spider (or even an image of a spider). This anxiety response must result in significant distress or impairment. In general, anxiety disorders have been linked to underactive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, resulting in overexcitability of the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex. Additionally, genetic research shows that anxiety disorders demonstrate a clear pattern of genetic predisposition
Charles Darwin's Perspective
We talked about Charles Darwin when discussing evolution and natural selection. Darwin was also very interested in emotions. One of his books published in 1872,The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, was devoted to this topic.
Darwin believed that emotions play an important role in the survival of the species and result from evolutionary processes in the same way as other behaviors and psychological functions. Darwin's writing on this topic also prompted psychologists to study animal behavior as a way to better understand human behavior.
James–Lange Theory of Emotions
Modern theories of emotion can be traced to William James and Carl Lange (Pinel, 2011). William James was a renowned Harvard psychologist who is sometimes called the father of American psychology. Carl Lange was a Danish physician. James and Lange formulated the same theory of emotions independently at about the same time (1884). As a result, it is called the James–Lange theory of emotions. This theory reversed the commonsensical notion that emotions are automatic responses to events around us. Instead, it proposes that emotions are the brain's interpretation of physiological responses to emotionally provocative stimuli.
Cannon–Bard Theory of Emotions
In 1915, Harvard physiologist Walt.
Research-Based Interventions for SchizophreniaSchizophrenia is a.docxronak56
Research-Based Interventions for Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a type of psychos that is surrounds several severe psychological illnesses that can cause loss of contact with realism in company with major personality derangements (National Institute of mental health, 2014). Schizophrenia is also a severe brain disorder that is categorized by delusional thoughts and distinctive perceptions (National Institute of mental health, 2014). There are numerous of signs and symptoms that are representative of schizophrenia that we will learn about below. The expressions of these symptoms vary considerably from one person to another (Mental Health Association, 2008). Health professionals typically identify Schizophrenia if during any one-month period the individual has experienced two or more collections of; delusions, hallucinations, disorganization, strange speech patterns, or behavioral disturbances symptoms (Mental Health Association, 2008). According to Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley (2013), signs of schizophrenia are regarded in two ways, "type I schizophrenia is when psychotic behavior of the positive syndrome variety thought to involve chiefly temporolimbic brain structures. Type II schizophrenia is when psychotic behavior of the negative syndrome variety thought to involve chiefly frontal brain structures" ( p. G-21). Positive and negative symptoms are calculable characteristics and could indicate core signs of schizophrenia. Furthermore, there needs to be evidence the disturbances were present for at least six months and other sickness like mood disorders or schizoaffective disorder are ruled out (Elder, Evans & Nizette 2009). During the course of this paper, I will examine three research articles that provide evidence regarding various treatments, learn how the biopsychosocial regarding schizophrenia is used, and examine treating schizophrenia that seems to be the most effective.
Causes of Schizophrenia According to the Diathesis-Stress Model
Several psychologists agree that psychological troubles are because of a blend of biology and environmental reasons (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2013). The diathesis-stress model of abnormality explains how biology and environment work together with a person’s brain (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2013). According to the diathesis-stress model, individuals are born with a certain biological or genetic disposition to a psychological illness. Each individual's diathesis for a specific mental illness is different from another individual and can be swayed by biology or one's genetics (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2013). Genetic factors certainly have a big part in the etiology of schizophrenia; however, genetic predispositions can be fashioned by one's environment like prenatal exposure, disease, and many stressors that take place during important development of brain (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2013). In addition, positive environments may also drop the chance of genetic predisposition will cause schizophrenia (Elder ...
CHAPTER SEVENAntipsychotic MedicationsThe Evolution of Treatme.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER SEVEN
Antipsychotic Medications
The Evolution of Treatment
Many readers may begin this chapter with some familiarity with antipsychotic medications. Others may think antipsychotic medications or the research related to them has not affected their lives. These latter readers may be wrong. Have you ever taken a prescription antihistamine such as Seldane or Allegra? Perhaps got over motion sickness with a compound that included promethazine? If so, your life has been affected by research into antipsychotics. As with so many other areas of research in psychotropic medication, antipsychotics and theories about their use have been developed through combined scientific effort, clinical research, market-driven agendas, and serendipity. Let's look at some history to introduce this topic. The primary source for the following is Healy (2002).
