This document analyzes the relationship between language gender marking and gender wage gaps among immigrants in multiple destination countries. It finds that:
1) Immigrants from countries with higher linguistic gender marking tend to have higher adjusted gender wage gaps in their destination country.
2) Immigrants experiencing a lower level of gender marking in their destination country compared to their home country also have higher adjusted gender wage gaps.
3) These results suggest that the gender marking characteristics of an immigrant's home language may influence the gender wage gap they experience, even after migrating to a new country.
Differences in earnings between men and women differ across time and countries. Yet, explanations for these changes, after taking into account worker characteristics, are lacking. In this research we study the relation between differences in earnings and movements in the labor market in transition countries. We find that periods of high churning are related to larger gender wage gaps.
Women in transition experienced a large fall in their employment rates, and since the turn of the century they fail to catch up. We explore the role played by cohort composition and the failure of the mechanisms that boosted female participation in advanced economies,
How (Not) to Make Women Work? Evidence from Transition CountriesGRAPE
We explore the reasons behind the fall of female employment rates in transition economies and compare them to the evolution in advanced economies. Using a large set of micro level databases, we find that the mechanisms that lead to an increasing female presence in the labor market (higher education and postponing marriage) do not seem to play a role in transition economies.
Migration responses to household income shocks: evidence from KyrgyzstanCGIAR
This presentation was given by Katrina Kosec (IFPRI), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
Migration responses to household income shocks: evidence from KyrgyzstanIFPRI-PIM
This presentation was given by Katrina Kosec (IFPRI), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
Differences in earnings between men and women differ across time and countries. Yet, explanations for these changes, after taking into account worker characteristics, are lacking. In this research we study the relation between differences in earnings and movements in the labor market in transition countries. We find that periods of high churning are related to larger gender wage gaps.
Women in transition experienced a large fall in their employment rates, and since the turn of the century they fail to catch up. We explore the role played by cohort composition and the failure of the mechanisms that boosted female participation in advanced economies,
How (Not) to Make Women Work? Evidence from Transition CountriesGRAPE
We explore the reasons behind the fall of female employment rates in transition economies and compare them to the evolution in advanced economies. Using a large set of micro level databases, we find that the mechanisms that lead to an increasing female presence in the labor market (higher education and postponing marriage) do not seem to play a role in transition economies.
Migration responses to household income shocks: evidence from KyrgyzstanCGIAR
This presentation was given by Katrina Kosec (IFPRI), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
Migration responses to household income shocks: evidence from KyrgyzstanIFPRI-PIM
This presentation was given by Katrina Kosec (IFPRI), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
The Impact of Official Bilingualism on the Geographic Mobility of New Brunswi...DataNB
New Brunswick has high rates of intra-provincial migration and outmigration. This study looked at the impact of second language acquisition on both types of migration.
When the opportunity knocks: large structural shocks and gender wage gapsGRAPE
Undergoing a large structural shock, labor markets may become less inclusive. We test for this thesis analyzing the behavior of adjusted gender wage gaps in a wide selection of transition countries. We estimate comparable measures of adjusted gender wage gaps for a comprehensive selection of transition countries over a period spanning nearly three decades. We combine these estimates with measures of labor market reallocation in transition economies. We identify the episodes of particularly large labor market reallocations and observe the behavior of the gender wage gaps subsequent these episodes, and exploit the discontinuity between the cohorts participating in the labor market prior to the onset of transition and cohorts of subsequent entrants. Our analysis reveals a distinctive role played by separations from the state-owned manufacturing firms, leading to greater adjusted gender wage gaps. In the medium run the adverse effects of separation hikes from this sector are even more pronounced.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Revisiting gender board diversity and firm performanceGRAPE
Cel: oszacować wpływ inkluzywności władz spółek na ich wyniki.
Co wiemy?
• Większość firm nie ma równosci płci w organach (ILO, 2015)
• Większość firm nie ma w ogóle kobiet we władzach
Demographic transition and the rise of wealth inequalityGRAPE
We study the contribution of rising longevity to the rise of wealth inequality in the U.S. over the last seventy years. We construct an OLG model with multiple sources of inequality, closely calibrated to the data. Our main finding is that improvements in old-age longevity explain about 30% of the observed rise in wealth inequality. This magnitude is similar to previously emphasized channels associated with income inequality and the tax system. The contribution of demographics is bound to raise wealth inequality further in the decades to come.
