Microsoft Excel is a computer program used to enter, analyze, and present quantitative data. A spreadsheet is a collection of text and numbers laid out in a rectangular grid that is often used in business for tasks like budgeting and decision making. Excel allows users to perform what-if analysis by changing values in a spreadsheet and assessing the effect on calculated values. It can also be used to enter various types of data like text, numbers, dates, and formulas.
Understanding & Combating Global Censorship with WordPressJohn Gamboa
Recent growth in places like China, Vietnam, India and Russia brought astounding economic and technological successes that also yielded some of the largest networks of censorship in history. The Great Firewall of China, DPI and SORM in Russia, and SmartFilter in Iran and Saudi Arabia are just a few of the tools used to block the free expression of millions of people.
Understanding & Combating Global Censorship with WordPressJohn Gamboa
Recent growth in places like China, Vietnam, India and Russia brought astounding economic and technological successes that also yielded some of the largest networks of censorship in history. The Great Firewall of China, DPI and SORM in Russia, and SmartFilter in Iran and Saudi Arabia are just a few of the tools used to block the free expression of millions of people.
This presentation tells about what is media censorship and how it evolved and how it can be changed to make it more efficient, This is the simple overview of all those information. Simply it is just an intro to ' Media Censorship '.
Censorship
Censorship
Taken from the English Circles Topics Page this ppt has excellent contributions from members of English Circles. The discussions surround internet censorship and the phenomena of 'Big Brother'.
Download from www.englishcircles.com
Ch05 P24 Build a Model Spring 1, 201372212Chapter 5. Ch 05 P24 B.docxtidwellveronique
Ch05 P24 Build a Model Spring 1, 20137/22/12Chapter 5. Ch 05 P24 Build a ModelExcept for charts and answers that must be written, only Excel formulas that use cell references or functions will be accepted for credit. Numeric answers in cells will not be accepted.A 20-year, 8% semiannual coupon bond with a par value of $1,000 may be called in 5 years at a call price of $1,040. The bond sells for $1,100. (Assume that the bond has just been issued.)Basic Input Data:Years to maturity:20Periods per year:2Periods to maturity:Coupon rate:8%Par value:$1,000Periodic payment:Current price$1,100Call price:$1,040Years till callable:5Periods till callable:a. What is the bond's yield to maturity?Periodic YTM =Annualized Nominal YTM = Hint: This is a nominal rate, not the effective rate. Nominal rates are generally quoted.b. What is the bond's current yield?Current yield = Hint: Write formula in words.Current yield =/ Hint: Cell formulas should refer to Input SectionCurrent yield =(Answer)c. What is the bond's capital gain or loss yield?Cap. Gain/loss yield =- Hint: Write formula in words.Cap. Gain/loss yield =- Hint: Cell formulas should refer to Input SectionCap. Gain/loss yield =(Answer)Note that this is an economic loss, not a loss for tax purposes.d. What is the bond's yield to call?Here we can again use the Rate function, but with data related to the call.Peridodic YTC =Annualized Nominal YTC =This is a nominal rate, not the effective rate. Nominal rates are generally quoted.The YTC is lower than the YTM because if the bond is called, the buyer will lose the difference between the call price and the current price in just 4 years, and that loss will offset much of the interest imcome. Note too that the bond is likely to be called and replaced, hence that the YTC will probably be earned.NOW ANSWER THE FOLLOWING NEW QUESTIONS:e. How would the price of the bond be affected by changing the going market interest rate? (Hint: Conduct a sensitivity analysis of price to changes in the going market interest rate for the bond. Assume that the bond will be called if and only if the going rate of interest falls below the coupon rate. That is an oversimplification, but assume it anyway for purposes of this problem.)Nominal market rate, r:8%Value of bond if it's not called:Value of bond if it's called: The bond would not be called unless r<coupon.We can use the two valuation formulas to find values under different r's, in a 2-output data table, and then use an IFstatement to determine which value is appropriate:Value of Bond If:Actual value,Not calledCalledconsideringRate, r$0.00$0.00call likehood:0%$0.00$0.00$0.002%$0.00$0.00$0.004%$0.00$0.00$0.006%$0.00$0.00$0.008%$0.00$0.00$0.0010%$0.00$0.00$0.0012%$0.00$0.00$0.0014%$0.00$0.00$0.0016%$0.00$0.00$0.00f. Now assume the date is 10/25/2010. Assume further that a 12%, 10-year bond was issued on 7/1/2010, pays interest semiannually (January 1 and July 1), and sells for $1,100. Use your ...