THE CURRENT IMPACT OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS
In a video designed for psychiatrists (Novartis Pharmaceuticals, 1998), a young man suffering from treatment-resistant schizophrenia is shown in an inpatient setting. Although his psychotic symptoms are temporarily under control, he is so incapacitated by medication side effects that he can barely walk across a small room. His movements are jerky contractions of muscle groups that he can hardly control. Anyone who has treated clients taking conventional antipsychotic medications knows that this young man is living a worst-case scenario in which the treatment is worse than the disorder being treated. The video progresses, showing the young man at monthly intervals as he is slowly weaned off the medications causing the side effects, and gradually titrated onto a new medication (clozapine). With each passing month, we see that the young man's psychotic symptoms remain under control but that he is gradually regaining control of his body. In the final video frame, we see the same young man enjoying a game of basketball and apparently having no problems with movement or symptoms of psychosis.
This was one of the first videos promoting what we describe later as an atypical antipsychotic, and at the time of their development most of us believed that clozapine and drugs modeled after its molecular structure launched another revolution in psychopharmacology. It was hoped that (as was hoped in the SSRI revolution in antidepressants) the new antipsychotics would change the way psychotic disorders are treated as well as the quality of life that patients can expect during treatment. As we will see, although newer agents do work better for some but not all people with schizophrenia, the newer agents have problematic side effects similar in impact (if different in quality) as the older agents. Also, the claims that newer medications worked better than the older ones now seem to be untrue ( Jones et al., 2006; Lieberman et al., 2005).
This chapter is divided into seven sections. The first is an overview of schizophrenia and the spectrum of symptoms being treated. The second focuses on th.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Discussion Question Comparison of Theories on Anxiety Disord.docxTatianaMajor22
Discussion Question:
Comparison of Theories on Anxiety Disorders
There are numerous theories that attempt to explain the development and manifestation of psychological disorders. Some researchers hold that certain disorders result from learned behaviors (behavioral theory), while other researchers believe that there is a genetic or biological basis to psychological disorders (medical model), while still others hold that psychological disorders stem from unresolved unconscious conflict (psychoanalytic theory). How would each of these theoretical viewpoints explain anxiety disorders? Does one explain the development and manifestation of anxiety disorders better than the others?
200- 400 words please
Three min resources with
in text citations and examples
you can use the following as a module reference
cite as university 2014
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, specific phobias, and social anxiety disorder feature a heightened autonomic nervous system response that is above and beyond what would be considered normal when faced with the object or situation that the person reacts to. For example, a person with a specific phobia of spiders (called arachnophobia) experiences a heightened autonomic response when confronted with a spider (or even an image of a spider). This anxiety response must result in significant distress or impairment. In general, anxiety disorders have been linked to underactive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, resulting in overexcitability of the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex. Additionally, genetic research shows that anxiety disorders demonstrate a clear pattern of genetic predisposition
Charles Darwin's Perspective
We talked about Charles Darwin when discussing evolution and natural selection. Darwin was also very interested in emotions. One of his books published in 1872,The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, was devoted to this topic.
Darwin believed that emotions play an important role in the survival of the species and result from evolutionary processes in the same way as other behaviors and psychological functions. Darwin's writing on this topic also prompted psychologists to study animal behavior as a way to better understand human behavior.
James–Lange Theory of Emotions
Modern theories of emotion can be traced to William James and Carl Lange (Pinel, 2011). William James was a renowned Harvard psychologist who is sometimes called the father of American psychology. Carl Lange was a Danish physician. James and Lange formulated the same theory of emotions independently at about the same time (1884). As a result, it is called the James–Lange theory of emotions. This theory reversed the commonsensical notion that emotions are automatic responses to events around us. Instead, it proposes that emotions are the brain's interpretation of physiological responses to emotionally provocative stimuli.
Cannon–Bard Theory of Emotions
In 1915, Harvard physiologist Walt.