(Gender) tone at the top: the effect of board diversity on gender inequalityGRAPE
The research explores to what extent the presence of women on board affects gender inequality downstream. We find that increasing presence reduces gender inequality. To avoid reverse causality, we propose a new instrument: the share of household consumption in total output. We extend the analysis to recover the effect of a single woman on board (tokenism(
Gender board diversity spillovers and the public eyeGRAPE
A range of policy recommendations mandating gender board quotas is based on the idea that "women help women". We analyze potential gender diversity spillovers from supervisory to top managerial positions over three decades in Europe. Contrary to previous studies which worked with stock listed firms or were region locked, we use a large data base of roughly 2 000 000 firms. We find evidence that women do not help women in corporate Europe, unless the firm is stock listed. Only within public firms, going from no woman to at least one woman on supervisory position is associated with a 10-15% higher probability of appointing at least one woman to the executive position. This pattern aligns with various managerial theories, suggesting that external visibility influences corporate gender diversity practices. The study implies that diversity policies, while impactful in public firms, have limited
effectiveness in promoting gender diversity in corporate Europe.
Tone at the top: the effects of gender board diversity on gender wage inequal...GRAPE
We address the gender wage gap in Europe, focusing on the impact of female representation in executive and non-executive boards. We use a novel dataset to identify gender board diversity across European firms, which covers a comprehensive sample of private firms in addition to publicly listed ones. Our study spans three waves of the Structure of Earnings Survey, covering 26 countries and multiple industries. Despite low prevalence of female representation and the complex nature of gender wage inequality, our findings reveal a robust causal link: increased gender diversity significantly decreases the adjusted gender wage gap. We also demonstrate that to meaningfully impact gender wage gaps, the presence of a single female representative in leadership is insufficient.
Gender board diversity spillovers and the public eyeGRAPE
A range of policy recommendations mandating gender board quotas is based on the idea that "women help women". We analyze potential gender diversity spillovers from supervisory to top managerial positions over three decades in Europe. Contrary to previous studies which worked with stock listed firms or were region locked, we use a large data base of roughly 2 000 000 firms. We find evidence that women do not help women in corporate Europe, unless the firm is stock listed. Only within public firms, going from no woman to at least one woman on supervisory position is associated with a 10-15\% higher probability of appointing at least one woman to the executive position. This pattern aligns with the Public Eye Managerial Theory, suggesting that external visibility influences corporate gender diversity practices. The study implies that diversity policies, while impactful in public firms, have limited effectiveness in promoting gender diversity in corporate Europe.
The Impact of Official Bilingualism on the Geographic Mobility of New Brunswi...DataNB
New Brunswick has high rates of intra-provincial migration and outmigration. This study looked at the impact of second language acquisition on both types of migration.
When the opportunity knocks: large structural shocks and gender wage gapsGRAPE
Undergoing a large structural shock, labor markets may become less inclusive. We test for this thesis analyzing the behavior of adjusted gender wage gaps in a wide selection of transition countries. We estimate comparable measures of adjusted gender wage gaps for a comprehensive selection of transition countries over a period spanning nearly three decades. We combine these estimates with measures of labor market reallocation in transition economies. We identify the episodes of particularly large labor market reallocations and observe the behavior of the gender wage gaps subsequent these episodes, and exploit the discontinuity between the cohorts participating in the labor market prior to the onset of transition and cohorts of subsequent entrants. Our analysis reveals a distinctive role played by separations from the state-owned manufacturing firms, leading to greater adjusted gender wage gaps. In the medium run the adverse effects of separation hikes from this sector are even more pronounced.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Revisiting gender board diversity and firm performanceGRAPE
Cel: oszacować wpływ inkluzywności władz spółek na ich wyniki.
Co wiemy?