1A p p e n d i x A APPENDIX AMODELING ANALYSIS WITH E.docxLyndonPelletier761
1A p p e n d i x A
APPENDIX A
MODELING ANALYSIS WITH EXCEL
A-1 INTRODUCTION
A-2 RELATIVE ADDRESSING
A-3 ABSOLUTE ADDRESSING
A-4 MIXED ADDRESSING
A-5 FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS
A-5-1 FV(Rate,Nper,Pmt,Pv,Type)
A-5-2 NPV(Rate,Value1,Value2,…)
A-5-3 PMT(Rate,Nper,Pv,Fv,Type)
A-5-4 SLN(Cost,Salvage Value,Life)
A-5-5 SYD(Cost,Salvage Value,Life,Period)
A-6 STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS
A-7 LOGICAL FUNCTIONS
A-7-1 AND
A-7-2 OR
A-7-3 NOT
A-7-4 IF(Condition, A, B)
A-8 LOOKUP FUNCTIONS
A-8-1 HLOOKUP(Lookup_Value,Table_Array, Row_Index_Num)
A-8-2 VLOOKUP(Lookup_Value,Table_Array, Col_Index_Num)
A-9 USING EXCEL FOR WHAT-IF ANALYSIS
A-9-1 WHAT-IF ANALYSIS USING DATA TABLE: ONE VARIABLE
A-9-2 WHAT-IF ANALYSIS USING DATA TABLE: TWO VARIABLES
A-10 USING EXCEL FOR GOAL-SEEKING ANALYSIS
A-1 INTRODUCTION
This appendix explores some of the Excel features that
can be used to create simple mathematical and statistical
models. It starts with a discussion of relative, absolute,
and mixed addressing, then presents several � nancial
and statistical functions. The IF function is explained as
a decision-making tool, then the Lookup functions are
reviewed. Finally, a couple of what-if analysis features
offered by Excel are presented.
A-2 RELATIVE ADDRESSING
Every cell in Excel has four different addresses: one
relative, one absolute, and two mixed addresses. These
addresses are explained in the next three sections.
When you use cell addresses in Excel formulas, you
need to be aware of the fact that Excel remembers a cell
by its position in the spreadsheet. In relationship to cell
E10, for example, cell G4 is two columns to the right
and six rows above. An example of a relative address
procedure is shown in Exhibit A.1.
2 A p p e n d i x A
Exhibit A.1
Relative addressing
In cell B11, the formula is as follows: =B9+B8+B7+B6
If you copy this formula to cell C11, Excel changes the
formula to read as follows:
=C9+C8+C7+C6
The new cell addresses in the formula maintain the
same relationship to cell C11 as the old addresses did
to cell B11.
This powerful feature is called relative addressing. You
can use relative addressing with the copy command to
facilitate calculations. Suppose you have sales data related
to 100 different businesses in the � rst 100 columns of a
worksheet. To calculate the sum of each column, all you
need to do is type a formula for one column and then
copy the same formula to the other 99 columns. Excel
automatically changes the cell addresses for you.
A-3 ABSOLUTE ADDRESSING
Relative addressing is a powerful feature. However,
there will be many times when you will want to refer
to an exact location with an exact value. You may even
want to use prede� ned numbers or ratios. In these
instances, you must use absolute addressing.
In Exhibit A.2, � ve divisions of the XYZ Company
have sold different numbers of a particular product.
Your task is to calculate each division’s percentage
of total sales, and you .
This presentation tells about what is media censorship and how it evolved and how it can be changed to make it more efficient, This is the simple overview of all those information. Simply it is just an intro to ' Media Censorship '.
Censorship
Censorship
Taken from the English Circles Topics Page this ppt has excellent contributions from members of English Circles. The discussions surround internet censorship and the phenomena of 'Big Brother'.
