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The document provides an overview of the innate immune system, including its cellular and humoral components that provide non-specific protection against pathogens. It describes the anatomical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes, as well as chemical and biological defenses such as sweat, mucus, and normal flora. Key cellular components that provide innate immunity are described as neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells. The mechanisms of phagocytosis and intracellular killing within these cells are summarized, including respiratory burst and the generation of reactive oxygen species to kill internalized pathogens.
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INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONS OF LEUKOCYTES
NEUTROPHILS
NEUTROPHIL FORMATION
NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS
MARGINATION & DIAPEDESIS
CHEMOTAXIS
OPSONIZATION
ANTIMICROBIAL SYSTEM
NEUTROPHIL ABNORMALITIES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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The document summarizes key aspects of the immune system. It describes how the immune system is made up of cells that develop in primary lymphoid organs like the bone marrow and thymus. Mature cells then travel to secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes and spleen. These organs contain various white blood cells that participate in immune responses, developing from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow through processes like apoptosis and regulation by genes and cytokines.
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Phagocytosis is the process by which phagocytes engulf and destroy harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead cells. The main phagocytes are neutrophils and macrophages. Phagocytosis involves four stages: attachment, engulfment, degranulation, and killing. Opsonins like IgG and C3b coat pathogens to help phagocytes recognize and attach to them. The phagocyte then forms pseudopods to envelop and engulf the particle. Degranulation releases lysosomal enzymes that kill pathogens through oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms.
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The lymphatic system transports lymph fluid and immune cells through the body. It includes lymph nodes, which filter lymph and contain lymphocytes, and lymphatic vessels that drain lymph from tissues into the bloodstream. The lymphatic system works with the circulatory system and contains two types of lymphoid organs - primary organs like the bone marrow and thymus that develop immune cells, and secondary organs like the spleen and lymph nodes that filter pathogens and activate immune responses. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that recognize and bind to pathogens, marking them for destruction by immune cells and complement proteins in the blood. They have a diverse structure that allows the immune system to recognize many different antigens.
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1. Induced innate immunity begins 4-96 hours after exposure to pathogens and involves the recruitment of defense cells through cytokines and chemokines produced in response to pathogen recognition.
2. Cytokines are small proteins released by cells in response to stimuli that induce responses by binding to receptors, acting in autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manners. Chemokines are a class of cytokines that induce cell migration.
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- Major cellular components
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Complement Proteins
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Fever (pyrogens)
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INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONS OF LEUKOCYTES
NEUTROPHILS
NEUTROPHIL FORMATION
NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS
MARGINATION & DIAPEDESIS
CHEMOTAXIS
OPSONIZATION
ANTIMICROBIAL SYSTEM
NEUTROPHIL ABNORMALITIES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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Neutrophils, or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), are the most abundant type of white blood cell and play a key role in the innate immune system. PMNs are produced continuously in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream before migrating to sites of infection or inflammation. PMN migration involves rolling, firm adhesion, and transmigration through the endothelium and epithelium guided by cellular adhesion molecules and chemoattractants such as interleukin-8 and leukotriene B4. Upon activation at sites of infection, PMNs phagocytose pathogens and release toxic granule contents and reactive oxygen species to fight infection.
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This document discusses the different types of immune cells. It describes lymphocytes including B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells. It also discusses mononuclear phagocytes such as monocytes and macrophages. Granulocytic cells including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are also covered. The document concludes by briefly mentioning mast cells, dendritic cells, and follicular dendritic cells.
Immune system-overviewdoc3188-1
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The document discusses bacterial antigens, which are molecules found on bacterial surfaces that are detected by the human body's immune cells like macrophages and B cells. When B cells detect antigens, they create antibodies to mark bacteria for destruction. There are primary antibodies gathered from animals and secondary antibodies that can be tagged with fluorescent markers. While antigens allow bacteria to be detected by the human immune system, they may remain on bacteria for important functions like inter-bacterial communication through quorum sensing or because some antigens are critical for bacterial survival and highly conserved.
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The document discusses key aspects of the immune system, including:
1) Lymphocytes like T cells, B cells, and NK cells exist with diverse antigen receptors before exposure to allow recognition of a wide range of foreign antigens.
2) Antigens trigger proliferation and differentiation of antigen-specific lymphocytes.
3) Primary lymphoid organs like the bone marrow and thymus support lymphocyte development while secondary organs like lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue induce immune responses.
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Cells of the immune system, Overview of immune cells. Immune cells
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CELL 1.pptxCell diffintion and function of cell and structure and types of cell
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All living things are composed of cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of life. Each cell needs nutrients and oxygen, produces energy, eliminates waste, and maintains homeostasis. Cells form tissues like muscle and nerve tissue, which then combine to form organs like the heart, liver and kidneys. Systems of organs work together to perform functions like digestion. The document then describes the structure and functions of key cellular components like the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles. It discusses cellular processes like protein synthesis and energy production in mitochondria.1.1 philippe sansonetti
1) Bacteria that normally live in the gut can have either symbiotic or pathogenic relationships with their human host. Pathogenic bacteria produce virulence factors that subvert the host's immune defenses, while symbiotic bacteria may secrete regulatory molecules that modulate immunity.
2) The human microbiota interacts with multiple organ systems beyond the gut, influencing metabolism, inflammation, and other physiological processes through molecular signals. Understanding these host-microbiota interactions could lead to new treatments.