• Większość firm nie ma równosci płci w organach (ILO, 2015)
• Większość firm nie ma w ogóle kobiet we władzach
Demographic transition and the rise of wealth inequalityGRAPE
We study the contribution of rising longevity to the rise of wealth inequality in the U.S. over the last seventy years. We construct an OLG model with multiple sources of inequality, closely calibrated to the data. Our main finding is that improvements in old-age longevity explain about 30% of the observed rise in wealth inequality. This magnitude is similar to previously emphasized channels associated with income inequality and the tax system. The contribution of demographics is bound to raise wealth inequality further in the decades to come.
(Gender) tone at the top: the effect of board diversity on gender inequalityGRAPE
The research explores to what extent the presence of women on board affects gender inequality downstream. We find that increasing presence reduces gender inequality. To avoid reverse causality, we propose a new instrument: the share of household consumption in total output. We extend the analysis to recover the effect of a single woman on board (tokenism(
Gender board diversity spillovers and the public eyeGRAPE
A range of policy recommendations mandating gender board quotas is based on the idea that "women help women". We analyze potential gender diversity spillovers from supervisory to top managerial positions over three decades in Europe. Contrary to previous studies which worked with stock listed firms or were region locked, we use a large data base of roughly 2 000 000 firms. We find evidence that women do not help women in corporate Europe, unless the firm is stock listed. Only within public firms, going from no woman to at least one woman on supervisory position is associated with a 10-15% higher probability of appointing at least one woman to the executive position. This pattern aligns with various managerial theories, suggesting that external visibility influences corporate gender diversity practices. The study implies that diversity policies, while impactful in public firms, have limited
effectiveness in promoting gender diversity in corporate Europe.
Tone at the top: the effects of gender board diversity on gender wage inequal...GRAPE
We address the gender wage gap in Europe, focusing on the impact of female representation in executive and non-executive boards. We use a novel dataset to identify gender board diversity across European firms, which covers a comprehensive sample of private firms in addition to publicly listed ones. Our study spans three waves of the Structure of Earnings Survey, covering 26 countries and multiple industries. Despite low prevalence of female representation and the complex nature of gender wage inequality, our findings reveal a robust causal link: increased gender diversity significantly decreases the adjusted gender wage gap. We also demonstrate that to meaningfully impact gender wage gaps, the presence of a single female representative in leadership is insufficient.
Gender board diversity spillovers and the public eyeGRAPE
A range of policy recommendations mandating gender board quotas is based on the idea that "women help women". We analyze potential gender diversity spillovers from supervisory to top managerial positions over three decades in Europe. Contrary to previous studies which worked with stock listed firms or were region locked, we use a large data base of roughly 2 000 000 firms. We find evidence that women do not help women in corporate Europe, unless the firm is stock listed. Only within public firms, going from no woman to at least one woman on supervisory position is associated with a 10-15\% higher probability of appointing at least one woman to the executive position. This pattern aligns with the Public Eye Managerial Theory, suggesting that external visibility influences corporate gender diversity practices. The study implies that diversity policies, while impactful in public firms, have limited effectiveness in promoting gender diversity in corporate Europe.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large New Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economies, we use this model to provide comparative statics across past and contemporaneous age structures of the working population. Thus, we quantify the extent to which the response of labor markets to adverse TFP shocks and monetary policy shocks becomes muted with the aging of the working population. Our findings have important policy implications for European labor markets and beyond. For example, the working population is expected to further age in Europe, whereas the share of young workers will remain robust in the US. Our results suggest a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle. Furthermore, with the aging population, lowering inflation volatility is less costly in terms of higher unemployment volatility. It suggests that optimal monetary policy should be more hawkish in the older society.
Evidence concerning inequality in ability to realize aspirations is prevalent: overall, in specialized segments of the labor market, in self-employment and high-aspirations environments. Empirical literature and public debate are full of case studies and comprehensive empirical studies documenting the paramount gap between successful individuals (typically ethnic majority men) and those who are less likely to “make it” (typically ethnic minority and women). So far the drivers of these disparities and their consequences have been studied much less intensively, due to methodological constraints and shortage of appropriate data. This project proposes significant innovations to overcome both types of barriers and push the frontier of the research agenda on equality in reaching aspirations.
Overall, project is interdisciplinary, combining four fields: management, economics, quantitative methods and psychology. An important feature of this project is that it offers a diversified methodological perspective, combining applied microeconometrics, as well as experimental methods.