Download from www.englishcircles.com
Ch05 P24 Build a Model Spring 1, 201372212Chapter 5. Ch 05 P24 B.docxtidwellveronique
Ch05 P24 Build a Model Spring 1, 20137/22/12Chapter 5. Ch 05 P24 Build a ModelExcept for charts and answers that must be written, only Excel formulas that use cell references or functions will be accepted for credit. Numeric answers in cells will not be accepted.A 20-year, 8% semiannual coupon bond with a par value of $1,000 may be called in 5 years at a call price of $1,040. The bond sells for $1,100. (Assume that the bond has just been issued.)Basic Input Data:Years to maturity:20Periods per year:2Periods to maturity:Coupon rate:8%Par value:$1,000Periodic payment:Current price$1,100Call price:$1,040Years till callable:5Periods till callable:a. What is the bond's yield to maturity?Periodic YTM =Annualized Nominal YTM = Hint: This is a nominal rate, not the effective rate. Nominal rates are generally quoted.b. What is the bond's current yield?Current yield = Hint: Write formula in words.Current yield =/ Hint: Cell formulas should refer to Input SectionCurrent yield =(Answer)c. What is the bond's capital gain or loss yield?Cap. Gain/loss yield =- Hint: Write formula in words.Cap. Gain/loss yield =- Hint: Cell formulas should refer to Input SectionCap. Gain/loss yield =(Answer)Note that this is an economic loss, not a loss for tax purposes.d. What is the bond's yield to call?Here we can again use the Rate function, but with data related to the call.Peridodic YTC =Annualized Nominal YTC =This is a nominal rate, not the effective rate. Nominal rates are generally quoted.The YTC is lower than the YTM because if the bond is called, the buyer will lose the difference between the call price and the current price in just 4 years, and that loss will offset much of the interest imcome. Note too that the bond is likely to be called and replaced, hence that the YTC will probably be earned.NOW ANSWER THE FOLLOWING NEW QUESTIONS:e. How would the price of the bond be affected by changing the going market interest rate? (Hint: Conduct a sensitivity analysis of price to changes in the going market interest rate for the bond. Assume that the bond will be called if and only if the going rate of interest falls below the coupon rate. That is an oversimplification, but assume it anyway for purposes of this problem.)Nominal market rate, r:8%Value of bond if it's not called:Value of bond if it's called: The bond would not be called unless r<coupon.We can use the two valuation formulas to find values under different r's, in a 2-output data table, and then use an IFstatement to determine which value is appropriate:Value of Bond If:Actual value,Not calledCalledconsideringRate, r$0.00$0.00call likehood:0%$0.00$0.00$0.002%$0.00$0.00$0.004%$0.00$0.00$0.006%$0.00$0.00$0.008%$0.00$0.00$0.0010%$0.00$0.00$0.0012%$0.00$0.00$0.0014%$0.00$0.00$0.0016%$0.00$0.00$0.00f. Now assume the date is 10/25/2010. Assume further that a 12%, 10-year bond was issued on 7/1/2010, pays interest semiannually (January 1 and July 1), and sells for $1,100. Use your ...
1A p p e n d i x A APPENDIX AMODELING ANALYSIS WITH E.docxLyndonPelletier761
1A p p e n d i x A
APPENDIX A
MODELING ANALYSIS WITH EXCEL
A-1 INTRODUCTION
A-2 RELATIVE ADDRESSING
A-3 ABSOLUTE ADDRESSING
A-4 MIXED ADDRESSING
A-5 FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS
A-5-1 FV(Rate,Nper,Pmt,Pv,Type)
A-5-2 NPV(Rate,Value1,Value2,…)
A-5-3 PMT(Rate,Nper,Pv,Fv,Type)
A-5-4 SLN(Cost,Salvage Value,Life)
A-5-5 SYD(Cost,Salvage Value,Life,Period)
A-6 STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS
A-7 LOGICAL FUNCTIONS
A-7-1 AND
A-7-2 OR
A-7-3 NOT
A-7-4 IF(Condition, A, B)
A-8 LOOKUP FUNCTIONS
A-8-1 HLOOKUP(Lookup_Value,Table_Array, Row_Index_Num)
A-8-2 VLOOKUP(Lookup_Value,Table_Array, Col_Index_Num)
A-9 USING EXCEL FOR WHAT-IF ANALYSIS
A-9-1 WHAT-IF ANALYSIS USING DATA TABLE: ONE VARIABLE
A-9-2 WHAT-IF ANALYSIS USING DATA TABLE: TWO VARIABLES
A-10 USING EXCEL FOR GOAL-SEEKING ANALYSIS
A-1 INTRODUCTION
This appendix explores some of the Excel features that
can be used to create simple mathematical and statistical
models. It starts with a discussion of relative, absolute,
and mixed addressing, then presents several � nancial
and statistical functions. The IF function is explained as
a decision-making tool, then the Lookup functions are
reviewed. Finally, a couple of what-if analysis features
offered by Excel are presented.
