In this paper, a design of pattern reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna and its simulation using CSTMW simulator is presented. The designed antenna is also fabricated and tested. The design consists of microstrip patch printed on FR-4 substrate with a coaxial line feeding on the back of the antenna which is the active element. Two on-chip parasitic elements (OCPE) also are printed on FR-4 substrate, each of which connected through a via hole to the ground. The proposed design has the advantage of movable parasitic chip elements with the same motherboard to control the reconfigurable pattern direction as well as operating frequency. It is also have the advantages of parasitic elements rotation to fit reception/transmission required steering angle. The results obtained show that the steering angle of the main beam in the H-plane depends upon the dimension of the parasitic element substrate as well as the type of the patch antenna. The presented antenna is suitable for different application, including Wifi and WiMax systems.
Octa-band reconfigurable monopole antenna frequency diversity 5G wirelessIJECEIAES
An octa-band frequency-reconfigurable antenna (28×14×1.5 mm 3 ) with a broad tuning range is shown. Antenna mode1 (4.31 GHz) works in one single-band mode and two dual-band in modes 2 and 3 (i.e., 3.91 and 5.9 GHz) as well as one tri-band in mode 4 (i.e., 3.09, 5.65, and 7.92 GHz) based on the switching situation of the antenna. Changing capacitance for frequency reconfigurability is accomplished with the use of lumped components. The antenna’s observed tuning spans from 3.09 GHz to 7.92 GHz. for all the resonant bands, the suggested antenna has a voltage standing waves ratio (VSWR)<1.45 except for one band with a VSWR<1.85. From 70.57% to 97.93%, the suggested structure’s radiation efficiency may be calculated. For a better understanding proposed antenna’s far field and scattering characteristics, we used CST Microwave Studio 2021. We may conclude that our suggested antenna is suitable for today’s wireless applications, which need multiband and multimode small antennas. Using a small stainless-steel wire as a switch, a prototype of the antenna design is built and tested to verify the simulation findings. The suggested reconfigurable antenna’s strong concordance between simulated and measured findings.
A cellular base station antenna configuration for variable coverageIJECEIAES
The field coverage offered by the base station antenna in GSM systems influences the reception and interference performances. The coverage can be varied by scanning the mainbeam direction or varying the shape of the radiation pattern. In cellular system applications, a simple technique is desirable to achieve this goal. A simple technique to vary the coverage of cellular base station is investigated. The technique uses two conventional antennas tilted by a certain angle and fed by the same signal but at variable amplitudes. It is demonstrated that the field across one half of the covered sector can be gradually increased while that at the other half is reduced by varying the excitations of the two antenna elements. This can be deployed in a simple electronic means in response to the changing scenario rather readjusting the direction of the base station antenna.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Control Radiation Pattern for Half Width Microstrip Leaky Wave Antenna by Usi...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a novel design for single-layer half width microstrip leakywave antenna (HW-MLWA) is demonstrated. This model can be digitally control its radiation pattern at operation frequency and uses only two values of the bias voltage, with better impedance matching and insignificant gain variation. The scanning and controlling the radiation pattern of leaky-wave antennas (LWA) in steps at an operation frequency, by using switches PIN diodes, is investigated and a novel HW-MLWA is introduced. A control cell reconfigurable, that can be switched between two states, is the basic element of the antenna. The periodic LWA is molded by identical control cells where as a control radiation pattern is developed by combining numerous reconfigurable control cells. A gap capacitor is independently connected or disconnected in every unit cell by using a PIN diode switch to achieve fixedfrequency control radiation pattern scanning. The profile reactance at the free edge of (HWMLWA) and thus the main lobe direction is altered by changing the states of the control cell. The antenna presented in this paper, can scan main beam between 18o to 44o at fixed frequency of 4.2 GHz with measured peak gain of 12.29 dBi.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Octa-band reconfigurable monopole antenna frequency diversity 5G wirelessIJECEIAES
An octa-band frequency-reconfigurable antenna (28×14×1.5 mm 3 ) with a broad tuning range is shown. Antenna mode1 (4.31 GHz) works in one single-band mode and two dual-band in modes 2 and 3 (i.e., 3.91 and 5.9 GHz) as well as one tri-band in mode 4 (i.e., 3.09, 5.65, and 7.92 GHz) based on the switching situation of the antenna. Changing capacitance for frequency reconfigurability is accomplished with the use of lumped components. The antenna’s observed tuning spans from 3.09 GHz to 7.92 GHz. for all the resonant bands, the suggested antenna has a voltage standing waves ratio (VSWR)<1.45 except for one band with a VSWR<1.85. From 70.57% to 97.93%, the suggested structure’s radiation efficiency may be calculated. For a better understanding proposed antenna’s far field and scattering characteristics, we used CST Microwave Studio 2021. We may conclude that our suggested antenna is suitable for today’s wireless applications, which need multiband and multimode small antennas. Using a small stainless-steel wire as a switch, a prototype of the antenna design is built and tested to verify the simulation findings. The suggested reconfigurable antenna’s strong concordance between simulated and measured findings.