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just what'sapp this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
+12349014282
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the what'sapp contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
+12349014282
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the what'sapp contact of my personal pi vendor
+12349014282
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the what'sapp number of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Message: +12349014282 VIA Whatsapp.
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
This presentation poster infographic delves into the multifaceted impacts of globalization through the lens of Nike, a prominent global brand. It explores how globalization has reshaped Nike's supply chain, marketing strategies, and cultural influence worldwide, examining both the benefits and challenges associated with its global expansion.
PPrreesseenntteedd bbyy:: GGrroouupp 66
GGlloobbaalliizzaattiioonn
o f
PP
oo
ll
yy
ee
ss
tt
ee
rr
RR
uu
bb
bb
ee
rr
EE
tt
hh
yy
ll
ee
nn
ee
VV
ii
nn
yy
ll
AA
cc
ee
tt
aa
tt
ee
GG
ee
nn
uu
ii
nn
ee
LL
ee
aa
tt
hh
ee
rr
SS
yy
nn
tt
hh
ee
tt
ii
cc
LL
ee
aa
tt
hh
ee
rr
CC
oo
tt
tt
oo
nn
C
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
I
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
Ni
k
e
h
a
s
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
7
0
0
s
h
o
p
s
i
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
w
i
t
h
w
o
r
l
d
w
i
d
e,
w
h
e
r
e
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
offi
c
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
fa
c
t
o
r
y
o
u
t
l
e
t
s
a
r
e
fo
u
n
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
m
i
s
e
s
of
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
4
5
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s.
AAuussttrraalliiaa
China
India
IInnddoonneessiiaa
TThhaaiillaanndd
TTuurrkkeeyy
USA
VViieettnnaamm
NNiikkee SSuuppppllyy CChhaaiinn
RRuubbbbeerr,, FFaabbrriicc
aanndd ootthheerr rraaww
mmaatteerriiaallss
Shoe
MMaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg
aanndd AAsssseemmbbllyy
MMaarrkkeettiinngg
SSppoorrttiinngg ggooooddss,,
ddeevveellooppmmeenntt
aanndd SShhooee ssttoorreess
OOnnlliinnee,, CCaattaalloogg
aanndd ootthheerr rreettaaiill
NNiikkee bbrraannddeedd
shoes
PPrroodduucctt
ddeevveellooppmmeenntt
CCuussttoommeerr nneeeeddss//wwaannttss ffeeeeddbbaacckk
NNiikk
Nike Supply Chain
Globalization of Nike
Nike Manufacturing Process
Rubber Materials Nike
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Nike
Genuine Leather Nike
Synthetic Leather Nike
Cotton in Nike Apparel
Nike Shops Worldwide
Nike Manufacturing Countries
Cold Cement Assembly Nike
3D Printing Nike Shoes
Nike Product Development
Nike Marketing Strategies
Nike Customer Feedback
Nike Distribution Centers
Automation in Nike Manufacturing
Nike Consumer Direct Acceleration
Nike Logistics and Transport
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the what'sapp information for my personal pi vendor.
+12349014282
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...
Migration and language gender marking
1. Migration and language gender marking
Migration and language gender marking
An analysis of gender wage gaps
Joanna Tyrowicz and Lucas van der Velde
Warsaw School of Economics
FAME|GRAPE
Western Economic Association International
June 2018
2. Migration and language gender marking
Introduction
Introduction
Gender language marking → higher gender inequality
Santacreu-Vasut et al. (2013, 2014), Tyrowicz et al. (2015), Hicks et al. (2015),
Mavisakalyan (2015)
but...
cross-sectional evidence confounds cultural and institutional factors
single country studies of migrants solve this issue
→ So far, only with US data
→ What about interactions? Representative?
3. Migration and language gender marking
Introduction
Our contribution
We test the role of language marking in explaining gender wage gaps
(GWG) among immigrants
Comparable measures of GWG from migrants in several destination
countries
“Epidemiological” approach
(Fern´andez and Fogli 2009, Blau 2015)
Multicountry-multilanguage analysis
4. Migration and language gender marking
Introduction
Gender wage gap of immigrants to Canada
0
.1
.2
.3
.4
Genderwagegapbetweenmigrants
No distinctions Strong distinction
Linguistic gender marking at home
Provinces: English speaking French speaking
5. Migration and language gender marking
Languages
Why would language affect gender inequality?