A-2 RELATIVE ADDRESSING
Every cell in Excel has four different addresses: one
relative, one absolute, and two mixed addresses. These
addresses are explained in the next three sections.
When you use cell addresses in Excel formulas, you
need to be aware of the fact that Excel remembers a cell
by its position in the spreadsheet. In relationship to cell
E10, for example, cell G4 is two columns to the right
and six rows above. An example of a relative address
procedure is shown in Exhibit A.1.
2 A p p e n d i x A
Exhibit A.1
Relative addressing
In cell B11, the formula is as follows: =B9+B8+B7+B6
If you copy this formula to cell C11, Excel changes the
formula to read as follows:
=C9+C8+C7+C6
The new cell addresses in the formula maintain the
same relationship to cell C11 as the old addresses did
to cell B11.
This powerful feature is called relative addressing. You
can use relative addressing with the copy command to
facilitate calculations. Suppose you have sales data related
to 100 different businesses in the � rst 100 columns of a
worksheet. To calculate the sum of each column, all you
need to do is type a formula for one column and then
copy the same formula to the other 99 columns. Excel
automatically changes the cell addresses for you.
A-3 ABSOLUTE ADDRESSING
Relative addressing is a powerful feature. However,
there will be many times when you will want to refer
to an exact location with an exact value. You may even
want to use prede� ned numbers or ratios. In these
instances, you must use absolute addressing.
In Exhibit A.2, � ve divisions of the XYZ Company
have sold different numbers of a particular product.
Your task is to calculate each division’s percentage
of total sales, and you .
Course Project AJ DAVIS DEPARTMENT STORESIntroduction.docxvanesaburnand
Course Project: AJ DAVIS DEPARTMENT STORES
Introduction
AJ DAVIS is a department store chain, which has many credit customers and wants to find out more information about these customers. A sample of 50 credit customers is selected with data collected on the following five variables.
1. Location (rural, urban, suburban)
2. Income (in $1,000's—be careful with this)
3. Size (household size, meaning number of people living in the household)
4. Years (the number of years that the customer has lived in the current location)
5. Credit balance (the customers current credit card balance on the store's credit card, in $).
The data is available in Doc Sharing Course Project Data Set as an Excel file. You are to copy and paste the data set into a minitab worksheet.
PROJECT PART A: Exploratory Data Analysis
· Open the file MATH533 Project Consumer.xls from the Course Project Data Set folder in Doc Sharing.
· For each of the five variables, process, organize, present, and summarize the data. Analyze each variable by itself using graphical and numerical techniques of summarization. Use minitab as much as possible, explaining what the printout tells you. You may wish to use some of the following graphs: stem-leaf diagram, frequency or relative frequency table, histogram, boxplot, dotplot, pie chart, bar graph. Caution: Not all of these are appropriate for each of these variables, nor are they all necessary. More is not necessarily better. In addition, be sure to find the appropriate measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion for the above data. Where appropriate use the five number summary (the Min, Q1, Median, Q3, Max). Once again, use minitab as appropriate, and explain what the results mean.
· Analyze the connections or relationships between the variables. There are 10 pairings here (location and income, location and size, location and years, location and credit balance, income and size, income and years, income and balance, size and years, size and credit balance, years and Credit Balance). Use graphical as well as numerical summary measures. Explain what you see. Be sure to consider all 10 pairings. Some variables show clear relationships, while others do not.
· Prepare your report in Microsoft Word (or some other word processing package), integrating your graphs and tables with text explanations and interpretations.Be sure that you have graphical and numerical back up for your explanations and interpretations. Be selective in what you include in the report. I'm not looking for a 20-page report on every variable and every possible relationship (that's 15 things to do). Rather, what I want you do is to highlight what you see for three individual variables(no more than one graph for each, one or two measures of central tendency and variability (as appropriate), and two or three sentences of interpretation). For the 10 pairings, identify and report only on three of the pairings, again using graphical and numerical summary (as.