Research-Based Interventions for SchizophreniaSchizophrenia is a.docxronak56
Research-Based Interventions for Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a type of psychos that is surrounds several severe psychological illnesses that can cause loss of contact with realism in company with major personality derangements (National Institute of mental health, 2014). Schizophrenia is also a severe brain disorder that is categorized by delusional thoughts and distinctive perceptions (National Institute of mental health, 2014). There are numerous of signs and symptoms that are representative of schizophrenia that we will learn about below. The expressions of these symptoms vary considerably from one person to another (Mental Health Association, 2008). Health professionals typically identify Schizophrenia if during any one-month period the individual has experienced two or more collections of; delusions, hallucinations, disorganization, strange speech patterns, or behavioral disturbances symptoms (Mental Health Association, 2008). According to Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley (2013), signs of schizophrenia are regarded in two ways, "type I schizophrenia is when psychotic behavior of the positive syndrome variety thought to involve chiefly temporolimbic brain structures. Type II schizophrenia is when psychotic behavior of the negative syndrome variety thought to involve chiefly frontal brain structures" ( p. G-21). Positive and negative symptoms are calculable characteristics and could indicate core signs of schizophrenia. Furthermore, there needs to be evidence the disturbances were present for at least six months and other sickness like mood disorders or schizoaffective disorder are ruled out (Elder, Evans & Nizette 2009). During the course of this paper, I will examine three research articles that provide evidence regarding various treatments, learn how the biopsychosocial regarding schizophrenia is used, and examine treating schizophrenia that seems to be the most effective.
Causes of Schizophrenia According to the Diathesis-Stress Model
Several psychologists agree that psychological troubles are because of a blend of biology and environmental reasons (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2013). The diathesis-stress model of abnormality explains how biology and environment work together with a person’s brain (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2013). According to the diathesis-stress model, individuals are born with a certain biological or genetic disposition to a psychological illness. Each individual's diathesis for a specific mental illness is different from another individual and can be swayed by biology or one's genetics (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2013). Genetic factors certainly have a big part in the etiology of schizophrenia; however, genetic predispositions can be fashioned by one's environment like prenatal exposure, disease, and many stressors that take place during important development of brain (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2013). In addition, positive environments may also drop the chance of genetic predisposition will cause schizophrenia (Elder ...
CHAPTER SEVENAntipsychotic MedicationsThe Evolution of Treatme.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER SEVEN
Antipsychotic Medications
The Evolution of Treatment
Many readers may begin this chapter with some familiarity with antipsychotic medications. Others may think antipsychotic medications or the research related to them has not affected their lives. These latter readers may be wrong. Have you ever taken a prescription antihistamine such as Seldane or Allegra? Perhaps got over motion sickness with a compound that included promethazine? If so, your life has been affected by research into antipsychotics. As with so many other areas of research in psychotropic medication, antipsychotics and theories about their use have been developed through combined scientific effort, clinical research, market-driven agendas, and serendipity. Let's look at some history to introduce this topic. The primary source for the following is Healy (2002).
THE CURRENT IMPACT OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS
In a video designed for psychiatrists (Novartis Pharmaceuticals, 1998), a young man suffering from treatment-resistant schizophrenia is shown in an inpatient setting. Although his psychotic symptoms are temporarily under control, he is so incapacitated by medication side effects that he can barely walk across a small room. His movements are jerky contractions of muscle groups that he can hardly control. Anyone who has treated clients taking conventional antipsychotic medications knows that this young man is living a worst-case scenario in which the treatment is worse than the disorder being treated. The video progresses, showing the young man at monthly intervals as he is slowly weaned off the medications causing the side effects, and gradually titrated onto a new medication (clozapine). With each passing month, we see that the young man's psychotic symptoms remain under control but that he is gradually regaining control of his body. In the final video frame, we see the same young man enjoying a game of basketball and apparently having no problems with movement or symptoms of psychosis.
This was one of the first videos promoting what we describe later as an atypical antipsychotic, and at the time of their development most of us believed that clozapine and drugs modeled after its molecular structure launched another revolution in psychopharmacology. It was hoped that (as was hoped in the SSRI revolution in antidepressants) the new antipsychotics would change the way psychotic disorders are treated as well as the quality of life that patients can expect during treatment. As we will see, although newer agents do work better for some but not all people with schizophrenia, the newer agents have problematic side effects similar in impact (if different in quality) as the older agents. Also, the claims that newer medications worked better than the older ones now seem to be untrue ( Jones et al., 2006; Lieberman et al., 2005).
This chapter is divided into seven sections. The first is an overview of schizophrenia and the spectrum of symptoms being treated. The second focuses on th.