→ Indirect effects: language as a proxy for slow moving cultural
characteristics
(Gay et al. 2017, Mavisakalyan and Weber 2017)
Correlates with opinions on role of women WVS
→ Direct effects: language shapes how we perceive reality
(Chen 2013, Mavisakalyan et al. 2018)
E.g. Masculine and feminine nouns → bridges and keys
(Borodistky, Schmidt and Phillips 2002)
Language proximity can drive migration flows
(Alcia and Mariola 2015)
6. Migration and language gender marking
Languages
How to measure language gender marking?
We use data from the World Atlas of Language Structures
Santacreu-Vasut et al. (2013, 2014), Tyrowicz et al. (2015), Hicks et al. (2015)
1 Number of Genders (NG)
→ The language has 2 genders
2 Sex Based (SB)
→ Genders are connected to biological sex
3 Gender Assignment (GA)
→ Language has semantic and phonetic gender assignment
4 Gender Pronouns (GP)
→ Language has male and female personal pronouns
Descriptive statistics
7. Migration and language gender marking
Measuring gender wage gap
Data sources
Census data
Brazil (2015 – IPUMSI); Canada (2011 – IPUMSI); USA (2016 – ACS)
Labor Force Survey
France (2008-2013); UK (2010-2015)
Our database
∼ 5.7 million individual observations
of which ∼ 0.2 million are migrants
representing 95 unique origin countries
and 166 country pairs (origin+destination)
Details
8. Migration and language gender marking
Measuring gender wage gap
Method
We apply ˜Nopo (2008) non-parametric decomposition to hourly wages.
Raw gap = ∆X + ∆A + ∆M + ∆W
where
∆X : explained component
∆A: unexplained / adjusted component
∆M : component due to Men different than Women in the sample
∆W : component due to Women different than Men in the sample
Control variables: age group, education (3 levels) and marital status.
9. Migration and language gender marking
Measuring gender wage gap
The identification problem
Wages for individual k of gender g from country i living in j:
wagek,g,i,j = α(x) + θg,j (x) + θi,j + ηg,i,j + k,g,i,j
where
α(x): related to productivity of observed characteristics (x)
θg,j (x): gender penalty in j for individuals with characteristics (x)
θi,j (x): country specific penalty for migrants
ηg,i,j : is what we are interested in
→ a gender penalty specific for country of origin & destination
→ includes effects of culture
k,g,i,j is a random error.
10. Migration and language gender marking
Measuring gender wage gap
The identification problem
GWG for migrants from the same country equals:
E(WageM,i,j − WageW ,i,j ) = α(xM − xW )
Explained (∆X )
+ θg,j (x) + ηg,i,j
Unexplained (∆A)
If migrants from different countries had same (x), then
θg,j (x) = θj (x)
Variation in ∆A only due to ηg,i,j
This assumption is unrealistic Example
11. Migration and language gender marking
Measuring gender wage gap
The identification problem
How to recover θg,i,j (x)?
We estimate ˆθg,j (x) from the native population
We obtain two counterfactual wage distributions:
1 Native men’s wage with same X’s as women from i → W c
m
2 Native women’s wage with same X’s as women from i → W c
w
ˆθg,j (x) = E(W c
m) − E(W c
w )
X’s correspond to migrant women in the common support. All estimates were
obtained via ˜Nopo (2008)
12. Migration and language gender marking
Measuring gender wage gap
Final specification
∆A,i,j = β0 + β1language gender marking + β2
ˆθg,j (x) + βZi,j + ε
where
∆A,i,j : adjusted gender wage gap for migrant from i living in j
β1: the parameter of interest
β2: deviations with respect to the average GWG in country j
Z: a vector of controls for origin and host countries’ characteristics
(education, fertility, GDP) and pair characteristics (distance,
common official language)
13. Migration and language gender marking
Results
A brief look into gender wage gap among migrants (I)
Adjusted gender wage gap among migrants by destination country
0
.2
.4
.6
.8
Not 2 Only 2
Number of genders
0
.2
.4
.6
.8
No Yes
Sex−based distinction
0
.2
.4
.6
.8
Semantic Sem. and phonetic
Gender assignment
0
.2
.4
.6
.8
No Yes, all persons
Gender pronouns
Adjustedgenderwagegap
Notes Estimates of the adjusted gender wage gap obtained via Nopo decomposition.