Cover PageComplete and copy the following to Word for your cover p.docxfaithxdunce63732
Cover PageComplete and copy the following to Word for your cover page. Be sure that the document is stapled properly. Do not use a plastic cover or folder.In the Footer of the Word documents, add the Now() function to show what day and time the documents were printed.Submit the Excel file to CANVAS as: lastname_firstname.xls. Hand-in the Word document immediately prior to Exam 1.Although students are encouraged to ask questions for clarification, this exercise is intended to be well within the capability of students at the 3000 level and studentsshould be able to complete the project with minimal assistance. Instructions are included on each worksheet but feel free to request clarification.ACG 3401 Accounting Information SystemsExcel AssignmentSubmitted By:Name Last: First:<-- Only use this for cover page.Spring 2015By submitting this document, I affirm that the work is the product of my own efforts withoutthe assistance of another person and that I have not given assistance to another student.<-- You must sign for the submission to be graded.Signature of student
InstructionsINSTRUCTIONS:This is an .xls file and should not be changed to another filetype in order to preserve macros.Follow the instructions on each worksheet. Copy results to MS Word and include pages numbers.The page numbers for each exercise are given below (at bottom of this worksheet).Appearance counts. Be sure that results are presented professionally and are readable.Three worksheets are data files and are referenced in the instructions. These are named Product Data, Industry Data, and Data Worksheet.Create range names for the following:Remember ranges should not include the headers (field names). Be careful to insure you have selected the entire range for that field.(Click F3 to view the range names - click these to insert to formula or you can type them in directly.)You may need to create range names other than these.From the Industry Data Worksheet, create range names for the following:1) Employees2) Sales3) Address4) Name5) State6) ZIPFrom the Data Worksheet, create range names for the following:1) Cash2) Company3) EBIT4) Eff_Tax_Rate5) Exchange6) SICCreate a range name for the entire Product Data table but include the headers. I used the name 'Product'.Tab ColorsGreenDatabases to be used.YellowExamplesBlueInstructions to perform graded exercisesWhen copying portions of the worksheet to your MS Word document, you will find the "Snipping Tool" very helpful.Checklist for Submitted Documents (Be sure that all documents are formatted properly and readable)Page No.naCover page with name and section number (stapled)ResultsFormulas1Horizontal and Vertical AnalysisYesYes2Financial Ratio Analysis - Results and Formulas.YesYes3VlookupYesYes3HLookupYesYes4DataTableYesYes4DropDown Box - Result Only.YesNo5Dfunctions - Results and Formulas.YesYes6Functions1YesYes7Functions2YesYes8Annual Income StatementYesYes9Macro.
Using Excel for TVM calculations REV2There are 4 methods to d.docxdickonsondorris
Using Excel for TVM calculations REV2:
There are 4 methods to do TVM calculations:
1. the longhand method of multiplying exponential formulas
2. using any of the 4 TVM tables
3. using excel
4. using a financial calculator
In my opinion method 1 is too difficult. #2 takes too long; #3 I cannot help anyone with as every different calculator has its own 100 page instruction book
The easiest way is learning to use excel.
A. To use excel, hit the “Fx” toolbar, and choose “financial” functions from the pulldown menu
To do any kind of present value problem, go to the PV function
To do any kind of FV problem, go to the FV function
Whichever function you choose will open a window into which you will type in data
Guidelines to follow:
B. The “rate” means the decimal format of the discount or interest rate PER PERIOD to use; if its 5%, type in .05….if its 12% type in .12.
If instead of annual compounding, for example if problem dealt with semiannual compounding, and annual rate was 10%, you would type in .05.
C. “Periods” means the number of compounding periods. If problem is 10 years, compounded annually, type in 10; if its 10 years compounded semi-annually, type in 20
D. means what the future sum would be.
E. “Payment” field would only be filled in if its an annuity [a stream of equal periodic payments like a car loan or mortgage], in which case you would type in the size of the periodic payment. Otherwise, leave it blank.
F. Generally money paid in [like to a bank], should have a negative sign, and your answer will come out positive then
Specific examples:
1. For determining the PV of some future some, use the PV function, type in your discount rate as a decimal, type in the number of periods, and type in the future value. If its an annuity, type in the $ amount of the periodic payment in the “payment” field.