A cellular base station antenna configuration for variable coverageIJECEIAES
The field coverage offered by the base station antenna in GSM systems influences the reception and interference performances. The coverage can be varied by scanning the mainbeam direction or varying the shape of the radiation pattern. In cellular system applications, a simple technique is desirable to achieve this goal. A simple technique to vary the coverage of cellular base station is investigated. The technique uses two conventional antennas tilted by a certain angle and fed by the same signal but at variable amplitudes. It is demonstrated that the field across one half of the covered sector can be gradually increased while that at the other half is reduced by varying the excitations of the two antenna elements. This can be deployed in a simple electronic means in response to the changing scenario rather readjusting the direction of the base station antenna.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Control Radiation Pattern for Half Width Microstrip Leaky Wave Antenna by Usi...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a novel design for single-layer half width microstrip leakywave antenna (HW-MLWA) is demonstrated. This model can be digitally control its radiation pattern at operation frequency and uses only two values of the bias voltage, with better impedance matching and insignificant gain variation. The scanning and controlling the radiation pattern of leaky-wave antennas (LWA) in steps at an operation frequency, by using switches PIN diodes, is investigated and a novel HW-MLWA is introduced. A control cell reconfigurable, that can be switched between two states, is the basic element of the antenna. The periodic LWA is molded by identical control cells where as a control radiation pattern is developed by combining numerous reconfigurable control cells. A gap capacitor is independently connected or disconnected in every unit cell by using a PIN diode switch to achieve fixedfrequency control radiation pattern scanning. The profile reactance at the free edge of (HWMLWA) and thus the main lobe direction is altered by changing the states of the control cell. The antenna presented in this paper, can scan main beam between 18o to 44o at fixed frequency of 4.2 GHz with measured peak gain of 12.29 dBi.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Design & Simulation of 8-Shape Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna
This paper presents an 8-shape slotted microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is fed by microstrip
transmission line. The proposed antenna is simulated with the help of commercially available GEMS software
based on the parallel FDTD algorithm. The antenna is designed by FR4 substrate and ground plane with an area
50mm×40mm×1.60 mm. The designed antenna generates three resonant modes at 2.12 GHz, 6.98 GHz and 13.84
GHz respectively. The bandwidths of the antenna (-10 dB) of the three frequencies are 25.75%, 6.13% and
20.63% respectively. The return loss (S ) characteristics for the three bands are -41.95 dB, -22.68 dB and -23.15
11
dB respectively. The 3D radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are provided in the paper.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna
resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna
resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna
resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
Variable radiation pattern from co axial probe fed rectangular patch antenna ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The idea of obtaining variable radiation patterns from the same antenna is important aspect in achieving the adaptive antenna systems. In the EM signal processing the change of radiation signifies the information to be transmitted, its rate of transmission, the geographical changes and direction to transmit etc. i.e. each time when the requirement arises to change the radiation pattern it has to be done to satisfy the conditions. Electronically steerable antennas were used where the antenna radiation will be altered by varying the feed and similar case is applied for shaped patterns from array antenna where the feed to be given will be calculated and given accordingly. In the present concept the metamaterials are used to obtain different radiation patterns occurred at different operating frequencies using the same antenna without changing the antenna physically are varying its feed. Key Words: Inductance, capacitance, operating frequency, variable radiation, enhancement, radiation cancellation.