Similar to Misophonia misperception and menacing memes (14)
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
1. Misophonia Misperception & Menacing Memes
“Chewing Rage”, “Sound Rage” &
“Hatred of Sound”
Introduction
Haste Makes Waste. It also makes for inaccurate and potentially harmful
medical memes on the Internet. We all know that. This is true of mental
health disorders and is surely not a new topic. However, it is a new topic
in regard to Misophonia.
Misophonia is NOT “Chewing Rage.” It is not a rage disorder. It is not an
eating disorder. Research under the term “Misophonia” is in its infancy.
Thus, nobody can claim to know “what is it is,” or how to “cure it.”
Misophonia is a new name, describing conditions that have closely related,
possibly identic symptoms. It also includes phenomena that have been
studied in basic science (neuroscience) for decades.
Research in related conditions and in neuroscience support that
Misophonia symptoms are related to the autonomic nervous system
(fight/flight). When we are in fight/flight, “rage” is a feeling that we
experience. Yet, so is the “feeling” of fear, disgust, and “shutting-down”
(the “freeze part of the evolutionary response that supports survival).
2. 2
Yet, misperceptions are replicating and mutating on the Internet. Pardon
the obvious pun. However, we (i.e. all of us…doctors, sufferers,
researchers, reporters and so on) are creating memes that are theoretically
inaccurate and damaging. From these memes, more misunderstandings
will grow and ultimately people will suffer in ways we perhaps cannot
predict.
Having said this, here is a work in progress (so please be forgiving) . I am
sharing it today in order to debunk some of these mounting myths about
misophonia, and hopefully stop the proliferation of these potentially
harmful memes.
What is Misophonia?
The term Misophonia, which literally means “hatred of sound,” was first
coined by Jastreboff and Jastreboff (2001). However, Johnson renamed
the disorder Selective Sound Sensitivity Syndrome or “4S” as “hatred of
sound” as Misophonia does not describe the disorder accurately
(personal correspondence, 2015). People with Misophonia do not hate “all
sounds.” They have highly aversive reactions to specific patterned-based
sounds, and some are also over-responsive to visual stimuli.
The small body of research emerging in misophonia addresses its specific
symptom constellations, possible etiologies, disorder comorbidities,
symptom overlaps with other conditions, and the extent to which the
disorder impairs suffers’ lives. However, since misophonia is a newly
proposed disorder, the research is in its infancy. The historical absence
of cross-disciplinary research throughout the allied health and mental
health professions adds to confusion about this disorder. Also, a lack of
understanding of how to best measure misophonia symptoms (and that
of related disorders) already results in the development and utilization of
scales that are inconsistent across this small body of literature.
To date, Misophonia has mostly garnered attention from researchers in
audiology, Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders, Anxiety, and
Synesthesia. In audiology, research both addresses similarities and
distinctions between Hyperacusis and Misophonia. In psychology,
commonalities between Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders and
anxiety are currently being investigated. In neuroscience, models of
misophonia as a form of synesthesia are proposed. Across most of this
research is also discussion of “general sensory sensitivities,” “sensory-
defensiveness” and “multisensory processing” (Wu, Lewin, Murphy, &
Storch, 2014).
3. 3
Current Research on Misophonia
Jastreboff & Jastreboff (2001) coined the term misophonia as they
distinguished these patients from those with hyperacusis. Hyperacusis
patients aversely react to noises perceived as loud, whereas misophonics
react to “repetitive or pattern based noises” regardless of decibel level
(Jastreboff & Jastreboff, 2014). According to the Jastreboff’s both
conditions are subsumed under “Decreased Sound Tolerance” and both
conditions relate to “aberrant” associations between the auditory and the
limbic system. However, in Misophonia, the Jastreboff’s report (2014)
auditory triggers include slurping, lip smacking, breathing, and chewing
versus perceived loud noises, as in hyperacusis. Because these patterned
based noises are often associated with a person and/or not related to
intensity, the Jastreboff’s (2014) hypothesized that in Misophonia, these
aversive responses were “learned” or “cognitively mediated.” That is, in
misophonia, there is a negative cognitive association that has been paired
with auditory stimuli that goes beyond a “subconscious” association
between the auditory cortex and limbic system (as in hyperacusis).