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The document summarizes cell injury, adaptation, and death. It discusses various types of cell death including necrosis, apoptosis, necrapoptosis, and anoikis. Causes of cell injury include internal stresses and external factors. Cells can respond to injury through recovery, adaptation mechanisms like atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and storage, or death. Adaptation responses aim to restore homeostasis. The stages of cell injury and mechanisms of apoptosis and necrosis are described in detail.
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MIỄN DỊCH BÀI 1
- 1. Eugene P. Mayer Office: Bldg. #2, Rm. B18 Phone: 733-3281 Email: MAYER@MED.SC.EDU
- 2. Overview of the Immune System Interactions between the two systems Immune System Innate (Nonspecific) 1 o line of defense Adaptive (Specific) 2 o line of defense Protects/re-exposure Cellular Components Humoral Components Cellular Components Humoral Components
- 4. Cells of the Immune System Immune System Myeloid Cells Lymphoid Cells Granulocytic Monocytic T cells B cells Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils Macrophages Kupffer cells Dendritic cells Helper cells Suppressor cells Cytotoxic cells Plasma cells NK cells
- 5. Development of the Immune System ery pl mye neu m φ lym nk thy CD8 + CD4 + CTL TH2 TH1
- 7. Infection and Immunity Balance infection immunity Bolus of infection x virulence immunity Disease =
- 10. Overview of the Immune System Immune System Innate (Nonspecific) Adaptive (Specific) Cellular Components Humoral Components Cellular Components Humoral Components
- 12. Anatomical Barriers - Mechanical Factors System or Organ Cell type Mechanism Skin Squamous epithelium Physical barrier Desquamation Mucous Membranes Non-ciliated epithelium ( e.g. GI tract) Peristalsis Ciliated epithelium ( e.g. respiratory tract) Mucociliary elevator Epithelium ( e.g. nasopharynx) Flushing action of tears, saliva, mucus, urine
- 13. Anatomical Barriers - Chemical Factors System or Organ Component Mechanism Skin Sweat Anti-microbial fatty acids Mucous Membranes HCl (parietal cells) Tears and saliva Low pH Lysozyme and phospholipase A Defensins (respiratory & GI tract) Antimicrobial Sufactants (lung) Opsonin
- 14. Anatomical Barriers - Biological Factors System or Organ Component Mechanism Skin and mucous membranes Normal flora Antimicrobial substances Competition for nutrients and colonization
- 15. Humoral Components Component Mechanism Complement Lysis of bacteria and some viruses Opsonin Increase in vascular permeability Recruitment and activation of phagocytic cells Coagulation system Increase vascular permeability Recruitment of phagocytic cells Β -lysin from platelets – a cationic detergent Lactoferrin and transferrin Compete with bacteria for iron Lysozyme Breaks down bacterial cell walls Cytokines Various effects
- 16. Cellular Components Cell Functions Neutrophils Phagocytosis and intracellular killing Inflammation and tissue damage Macrophages Phagocytosis and intracellular killing Extracellular killing of infected or altered self targets Tissue repair Antigen presentation for specific immune response NK and LAK cells Killing of virus-infected and altered self targets Eosinophils Killing of certain parasites
- 17. Phagocytosis and Intracellular Killing
- 19. Characteristics of Neutrophil Granules primary granules contain cationic proteins, lysozyme, defensins, elastase and myeloperoxidase secondary granules contain lysozyme, NADPH oxidase components, lactoferrin and B12-binding protein azurophilic; characteristic of young neutrophils; specific for mature neutrophils
- 22. Attachment via Receptors: IgG FcR ScavengerR Complement R Toll-like R Initiation of Phagocytosis
- 24. Respiratory Burst Oxygen-Dependent Myeloperoxidase-Independent Reactions Toxic compounds – Superoxide anion (O 2 - ), Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), Singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) and Hydroxyl radical (OH*) Pentose-P + NADPH G-6-P-dehydrogenase Glucose +NADP + NADPH oxidase Cytochrome b558 NADP + + O 2 - NADPH + O 2 Superoxide dismutase H 2 O 2 + 1 O 2 2O 2 - + 2H + 2O 2 - + H 2 O 2 OH* + OH - + 1 O 2
- 25. Respiratory Burst Oxygen-Dependent Myeloperoxidase-Dependent Reactions myeloperoxidase OCl - + H 2 O H 2 O 2 + Cl - 2OCl - + H 2 O 1 O 2 + Cl - + H 2 O Toxic compounds – Hypochlorous acid (OCl - ), and Singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 )
- 26. Respiratory Burst Detoxification Reactions H 2 O 2 + O 2 Superoxide dismutase H 2 O + O 2 Catalase 2O 2 - + 2H + 2 H 2 O 2
- 27. Oxygen-Independent Killing in the Phagolysosome Effector Molecule Function Cationic proteins (cathepsin) Damage to microbial membranes Lysozyme Hydrolyses mucopeptides in the cell wall Lactoferrin Deprives pathogens of iron Hydrolytic enzymes (proteases) Digests killed organisms
- 28. Summary of Intracellular Killing Pathways Intracellular Killing Oxygen Dependent Oxygen Independent Myleoperoxidase Dependent Myleoperoxidase Independent
- 29. Nitric Oxide Dependent Killing IFN γ TNF TNF Nitric Oxide Nitric Oxide
- 32. Lymphokine Activated Killer (LAK) cell IL2 IFN IFN IL2 kills malignant cells kills transformed and malignant cells