A Triple Band Bow Tie Array Antenna Using Both-sided MIC Technology IJECEIAES
A single-fed linearly polarized 2x2 microstrip bow tie array antenna is proposed. The feed network has microstrip line and slot line where microstrip-slot branch circuit is connected in parallel. The feed network of the array is designed using both-sided M IC Technology to overcome the impedance matching problem of conventional feed networks. The 2x2 half bow tie array antenna is also truncated with spur lines for optimization of antenna performance. The array antenna unit can be realized in very simple and compact structure, as all the antenna elements and the feeding circuit is arranged on a Teflon glass fiber substrate without requiring any external network. The design frequency of the proposed antenna is 5 to 8 GHz (C- Band) and the obtained peak gain is 12.41 dBi. The resultant axial ratio indicates that linear polarization is achieved.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Design & Simulation of 8-Shape Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna
This paper presents an 8-shape slotted microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is fed by microstrip
transmission line. The proposed antenna is simulated with the help of commercially available GEMS software
based on the parallel FDTD algorithm. The antenna is designed by FR4 substrate and ground plane with an area
50mm×40mm×1.60 mm. The designed antenna generates three resonant modes at 2.12 GHz, 6.98 GHz and 13.84
GHz respectively. The bandwidths of the antenna (-10 dB) of the three frequencies are 25.75%, 6.13% and
20.63% respectively. The return loss (S ) characteristics for the three bands are -41.95 dB, -22.68 dB and -23.15
11
dB respectively. The 3D radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are provided in the paper.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna
resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna
resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna
resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different
details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
Variable radiation pattern from co axial probe fed rectangular patch antenna ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The idea of obtaining variable radiation patterns from the same antenna is important aspect in achieving the adaptive antenna systems. In the EM signal processing the change of radiation signifies the information to be transmitted, its rate of transmission, the geographical changes and direction to transmit etc. i.e. each time when the requirement arises to change the radiation pattern it has to be done to satisfy the conditions. Electronically steerable antennas were used where the antenna radiation will be altered by varying the feed and similar case is applied for shaped patterns from array antenna where the feed to be given will be calculated and given accordingly. In the present concept the metamaterials are used to obtain different radiation patterns occurred at different operating frequencies using the same antenna without changing the antenna physically are varying its feed. Key Words: Inductance, capacitance, operating frequency, variable radiation, enhancement, radiation cancellation.
A Triple Band Bow Tie Array Antenna Using Both-sided MIC Technology IJECEIAES
A single-fed linearly polarized 2x2 microstrip bow tie array antenna is proposed. The feed network has microstrip line and slot line where microstrip-slot branch circuit is connected in parallel. The feed network of the array is designed using both-sided M IC Technology to overcome the impedance matching problem of conventional feed networks. The 2x2 half bow tie array antenna is also truncated with spur lines for optimization of antenna performance. The array antenna unit can be realized in very simple and compact structure, as all the antenna elements and the feeding circuit is arranged on a Teflon glass fiber substrate without requiring any external network. The design frequency of the proposed antenna is 5 to 8 GHz (C- Band) and the obtained peak gain is 12.41 dBi. The resultant axial ratio indicates that linear polarization is achieved.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
MICROSTRIP ANTENNA PATTERN RECONFIGURATION USING ON-CHIP PARASITIC ELEMENTS
1. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
DOI: 10.5121/jant.2015.1105 49
MICROSTRIP ANTENNA PATTERN
RECONFIGURATION USING ON-CHIP
PARASITIC ELEMENTS
1
Mohamed AlyAboul-Dahab, 2
Hussein Hamed Mahmoud Ghouz and 3
Mai Samir
El-Gamal
Professors in Department of Electronics and Communications
Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport (AASTMT), Cairo, Egypt
3
Master student in Department of Electronics and Communications (AASTMT)
Abstract:
In this paper, a design of pattern reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna and its simulation using CST-
MW simulator is presented. The designed antenna is also fabricated and tested. The design consists of
microstrip patch printed on FR-4 substrate with a coaxial line feeding on the back of the antenna which is
the active element. Two on-chip parasitic elements (OCPE) also are printed on FR-4 substrate, each of
which connected through a via hole to the ground. The proposed design has the advantage of movable
parasitic chip elements with the same motherboard to control the reconfigurable pattern direction as well
as operating frequency. It is also have the advantages of parasitic elements rotation to fit
reception/transmission required steering angle. The results obtained show that the steering angle of the
main beam in the H-plane depends upon the dimension of the parasitic element substrate as well as the
type of the patch antenna. The presented antenna is suitable for different application, including Wifi and
WiMax systems.