The Jastreboffs’ (2014) model of Misophonia as a conditioned disorder is
of continued debate. Also, please note that the Jastreboff’s
conceptualized Misophonia as a condition in which individuals react
aversively to “pattern-based” noises that were often but now always
related to particular people. Misophonia sufferers report numerous
“triggers” that are not person oriented, such as “pencil tapping,” “basket-
ball bouncing,” “keyboard typing,” “environmental stimuli,” “birds
singing,” “pen clicking,” etc. (e.g. Wu, Lewin, Murphy, & Storch, 2014;
Edelstein, Brang, Rouw, & Ramachandran, 2013; Schröder, Vulink, and
Denys, 2013).
In psychology, Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders have also
received attention in the small but growing body of literature on
misophonia. Schröder, Vulink, and Denys (2013) recruited 42 patients
who self-reported misophonia symptoms. They were interviewed by a
psychiatrist and given various measures pertaining to neuropsychiatric
diagnosis. Notably, the authors found the highest incidence of overlap
with the DSM-IV TR Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorders.
Specifically, results from this study indicated the level of comorbidity
with other psychiatric maladies. Out of 42 Dutch patients, 7.1% Mood
disorders, 2.4% panic disorder, 4.8% ADHD, 2.4% OCD and 52.4%
OCPD was reported (Schroder, 2013). Schröder et al. (2013) also found
the following attributes in the group of 42 misophonics: 1) aversive and
angry feelings evoked by particular sounds, 2) rare potentially aggressive
outbursts, 3) recognition by the misophonic individual that his/her
4. 4
behavior is excessive, 4) avoidance behavior, and 5) distress and
interference in daily life.
Schröder, et al. (2013) proposed that Misophonia should be considered a
discrete disorder under the broader classification Obsessive and
Compulsive Related Disorders in the DSM-5. The researchers recruited
from a mental health clinic, which may have biased their sample
(Jastreboff & Jastreboff, 2014). In addition, it is too early in the stage of
research to label misophonia as a psychiatric disorder, and we must take
into consideration new conceptualizations of dimensional versus
categorical classification regarding mental health (Insel, 2012). Notably,
the authors recognized a symptom overlap with SPD, but their
quantitative analysis may have been impacted by a misunderstanding of
SPD/SOR. Specifically, in their description of SPD they state that
individuals with SPD only react to “loud” sounds and not to the repetitive
sounds (the sounds indicated in Misophonia). This is not true. The
research in SPD, specifically on SOR children, does not differentiate
between loud or patterned noises.1 This is an issue that has not yet been
parsed out in SPD/SOR research and therefore assumptions such as this
should not be made.
Wu, Lewin, Murphy, and Storch (2014) investigated the incidence,
phenomenology, correlates, and level of impairment associated with
misophonia symptoms in 483 undergraduate students through self-
report measures. In their sample, nearly 20% of participants reported
clinically significant misophonic symptoms. These symptoms were
strongly associated with measures of general life impairment and sensory
sensitivities, as well as moderate associations with obsessive-compulsive,
anxiety, and depressive symptoms. The authors report that the symptom
association with sensory sensitivities may indicate that selective sound
sensitivities may be linked to higher occurrences of other types of
sensory defensiveness as well (Baguley & McFerran, 2011; Stansfeld,
Clark, Jenkins & Tarnopolsky, 1985). Recognizing other types of sensory
sensitivities in individuals, such as tactile sensitivity, may help in the
detection of concurrent increased sound sensitivities. In addition, the
authors report that anxiety mediated the relationship between
misophonia and anger outbursts. 2 Finally, as limitations to their study,
the authors note that most study participants were female and that only
self-report measures were used.
1 On many of the SPD/SOR scales there are items that include both loud noises and repetitive noises
(see SPDfoundation.net).
2 Notably, studies that include the relationship of SOR and anxiety (e.g. Ben-Sasson, 2009, 2010;
Carter, & Briggs Gowan, 2009; Lane, Reynolds, & Dumenci, 2012; Lane, Reynolds, & Thacker, 2010)
may inform how anxiety mediates misophonia in general and in regard to anger outbursts.
5. 5
Edelstein, Brang, Rouw, and Ramachandran (2013) found some
similarities between Synesthesia and Misophonia. Edelstein et al.
proposed that misophonia “displays similarities” to synesthesia.