Controls include age, education and marital status. Observations with values higher than
1 (n=12) not reported. Characteristics refer to language of origin.
14. Migration and language gender marking
Results
A brief look into gender wage gap among migrants (II)
Adjusted gender wage gap among migrants by destination country
0
.2
.4
.6
.8
Adjustedgenderwagegapbetweenmigrants
BRA CAN FCN FRA GBR USA
Notes Estimates of the adjusted gender wage gap obtained via Nopo decomposition.
Controls include age, education and marital status. Observations with values higher than
1 (n=12) not reported. FCN stands for French Canada (Quebec).
15. Migration and language gender marking
Results
Does language matter?
Variables Adjusted gender wage gap
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Number of genders -0.09 -0.07 -0.09 -0.06
(0.22) (0.34) (0.26) (0.39)
Sex-Based -0.03 -0.10 -0.08 -0.15
(0.72) (0.23) (0.47) (0.14)
Gender Assignment 0.15** 0.13* 0.16 0.16*
(0.05) (0.08) (0.12) (0.07)
Gender Pronouns -0.06 -0.05 -0.08 -0.04
(0.37) (0.48) (0.28) (0.58)
Destination FE Y Y Y Y
Home charact. N Y N Y
Country pair vars N N Y Y
Observations 156 144 156 144
R-squared 0.12 0.18 0.13 0.18
F-test (p) 0.488 0.163
Notes: Robust p-values in parenthesis. F-test(p) is the p-value of a joint significance test for
country pair variables. In Column 3 (4) the restricted model is 1 (2).
16. Migration and language gender marking
Results
Home and destination interactions
Variables Adjusted gender wage gap
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Gender assignment (home) 0.15* 0.15** 0.16* 0.22**
(0.05) (0.04) (0.06) (0.01)
Gender Assignment (destination) -0.05 -0.05 -0.06 -0.07
(0.36) (0.37) (0.33) (0.29)
Lower G.A. in destination -0.06 -0.13 -0.09 -0.21*
(0.49) (0.16) (0.36) (0.06)
Destination FE N N N N
Home charact. N Y N Y
Country pair vars N N Y Y
Observations 155 143 155 143
R-squared 0.11 0.30 0.12 0.33
F-test (p) 0.845 0.164
Notes: Robust p-values in parenthesis.F-test(p) is the p-value of a joint significance test for
country pair variables. In Column 3 (4) the restricted model is 1 (2).
17. Migration and language gender marking
Conclusions
Concluding remarks
Linguistic gender marking offers a new light into gender disparities in
economics
Migrants from countries with higher distinction→ higher GWG in
destination
Lower marking destinations → lower migrants GWG
Effect is large, but noisy
18. Migration and language gender marking
Conclusions
Last slide
Questions or comments?
Lucas van der Velde
Contact: lvandervelde@grape.org.pl
19. Migration and language gender marking
References
Alcia, A. and Mariola, P.: 2015, The role of language in shaping international
migration, The Economic Journal 125(586), F49–F81.
Blau, F. D.: 2015, Immigrants and gender roles: assimilation vs. culture, IZA Journal
of Migration 4(1), 23.
Chen, M. K.: 2013, The effect of language on economic behavior: Evidence from
savings rates, health behaviors, and retirement assets, American Economic Review
103(2), 690–731.
Fern´andez, R. and Fogli, A.: 2009, Culture: An empirical investigation of beliefs,
work, and fertility, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 1(1), 146–77.
Gay, V., Hicks, D. L., Santacreu-Vasut, E. and Shoham, A.: 2017, Decomposing
culture: An analysis of gender, language, and labor supply in the household, Review
of Economics of the Household pp. 1–31.
Hicks, D. L., Santacreu-Vasut, E. and Shoham, A.: 2015, Does mother tongue make
for women’s work? Linguistics, household labor, and gender identity, Journal of
Economic Behavior & Organization 110, 19–44.
Mavisakalyan, A.: 2015, Gender in language and gender in employment, Oxford
Development Studies 43(4), 403–424.