Keywords
reconfigurable; microstrip; parasitic elements; pattern steering
1. Introduction
Over the past ten years, many antennas have been proven to be a very effective and sensitive part
a communication system. Interference, energy waste, noisy environment and shadowing are the
most serious problems that result in performance degradation of wireless communication systems.
The solution to these problems is to direct the pattern to a desired user. This can be carried out
using pattern reconfiguration (steering pattern) antenna techniques. This can effectively save
energy and also overcome reception of unwanted signals. Antenna reconfiguration is classified
into three categories, namely frequency, pattern and polarization reconfiguration. The first type is
based upon controlling the frequency of radiating element within a specific margin without
changing other radiating characteristics. One method or realizing frequency reconfiguration is by
using Micro Electro Mechanical System Switch MEMS switches to switch between three types of
antennas combined in one body to select different frequency bands (0.824–0.894 GHz, 1.75–2.48
GHz, 3.3–3.6 GHz) [1].Another approach is based upon using planar inverted F-antenna and a
2. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
monopole antenna embedded in the same
type of radiating element without changing
switch between two slots in the ground plane
designed in the patch to select either circular or
the antenna radiation pattern
between end fire and broad side
reconfigurable antenna. One of these techniques is based
with an active element and switch between one of them using
technique relies upon using the same RF switches to switch between two types of antenna
steer the main beam to certain
approach by varying the permittivity of the substrate
reconfigurable antennas can be implemented to control the antenna characteristics including
frequency/pattern and/or polarization
to short annular slot antenna in a preselected position to reconfigure its pattern [
in different application in wireless systems such as WiMax application as d
paper, a modified version of the microstrip patch antenna
is carried out by replacing the parasitic elements
hole). This provides a switchable
pattern toward certain direction
package. It has also physically implemented and tested.
both cases. The paper is arranged as
section 2. Results discussions
conclusion is in section 4.
2. Antenna Design and
The microstrip patch antenna that
chip parasitic elements on the sides of an active patch instead of putting them on the same
substrate with the active element. The design consists of
the “subminiature version A” (
two parasitic elements located longitudinally
proposed design allows the removal, rotation
conditions. The proposed antenna
figure1. The central element is the active patch which has
and it is fed through an SMA probe from the back of the
substrate of dimensions 30.0x60
optimized desired input impedance.
International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
monopole antenna embedded in the same space [2]. The second type is to control the polarization
without changing its orientation. This is done by using pin diodes to
the ground plane [3], or using them to switch between
either circular or linear polarization [4]. The last type
either by changing the steering angle or by changing
between end fire and broad side types. Other techniques have been devised to
. One of these techniques is based upon using two parasitic elements
active element and switch between one of them using pin/varactor diodes
using the same RF switches to switch between two types of antenna
steer the main beam to certain angles [8]. The main beam can also be steered using
the permittivity of the substrate using applied DC volt [9].Other types of
can be implemented to control the antenna characteristics including
nd/or polarization by reconfiguring slot depth in each part of the
to short annular slot antenna in a preselected position to reconfigure its pattern [11]
in different application in wireless systems such as WiMax application as done by [12].