Edelstein et al. used both self-report (qualitative interviews) and
physiologic measures (Skin Conductance Response, or SCR) to
characterize aversive reactivity in Misophonia. “In synesthesia, as in
misophonia, particular sensory stimuli evoke particular and consistent,
additional sensations and associations…In short, a pathological
distortion of connections between the auditory cortex and limbic
structures could cause a form of sound-emotion synesthesia” (Edelstein
et al., 2013). The authors note that limitations of the study include small
sample size, a lack of screening for psychiatric or psychological problems
(no measures of mental health disorders were included), and that SCR
measures autonomic arousal, but does not describe the nature of the
emotion associated with that autonomic arousal.
On-Going Research in Misophonia/Selective Sound Sensitivity Syndrome
(4S)
Links provided for current work and papers in press
The Overlap of Sensory Processing Disorder and Misophonia
It is also important to note that there is a remarkable overlap in
Misophonia symptoms and Sensory Over-Responsivity (SOR), a subtype
of Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD). Work in SPD began in the field of
Occupational Therapy but has expanded to include neuroscience,
psychology, psychiatry, and genetics over the past 15 years. This
impressive body of research supports that particular groups of young
children misperceive auditory, visual, tactile and other stimuli as highly
aversive and dangerous. Notably, the research in SOR has been related
mainly to children, although currently it addressing adults. While SOR
research concerns a variety of sensory stimuli, it is important to note
that within these groups were children known as mainly “auditory over-
responsive.” There are numerous papers that separate out auditory
over-responsive symptoms, as well as studies focused specifically on
auditory gating (e.g. Gavin, W. J., Dotseth, A., Roush, K. K., Smith, C. A.,
Spain, H. D., & Davies, P. L., 2011). SPD/SOR research, even that
which was specific to the auditory modality, did not differentiate between
loud and repetitive sounds. This makes it difficult to extrapolate from
SOR to Misophonia. However, the overlap in behavioral symptoms in
regard to “auditory over-responsivity” 3 is remarkable.
Brief History of SOR research
3 Auditory over-responsivity refers to SOR, but in regard to the auditory sense alone
6. 6
As far back as 1999 studies of children considered SOR demonstrated
autonomic arousal and decreased habituation. Specifically, measured by
galvanic skin response (GVS), children who were presented with every
day sensory stimuli were propelled into the fight/flight response. Once,
fight/flight was activated they did not habituate (e.g. McIntosh, Miller,
Shyu, & Hagerman, 1999; James, Miller, Schaff, Neilsen, & Schoen,
2011). Notably, these and other studies of SOR children have been
replicated over the past 15 years, and have included numerous other
physiologic and brain imaging studies showing differences between
typicals and SOR children, as well differences between typical children
and children with more general atypical sensory processing problems
(e.g. Davies & Gavin, 2007; Davies et al., 2009, 2010; Davies, Chang, &
Gavin, 2009; Gavin et al., 2011; Van Hulle, Schmidt, & Goldsmith, 2012;
Owen et al., 2013; Schnieder et al., 2009).
Because SPD is not yet validated by psychiatry, this impressive body of
literature is often overlooked in psychiatric and psychology research.
This is despite the past decade of SPD scholarship, which includes
contributions from esteemed researchers within psychiatry, psychology,
and basic science (e.g. Goldsmith et al., 2006, Kisley M.A., Noecker L.,
Guinther 2006, Rosenthal, Ahn & Gieger, 2011). SPD and its proposed
phenotypes are conceptually complicated and regardless of it’s omission
from the DSM-5, the body of research informs misophonia research and
should not be dismissed by those investigating this condition.
Conceptualizing Misophonia: The Abyss of Misperception we are all
creating
Nature versus Nurture?
When conceptualizing Misophonia it is important to note that the
distinction nature versus nurture (which is inexorably entwined with the
“conditioned versus constitutional paradigm”) is a dated model in
genetics. The interaction of genes and the environment is known to be
more amorphous and less distinguishable than previously thought.
Gene regulation (in which genes can be turned on or off according to
environmental factors) has shifted focus off this debate and onto ways of
optimizing brain plasticity in various modalities of therapeutic treatment.
A pattern of disregard of this shift has already filtered through the small
body of Misophonia literature, and it is important to pursue further
research within this current gene regulation (or nature via nurture
paradigm). I am not a geneticist. Yet, one does not need to be a geneticist
to know this. This is common knowledge in the allied health professions,
and the even in popular press.