Mavisakalyan, A., Tarverdi, Y. and Weber, C.: 2018, Talking in the present, caring for
the future: Language and environment, Journal of Comparative Economics .
Mavisakalyan, A. and Weber, C.: 2017, Linguistic structures and economic outcomes,
Journal of Economic Surveys .
˜Nopo, H.: 2008, Matching as a tool to decompose wage gaps, The review of
economics and statistics 90(2), 290–299.
20. Migration and language gender marking
Appendix
Santacreu-Vasut, E., Shenkar, O. and Shoham, A.: 2014, Linguistic gender marking
and its international business ramifications, Journal of International Business
Studies 45(9), 1170–1178.
Santacreu-Vasut, E., Shoham, A. and Gay, V.: 2013, Do female/male distinctions in
language matter? evidence from gender political quotas, Applied Economics Letters
20(5), 495–498.
Tyrowicz, J., van der Velde, L. and Siwinska, J.: 2015, Language and (the estimates
of) the gender wage gap, Economics Letters 136, 165–170.
21. Migration and language gender marking
Appendix
Language gender marking and opinions on women’s role
Women earns more creates conflict
Child suffers when mother works
University + important for boys
Work mom good relation w.child
Being a housewife is fulfilling
−.2 −.1 0 .1 .2
Notes: Data on poportion of people agreeing with statements come from World
Value Survey (all waves). Wave fixed effects are included in all regressions.
Back
22. Migration and language gender marking
Appendix
Linguistic gender marking in our sample
# % Common outcomes Example
NG SB GA GP (=0)
Number genders (NG) 62 1 Polish
Sex-based (SB) 131 0.58 1 Danish
Gender assignment (GA) 94 0.78 0.72 1 English
Gender pronouns (GP) 35 0.81 0.40 0.62 1 Italian
Notes
Spanish and Arabic are languges where all variables equal 1
Number of observations = 162. Languages might be counted several times
% common outcome = equal values
# of observations
Back
23. Migration and language gender marking
Appendix
Detailed sample selection
BRA CAN FCN FRA GBR USA
# observations 6405902 483752 154004 1236858 1010142 1994223
# migrants 12364 134665 24149 76681 89108 278465
Complete obs 7857 54874 3904 6894 11544 133177
Sufficient obs 6499 54874 3549 6632 9114 130857
# countries 14 15 11 11 27 86
Notes Complete obs. refers to observations from migrants with no missing data on age, ed-
ucation, marital status, hourly wages and country of origin. Sufficient obs. refers tomigrants
who, in addition to previous, are from countries with 48+ men and women. FCN stands for
French Canada (Quebec).
Back
24. Migration and language gender marking
Appendix
Comparison of Spanish and Hondurian migrants in US
Honduras Spain
Men Women Men Women
Differences in characteristics
Age 40.00 41.45 45.75 46.41
% secodary 0.48 0.44 0.37 0.34
% tertiary 0.21 0.32 0.52 0.58
% married 0.90 0.69 0.84 0.74
Differences in wages
Mean 16.51 13.70 30.13 20.94
Q1 9.80 7.50 11.76 9.57
Q2 13.24 10.99 18.82 14.26
Q3 19.61 16.32 31.75 22.88
Back
25. Migration and language gender marking
Appendix
Additional results
Variables Raw gender wage gap
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Number of Genders -0.12 -0.17* -0.12 -0.18*
(0.11) (0.06) (0.11) (0.05)
Sex Based -0.02 -0.04 -0.04 -0.02
(0.75) (0.65) (0.72) (0.85)
Gender Assignment 0.17** 0.17** 0.17* 0.16*
(0.03) (0.03) (0.10) (0.06)
Gender Pronouns -0.01 0.05 -0.00 0.08
(0.96) (0.67) (0.97) (0.52)
Destination FE Y Y Y Y
Home charact. N Y N Y
Country pair vars N N Y Y
Observations 156 144 156 144
R-squared 0.20 0.28 0.20 0.29
F-test (p) 0.83 0.55
Notes: Robust p-values in parenthesis. F-test(p) is the p-value of a joint significance test for
country pair variables. In Column 3 (4) the restricted model is 1 (2).