modified version of the microstrip patch antenna given [5] is presented. The modification
is carried out by replacing the parasitic elements by parasitic chips with a short circuit switch (via
switchable and movable parasitic chip that result in steering
toward certain direction. The proposed antenna has been simulated using
t has also physically implemented and tested. Satisfactory results have been obtained
paper is arranged as follows the proposed design is described and presented
s and experiment verification are given in section 3
. Antenna Design and Operation
The microstrip patch antenna that has been designed in [5] is modified by introducing
chip parasitic elements on the sides of an active patch instead of putting them on the same
substrate with the active element. The design consists of an active element which is
(SMA) cable from the back of the antenna. In addition, there are
located longitudinally on both sides of the active element
design allows the removal, rotation or insertion of elements in order to fit operational
antenna with the active patch and the two parasitic patches
the active patch which has the dimensions W=16 mm, L=
SMA probe from the back of the antenna, which is located
60.0 mm2
with thickness 1.6 mm. Feeding location "a"
optimized desired input impedance.
50
the polarization
by using pin diodes to
using them to switch between cross slots
The last type is to change
or by changing patterns
realize pattern
parasitic elements along
[5-7]. Another
using the same RF switches to switch between two types of antennas to
. The main beam can also be steered using another
Other types of
can be implemented to control the antenna characteristics including
of the ring [10] or
].This may use
one by [12].In this
. The modification
with a short circuit switch (via
in steering far field
using CST-MW
have been obtained in
described and presented in
, and finally a
introducing two on-
chip parasitic elements on the sides of an active patch instead of putting them on the same
is connected to
addition, there are
the active element. The new
or insertion of elements in order to fit operational
patches are shown in
W=16 mm, L=11.3 mm
located on a FR-4
location "a" is chosen to
3. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
51
Figure 1: Physical structure of the antenna in x-y plane (a) Front view (b) 3-D view and (c) Side view
The two parasitic elements which have the dimensionW1= 0.9W mm, L1= 0.97 L mm are set on
a substrate FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm and copper pins used as switches. The pins
exist in the parasitic elements located on the lower left hand corner of the left element or on the
lower right hand corner of the right element. These switches have three modes, namely director-
reflector (DR) mode, reflector- director (RD) mode and reflector- reflector (RR) mode. The DR
mode exists when pin in right element is shorted (the right element is reflector, left element is
director). The RD mode exists when pin in left element is shorted (the right element is director,
left element is reflector), The RR mode exists when pins in left, right element are shorted (the
right, left elements are reflectors). Coupling between active and parasitic elements, controls the
radiation pattern. The physical dimensions of the proposed antenna are given in Table 1. It is
worth noting that the dimension selected are the same as those of the antenna given in [5] in order
to make it easier to comparison.
Table 1:Dimension of designed antenna in (mm)
3. Results Discussion and experimental verification
The proposed microstrip antenna has been simulated using CST software package when different
types of substrate have been used. Table 2 gives a summary of the results if using different
substrate with different values of relative permittivity (εr) at the same height as the motherboard
which is 1.6mm. The optimum physical dimension of this antenna is shown in the first row,
which gives the better efficiency and doesn’t shift the resonance frequency because of using the
same material substrate as the mother board. This results in reducing the losses that may occur
when using different material substrates.
Parameters Description Dimension
Ws Substrate width 60
Ls Substrate length 30
W1 Parasitic element width 0.9W
L1 Parasitic element length 0.97L
W Active element width 16
L Active element length 11
g Spacing between active and parasitic 2
u Copper pins location 3.4
v Copper pins location 1.48
a Feed point 2.85
h1 Motherboard substrate thickness 1.6
h2 Mother chip substrate thickness 1.6
4. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
52
Table 2: Effect of parasitic elements dielectric constant εr on antenna parameters in dB, Frequency in GHz,
BW in MHz
As could be noticed from Table 2, the tilt angle of the far field pattern is highly affected by the
material relative permittivity and it is little bit shifted when using material with small relative
permittivity while it is largely changed when using high ones. Side lobe levels also increase as the
material relative permittivity increases. This is because of high losses in case of high relative
permittivity materials. The reflection coefficient curves for dielectric materials with different
relative permittivity are shown in Figure 2, It is observed from Figure 2 and table 2 that
increasing value of the parasitic relative permittivity, increases main lobe tilt angle and decreases
bandwidth and gain. It is clear that as the dielectric permittivity increases the return loss increases
hence very small amount of power is forward to radiating element and hence radiating
characteristics can be degraded. The best result occurs when we choose parasitic elements
substrate to be of the same material as that of mother board (Fr4=4.3). This reduces the dielectric
losses that may occur when choosing different materials with different relative permittivity. It is
also noticed from the curve that, as the value of parasitic element material relative permittivity
exceeds that of the relative permittivity of mother board, the resonance frequency shifted by 100
MHz.