7. 7
People Noises versus Repetitive Noises
An important issue arising out of this relatively rigid use of the nature
versus nurture idea relates to conflation between types of sounds that
may cause the emotional and behavioral response noted in misophonia
with the people from whom these sounds emanate. As the Jastreboff’s
(2001) originally suggested, misophonia sufferers aversively react to
pattern-based sounds. While many of these sounds are person-oriented
(e.g. chewing, coughing, sneezing, etc.) many are not (e.g. pencil tapping,
basketball bouncing, typing on a keyboard, etc.). The Jastreboff’s
hypothesized that negative cognitive association between these particular
types of sounds and the misophonia suffer had occurred, and could
possibly be retrained. Yet, they did not suggest that only “people” or
“body noises” were the cause of the aversive reactivity, nor did they
describe people specifically as triggers. The Jastreboff’s suggested that in
Misophonia, the individual associated pattern-based sounds with
people/and or experiences, etc. They did not suggest that “people”
themselves were the cause of the aversive reactivity. They suggested an
association between a person and a sound, as well as aversive reactivity
to pattern-based sounds alone.
This conflation in highly misleading. At the same time, it may
demonstrate the sufferers’ difficulty differentiating the sound and the
person(s) associated with the sounds. This confusion may also represent
the typical research challenge related to parsing out the interactive
physiological, cognitive, emotional, and processes that combine with
relational dynamics to explain human behavior.
Summary of Important Points
There is no evidence that supports that misophonia is a genetic
versus conditioned disorder, nor is this model necessarily
applicable
There is no evidence that body/people noises versus patterned
based noises are differentiated, however the complicated and
interactive processes related to overall arousal level, relational
dynamics, and memory will make this difficult to parse out in the
research.
8. 8
o In the meantime, sufferers, researchers and press should be
aware of this complication and not make assumptions.
The unfortunate absence of a clear diagnostic system as we
transfer from a categorical to dimensional paradigm leaves us
highly vulnerable to confusion. The NIMH has changed the
conception of mental health classification. Yet, the DSM-V is still
the “bible of diagnosis.”
Cross Disciplinary Research (as the RDoC model suggests) should
be integrated before research is further confounded, and the
trajectory of this body of work leads further into an abyss of “data”
derived from “data” that is misleading, absent and/or
misunderstood.
o This is an effort that would be easily accomplished in a
timely manner with the right people on board and with
funding support from the NIMH or other possible identifiable
sources.
o Question: was the lower case “o” in the RDoC put in to
separate those really in the “know” from those who are not?
Was it there to distinguish the young people for whom visual
memory is still working well from us elder folk? Did someone
at the NIMH think it was just cute? I want to know!
LINKS
http://misophoniamagazine.com/
http://www.misophonia-research.com/
http://dukescience.org/
http://spdfoundation.net/
http://www.tinnitus-audiology.com/
References
Ahn, R., Miller, L. J., Milberger, S., &McIntosh, D. N. (2004). Prevalence
of parents’ perceptions of sensory processing disorders among
9. 9
kindergarten children. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 58
(3), 287-302.
Alvarado J.C, Vaughan J.W, Stanford T.R., and Stein B.E. (2007).
Multisensory Versus Unisensory Integration: Contrasting Modes in
the Superior Colliculus. Journal of Neurophysiology 97, 3193–3205.
Ben-Sasson, A., Carter, A.S., & Briggs Gowan, M.J. (2009). Sensory over-
responsivity in elementary school: prevalence and social-emotional
correlates. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 705-716.
Ben-Sasson, A., Carter, A.S., & Briggs-Gowan, M.J. (2010). The
development of sensory over-responsivity from infancy to elementary
school. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38 (8), 1193-1202.
Carter, A.S., Ben-Sasson, A., & Briggs-Gowan, M.J. (2011). Sensory over-
responsivity, psychopathology, and family impairment in school-aged
children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent
Psychiatry, 50 (12), 1210-1219.
Davies, P.L., Chang, W-P., & Gavin, W.J. (2009). Maturation of Sensory
Gating Performance in Children with and without Sensory Processing
Disorders. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 72,187-197.
Davies P.L., Chang, W.P., & Gavin, W.J. (2010). Middle and late latency
ERP components discriminate between adults, typical children, and
children with sensory processing disorders. Frontiers in Integrative
Neuroscience, 4, 16.
