Contents: Classification of Minerals Extraction Of Minerals Distribution Of Minerals in India Conventional and Non-Conventional Power sources Conservation of Resource

3. A m i n e r a l i s a n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g
s u b s t a n c e w i t h a d e f i n i t e c h e m i c a l
c o m p o s i t i o n , u s u a l l y o f c r y s t a l l i n e f o r m .
T h e y a r e a k i n d o f l o c a l i z e d r e s o u r c e .
T h e y a r e f o u n d i n v a r i o u s t y p e s o f
g e o l o g i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t u n d e r v a r y i n g
c o n d i t i o n s . M i n e r a l s a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d
f r o m e a c h o t h e r b y v a r i o u s c h e m i c a l a n d
p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s .

4. Minerals
Inorganic
Metallic
Ferrous Non-Ferrous
Non-Metallic
Organic

5. M i n e r a l s c a n b e b r o a d l y c l a s s i f i e d i n t o o r g a n i c
a n d i n o r g a n i c ; O r g a n i c m i n e r a l s ( e . g . f o s s i l
f u e l s ) a r e d e r i v e d f r o m l i v i n g b e i n g s a n d c o n t a i n
c a r b o n b a s i s wh i l e i n o r g a n i c m i n e r a l s c o n t a i n n o
s u c h t r a c e . I n o r g a n i c m i n e r a l s c a n f u r t h e r b e
d i v i d e d i n t o M e t a l l i c a n d N o n - m e t a l l i c ( e . g .
l i m e s t o n e , m i c a , g y p s u m e t c . ) . T h e f i r s t t y p e
s h o w p r o p e r t i e s o f h a r d n e s s , l u s t e r, c o n d u c t i v i t y,
s t r e n g t h , h i g h d e n s i t y, a n d s o n o r o u s n e s s . T h e
l a t t e r, h o we v e r, l a c k t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . T h e
m e t a l l i c m i n e r a l s c a n b e F e r r o u s ( e . g . i r o n o r e ,
m a n g a n e s e , c h r o m i t e s e t c ) o r N o n - F e r r o u s ( e . g .
G o l d , s i l v e r e t c . )

6. Gypsum

8. Every Child Born Will Need ……

9. Extraction Of
Minerals
Mining
Drilling
Quarrying

10. • Mining can be of two types:
Open-cast mining, also known as open-pit mining
and open-cut mining, refers to a method of extracting
minerals by removing them from an open burrow near
the surface. The pits are typically enlarged until the
resource is exhausted.
Shaft mining or Shaft sinking is a method of making
a vertical or near-vertical tunnel/bore in order to reach
great depths where there was initially no access to the
bottom.
• Sometimes deep wells are bored in the ground with
the help of a rig. This is called Drilling. It is used
usually for extracting petroleum and natural gas.
• Minerals that lie near the surface are simply dug out
in the process of Quarrying. It involves digging,
cutting and blasting.

14. Power or energy is the strength and
vitality, derived from the utilization of
physical or chemical resources, which is
required for work.
Types of Resource:
 Conventional
 Non-Conventional

16. Convent ional
so u rc es o f
energ y are t he
nat u ral
reso u rc es whic h
have been u sed
f o r a lo ng t im e.
Mo st o f t hese
reso u rc es are
no n- renewable.
E. g . -
• Firewood
• Coal
• Pet roleum

17. Firewood is mainly used for cooking and heating.
More than 50% of energy used by villagers come
from it.
Coal, also called Black Diamond or Buried
Sunshine, is used as domestic and industrial fuel.
It also has applications in steel and cement
manufacturing. The leading producers of coal are
China, USA, Germany, Russia, South Africa and
France.
Petroleum (Crude Oil or Black Gold) is used for
making various petrochemicals like petrol, diesel,
kerosene, wax, plastics and lubricants. Its chief
producers are Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, USA,
Russia, Venezuela, Algeria and Qatar.
Natural Gas, also called swamp or marsh gas, is
found in Russia, Norway, UK and Netherlands. It is
used for heating, electricity generation, making
vehicular fuel and manufacturing organic
substances.

18. These are the
resources which have
come up due to the
shortage of
conventional resource.
Generally, they are
renewable and eco-
friendly.
E.g.-
• Wind Energy
• Solar Energy
• Tidal Energy
• Geothermal Energy

19. It can be produced by harnessing wind power. It is used for
operating water pumps, grinding grains, electricity generation
and irrigation purposes. India has second position in wind
power energy generation. Approximately 2756 wind pumps
has been set up. In seven states, wind power operated power
houses have been installed and their capacity is 1000 MW. It
is clean and electricity production cost is low. However, it
causes noise, may disturb radio and T.V. signals. It can also
harm birds. Wind farms are found in Netherlands, Germany,
Denmark, UK, USA and Spain.

20. Energy produced through the sunlight is
called solar energy. Photovoltaic cells can
convert sunlight into electricity. In year
1999-2000, 975 villages were illuminated
through this energy. Many solar-powered
gadgets have come to the market. Solar
energy is also used for cooking, heating
water, distillation of water etc. Though it is
non-polluting, it is expensive and a
diffused source so gets wasted.

21. Energy produced by exploiting the tidal
waves of the sea or river is called tidal
energy. Due to the absence of cost effective
technology and difficult harnessing process,
this source has not yet been trapped.
Moreover, it destroys wildlife. Russia,
France and India have huge tidal mills.

22. Heat energy obtained from the Earth is called Geothermal
Energy. In form of hot springs it is used for cooking,
heating, electricity generation and bathing. But it is usually
located far away from cities and so costly to transport. USA,
New Zealand, Iceland and Philippines have many such
plants.

23. Resource conservation refers to balanced,
careful and judicious utilization of resources
for saving them for future generations without
compromising the present need. We should
practice the principles of Sustainable
Development. If all of us join our hands, it can
defintely help a lot!