εr Gain Efficiency
(%)
Tilt
angle
SLL F BW S11
4.3 5.9 74 28° -8.7 5.8 264 -11.8
2.5 5.7 72.4 3° -12.5 5.74 295 -15.3
2.2 5.7 72.2 5° -12.4 5.74 302 -16.2
6.5 4.2 66.4 39° -1.9 5.83 241 -17.8
7.4 3.9 51.6 51° -11.6 5.86 234 -33.6
8.6 5.2 70.2 -35° -2.7 5.76 227 -16.6
10 5.3 71.3 -33° -3.2 5.72 230 -15.9
5. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
Figure 2
Table 3 gives a summary of the results o
physical dimension of this antenna
between different parameters. Fig
frequency for different values of the substrate height
parasitic substrate decreases, the
decreasing side lobe level. On the other hand, increasing the thickness results in better notch
depth (s11). From these results, it is clear that the optimum design is to put the parasitic elements
on the FR-4 substrate having (εr=4.3) with thickness h
Table 3: Effect of height parasitic elements substrate on antenna parameters in dB, Frequency in GHz, BW
h2 Gain Efficiency
(%)
1.6 5.9 74
0.5 6.1 71.5
1 6.1 73.6
2 5.9 73.3
3 5.7 72.4
5 5.6 71
10 5.1 66.7
International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
Figure 2: Reflection coefficient in decibels
of the results of using different substrate heights (h2). The optimum
this antenna is shown in the first row which gives reasonable
Figure 3 illustrates the relation between the return loss (s
frequency for different values of the substrate heights (h2).It is noticed that as the thickness of
decreases, the losses due to surface waves decrease and
decreasing side lobe level. On the other hand, increasing the thickness results in better notch
). From these results, it is clear that the optimum design is to put the parasitic elements
4 substrate having (εr=4.3) with thickness h2=1.6.
Effect of height parasitic elements substrate on antenna parameters in dB, Frequency in GHz, BW
Efficiency Tilt
angle
SLL F BW S
28° -8.7 5.8 264 -11.8
29° -8.8 5.83 293 -12.3
29° -9.2 5.82 270 -
27° -8.4 5.82 264 -12.1
25° -7.4 5.81 268 -12.3
22° -6.3 5.82 280 -13.3
15° -3.9 5.81 309 -17.2
53
). The optimum
reasonable compromise
3 illustrates the relation between the return loss (s11) and the
the thickness of
and this result in
decreasing side lobe level. On the other hand, increasing the thickness results in better notch
). From these results, it is clear that the optimum design is to put the parasitic elements
Effect of height parasitic elements substrate on antenna parameters in dB, Frequency in GHz, BW in MHz
S11
11.8
12.3
-12
12.1
12.3
13.3
17.2
6. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
Figure 3
Figure 4 illustrates the E-plane and H
case of switch positions. In figure
allows it to act as a reflector (DR mode
plane with no tilt in E-plane. In
28° because the position of the switch changes to left elemen
In figure 4 (c) the switch is positioned at the two elements together
angles in the pattern. Same result is obtained in fig
active patch. Figure 4 (e) illustrates the case of two parasitic elements without switches hence the
beam doesn’t deflect.