Davies, P.L. & Gavin, W.J. (2007). Validating the diagnosis of Sensory
Processing Disorders using EEG technology. American Journal of
Occupational Therapy, 61 (2), 176-189.
Edelstein M, Brang D, Rouw R, Ramachandran VS (2013).Misophonia:
physiological investigations and case descriptions.. Frontiers in
Human Neuroscience 2013;7(296), 1-11, doi:
10.3389/fnhum.2013.00296
Gavin, W. J., Dotseth, A., Roush, K. K., Smith, C. A., Spain, H. D., &
Davies, P. L. (2011). Electroencephalography in children with and
without sensory processing disorders during auditory perception.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65, 370–377
Goldsmith, H.H., Van Hulle, C.A., Arneson, C.L., Schreiber, J.E., &
Gernsbacher, M.A. (2006). A population-based twin study of
parentally reported tactile and auditory defensiveness in young
children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34 (3), 393-407.
10. 10
Instel, Thomas (2012)
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2012/research-domain-
criteria-rdoc.shtml.
Jastreboff MM, Jastreboff PJ. (2001) Hyperacusis. Audiology Online.
www.audiologyonline.com/articles/hyperacusis-1223.
Jastreboff PJ, Jastreboff MM. (2006) Tinnitus retraining therapy: a
different view on tinnitus. International Journal of Pediatric
Otorhinolaryngology, 68(1):23–29.
Keuler, M.M., Schmidt, N.L., Van Hulle, C.A., Lemery-Chalfant, K., &
Goldsmith, H.H. (2011). Sensory overresponsivity: prenatal risk
factors and temperamental contributions. Journal of Development &
Behavioral Pediatrics, 32 (7), 533-541.
Kisley M.A., Noecker L., Guinther P.M. (2004). Comparison of sensory
gating to mismatch negativity and self-reported perceptual
phenomena in healthy adults. International Journal of
Psychophysiology, 41, 604–612. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-
8986.2004.00191.x
Lane, S.J., Reynolds, S., & Thacker, L. (2010). Sensory over-responsivity
and ADHD: differentiating using electrodermal responses, cortisol,
and anxiety. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 4 (8),1-14.
doi:10.3389/fnint.2010.00008
McIntosh DN, Miller LJ, Shyu V, Hagerman. (1999). Sensory-modulation
disruption, electrodermal responses, and functional behaviors.
Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 41, 608-615.
Owen, J.P., Marco E.J., Desai S., Fourie E., Harris J., Hill S.S., Arnett
A.B., Mukherjee P., (2103) Abnormal white matter microstructure in
children with sensory processing disorders. NeuroImage: Clinical, 2,
844–853.
Rosenthal, M.Z., Ahn, R. & Geiger , P.J. (2011). Reactivity to Sensations
in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Preliminary Study. Journal of
Personality Disorders: Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 715-721.
Schaaf, R.C., Miller, L.J., Seawell, D., & O’Keefe, S. (2003). Children with
disturbances in sensory processing: A pilot study examining the role
of the parasympathetic nervous system. American Journal of
Occupational Therapy, 57.
11. 11
Schneider, M.L., Moore, C.F., Larson, J.A., Barr, C.S., DeJesus, O.T., &
Roberts, A.D. (2009). Timing of moderate level of prenatal alcohol
exposure influences gene expression of sensory processing behavior in
rhesus monkeys. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 3, 30.
Schröder A, Vulink N, Denys D. (2013) Misophonia: diagnostic criteria for
a new psychiatric disorder. PLoS One, 8 (1).
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054706.
Tavassoli T., Miller L.J., Schoen S.A., Nielsen D.M., Baron-Cohen S.
(2014). Sensory over-responsivity in adults with autism spectrum
conditions. Autism, 18 (4), 28-32.
Van Hulle, C.A., Schmidt, N.L., & Goldsmith, H.H. (2012). Is sensory
over-responsivity distinguishable from childhood behavior problems?
A phenotypic and genetic analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and
Psychiatry, 53 (1), 64-72.
Wu MS, Lewin AB, Murphy TK, Storch EA. (2014) Misophonia: incidence,
phenomenology, and clinical correlates in an undergraduate student
sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology. Published online April 17.
doi:10.1002/jclp.22098.