International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
Figure 3: Reflection coefficient in decibels
plane and H-plane far field patterns of the proposed patch at different
gure 4 (a), the position of the switch on the right parasitic element
DR mode), the pattern steering angle is deflects toward 28
figure 4 (b) the H-plane pattern deflects to the opposite direction
° because the position of the switch changes to left element which allows it to act as a
4 (c) the switch is positioned at the two elements together in this case, these are no tilt
angles in the pattern. Same result is obtained in figure 4(d) where no parasitic element around the
4 (e) illustrates the case of two parasitic elements without switches hence the
54
plane far field patterns of the proposed patch at different
the position of the switch on the right parasitic element
is deflects toward 28° in H-
to the opposite direction -
t which allows it to act as a reflector.
in this case, these are no tilt
no parasitic element around the
4 (e) illustrates the case of two parasitic elements without switches hence the
7. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
E-plane
International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
plane H-plane
(a)
(b)
(c)
55
plane
8. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
Figure 4: Simulated radiation patterns
(a) E-plane and H-plane farfield for DR mode
mode
(b) E-plane and H-plane farfield for RD mode (d)E
alone
(e)E-plane and H-plane farfield for DD mode
A photograph of the manufactured
antenna front and side view respectively are shown
International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
(d)
(e)
imulated radiation patterns in E and H- planes at different cases of switch positions.
plane farfield for DR mode (c)E-plane and H-plane farfield for RR
plane farfield for RD mode (d)E-plane and H-plane farfield for patch
plane farfield for DD mode
red reconfigurable antenna is shown in Figure 5(a),(b)designed 5.8GHz
antenna front and side view respectively are shown.
56
planes at different cases of switch positions.
plane farfield for RR
plane farfield for patch
(a),(b)designed 5.8GHz
9. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
(a)
Figure 5: Fabricated an
Figure 6(a) shows the comparison between simulated and measured
without parasitic elements. It is noticed that
within the operating band (5.5-
for the case of existing parasitic elements with different switching modes
exist a drift in the measured result;
the simulated and measured radiation pattern
modes.
It is clear that the main beam direction is the same for both simulated and measured results.
(a) (b)
Fig.6 (a) simulated and measured
International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
(b)
Fabricated antenna (a) front view of antenna, (b) side view
shows the comparison between simulated and measured S11for active element only
is noticed that the resonance frequency is little bit shifted but it still
-5.8GHz), Figure 6(b) shows the simulated and measured S
for the case of existing parasitic elements with different switching modes. It is noticed that there
result; this is due to connector and soldering effect. Figure
measured radiation patterns for the designed antenna at various switching
It is clear that the main beam direction is the same for both simulated and measured results.
(a) (b)
(a) simulated and measured |S11| for active element,(b)S11 measured results for various switching
modes.
57
for active element only
shifted but it still
(b) shows the simulated and measured S11 that
. It is noticed that there
effect. Figure 7 shows
ious switching
It is clear that the main beam direction is the same for both simulated and measured results.
ults for various switching
10. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
Figure 7: Radiation pattern for simulated and measured results at
active element
The designed antenna has the ability to
rotation could be either clockwise or counter clockwise as shown in Figure
flexibility in the design to meet different application needs. This is a major
existing similar antennas. However
limited to certain values.
Table 4 gives the result of a simulated design in which the parasitic elements have been rotated counter
clockwise with different restricted angles.
Figure 8: rotated parasitic elements
Table 4: parametric study in changing the rotation angle for parasitic elements and the corresponding tilt
Rotation
angle
S11 Bw
0° -11.8 264
5° -12.5 261
10° -18.6 232
13° -13.8 270
60° -31.2 232
90° -20.8 308
International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
simulated and measured results at various switching case: (a) pattern at
active element (b) pattern at DR case and (c) pattern at RD case
The designed antenna has the ability to rotate the parasitic elements around switches
rotation could be either clockwise or counter clockwise as shown in Figure 8. This allows more
flexibility in the design to meet different application needs. This is a major advantage over
However, Due to geometry restrictions the rotation angle will be
Table 4 gives the result of a simulated design in which the parasitic elements have been rotated counter
clockwise with different restricted angles.
: rotated parasitic elements clockwise and counter clockwise direction
Table 4: parametric study in changing the rotation angle for parasitic elements and the corresponding tilt
angle
F Tilt
angle
SLL Gain
264 5.8 28° -8.7 5.9
261 5.84 30° -8.1 5.9
232 5.84 43° - 4.3
270 5.84 32° -6.8 5.6
232 5.82 40 -1 3.5
308 5.75 -22 -9 4
58
case: (a) pattern at
parasitic elements around switches exist; the
. This allows more
advantage over
ns the rotation angle will be
Table 4 gives the result of a simulated design in which the parasitic elements have been rotated counter
clockwise and counter clockwise direction
Table 4: parametric study in changing the rotation angle for parasitic elements and the corresponding tilt
Eff.
74
73.1
62.8
72
53
64.3
11. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
59
It is clear from this table that the tilt angle is affected by the rotation of the parasitic elements. But
the parameters are in general not much affected.
Figure 9: rotation angle versus pattern tilt angle
Figure 9 shows the relation between parasitic element orientation and the beam tilt angle. It is
clear that the relation is non-continuous. This means that an optimization process should be
adopted to select the suitable rotation angle to give the required beam tilt angle.
Table 5: comparison between pervious and proposed work
Table 5 gives a comparison between the simulated results of the patch with rotated parasitic
elements (γ=10°), and the patch with non-rotated parasitic elements (γ=0°) and the patch in ref
[5]. It is clear that the highest tilt angles are obtained with the rotated patches. The result is also
illustrated in the simulated farfield patters of the three cases in figure 7.
H[mm] Gain[dB] Eff.[%]
Tilt
angle
SLL F[GHz] Bw[MHz] S11[dB]
previous
work[5]
5.1 62.1 34° -5.3 5.81 249 14.8
proposed 5.9 74 28° -8.7 5.8 264 -11.8
Rotated
elements
4.3 62.8 43° -7 5.84 232 -18.6
12. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
Figure 10: Reflection
Figure 10 shows the reflection coefficient difference between previous and proposed design. It
shows that proposed design has wider bandwidth at the same resonance frequency and the rotated
parasitic elements give deeper notch ever.
Figure 11.Simulated far field patterns for pervious and
Figure11 (a) illustrate H-plane radiation pat
and rotated parasitic elements by 10°.It is noticed that side lobe level is reduces in proposed work
and the tilt angle deflects toward 28° instead of 34° as the parasitic elements rotated by 10° it will
give better tilt angle to 43° which is 79% better th
(θ=90°) in which the main beam tilt angle decreased and also beam width while side lobe level
decreases. Figure11(c) illustrate E
changes anymore and beam width become more directive.
4. Conclusion
International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
Reflection coefficient for pervious and proposed work
shows the reflection coefficient difference between previous and proposed design. It
shows that proposed design has wider bandwidth at the same resonance frequency and the rotated
parasitic elements give deeper notch ever.
ld patterns for pervious and proposed work: (a) H-plane (φ =0°),
(θ=90°) and (c)E-plane(φ=90°)
plane radiation pattern in the patch given in [5], and the purposed design
and rotated parasitic elements by 10°.It is noticed that side lobe level is reduces in proposed work
and the tilt angle deflects toward 28° instead of 34° as the parasitic elements rotated by 10° it will
give better tilt angle to 43° which is 79% better than [5] . Figure11 (b) illustrate X
=90°) in which the main beam tilt angle decreased and also beam width while side lobe level
(c) illustrate E-plane (φ=90°) in which the main beam tilt angle doesn’t
idth become more directive.
60
shows the reflection coefficient difference between previous and proposed design. It
shows that proposed design has wider bandwidth at the same resonance frequency and the rotated
φ =0°),(b) X-Y plane
purposed design
and rotated parasitic elements by 10°.It is noticed that side lobe level is reduces in proposed work
and the tilt angle deflects toward 28° instead of 34° as the parasitic elements rotated by 10° it will
b) illustrate X-Y plane
=90°) in which the main beam tilt angle decreased and also beam width while side lobe level
=90°) in which the main beam tilt angle doesn’t
13. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
61
Pattern reconfigurable microstrip antenna with on chip parasitic elements has been proposed and
designed. It has been demonstrated that flexible pattern reconfigurable antenna can be achieved
with better gain of 5.6 dB and bandwidth of 309MHz. The proposed design is characterized by
physical removal or placement of parasitic elements so as to fit system requirements or
environmental changes. The compact size of the antenna and its characteristics makes it
appropriate for WiMax and Wifi application.
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