2. For determining the Future value of some present sum, use the FV function and enter info as above whether its one present sum, or its an annuity stream
3. If instead of a simple end of period annuity problem, its an “annuity due” problem [payment on the first day of the period vs., the last day, like an ordinary annuity], type “1” into the “type” field
4. Determining the effective annual rate: EAR
Go to financial section of Fx toolbar, using pull down window to get “effective”. Type in the nominal or stated ANNUAL percentage rate[APR], as a decimal[12% would be .12] and type in the number of compounding periods per year[if monthly compounding type in 12; if weekly compounding type in 52]. The answer should ALWAYS be >ANNUAL rate you typed in, unless its annual compounding in which case APR=EAR
5. Loan payment: to determine the size of the equal periodic loan payment, use the “payment” function, PMT. Type in the loan interest rate per period, as a decimal; if its an annual 12%, then its 1% per month, for example. Type the value of the money to be borrowed, in PV; type in the number of loan periodic payments. If you want the mo ...
The Time Value of Money Future Value and Present Value .docxchristalgrieg
The Time Value of
Money: Future Value
and Present Value
Computations
"If I deposit $10,000 today, how much will I have for a down payment on a house in five years?"
"Will $2,000 saved a year give me enough money when I retire?"
"How much must I save today to have enough for my children's post-secondary education?"
As introduced in Chapter 1 and used to measure financial opportunity costs in other chapters,
the time value of money, more commonly referred to as interest, is the cost of money that is bor-
rowed or lent. Interest can be compared to rent, the cost of using an apartment or other item.
The time value of money is based on the fact that a dollar received today is worth more than a
dollar that will be received one year from today because the dollar received today can be saved
or invested and will be worth more than a dollar a year from today Similarly, a dollar that will
be received one year from today is currently worth less than a dollar today.
The time value of money has two major components: future value and present value. Future
value computations, which are also referred to as compounding, yield the amount to which a
current sum will increase based on a certain interest rate and period of time, Present value,
which is calculated through a process called discounting, is the current value of a future sum
based on a certain interest rate and period of time.
In future value problems, you are given an amount to save or invest and you calculate the
amount that will be available at some future date. With present value problems, you are given the
amount that will be available at some future date and you calculate the current value of that amount
Both future value and present value computations are based on basic interest rate calculations.
FINANCIAL CALCULATORS
Currently, financial calculators, with time value of money functions built in, are widely used to
calculate future value, present values, and annuities, For the following examples, we will use the
Texas Instruments BA II Plus financial calculator, which is recommended by the Canadian
Institute of Financial Planning.
When using the BA II Plus calculator to solve time value of money problems, you will be
working with the TVM keys that include:
CPT — Compute key used to initiate financial calculations once all values are inputted
— Number of periods
— Interest rate per period
— Present value
PMT — Amount of payment, used only for annuities
— Future value
Enter values for PV, PMT, and FV as negative if they represent cash outflows (e.g., investing
a sum of money) or as positive if they represent cash inflows (e.g., receiving the proceeds of an
investment). To convert a positive number to a negative number, enter the number and then
press the +/— key.
37
Part 1 PLANNING YOUR PERSONAL FINANCES
The examples that are shown in this chapter assume that interest is compounded
annually and that there is only one cash flow per p ...
2. Introducing Excel
Microsoft Office Excel 2007 (or Excel) is a
computer program used to enter, analyze, and present
quantitative data
A spreadsheet is a collection of text and numbers laid
out in a rectangular grid.
Often used in business for budgeting, inventory management,
and decision making
What-if analysis lets you change one or more values
in a spreadsheet and then assess the effect those
changes have on the calculated values
5. Entering Text, Numbers, and Dates in Cells
The formula bar displays the content of the
active cell
Text data is a combination of letters, numbers,
and some symbols
Number data is any numerical value that can be
used in a mathematical calculation
Date and time data are commonly recognized
formats for date and time values
6. Creating Templates
A template is a file that serves as a model for the
worksheets that are created in the work book.
To create your own template the following steps
are to be followed:
Open a new or existing working
Enter the information such as formulas,
formatting, constants etc.
Select File -> Save as
Select the template from the save as type
drop down list.
Enter the file name and click on save.
7. Using a Template
To open an existing template:
Select Open from File menu. The open dialog box will appear
In the files of type drop down list select the option Templates.
Select the template you want to open.
The template will appear as below
Save the templates with new name to use the same in future.
8. Creating multiple Spreadsheets
To add multiple spread sheets in your workbook:
Click on any of the worksheet where you want to add new
sheet.
Select the insert menu and click on worksheet a new worksheet
will be added.
9. Adding header and footer to the worksheet
The header and footer tab of the page set up dialog box allows adding the header and footer for your
worksheet:
To use predefined i.e. built in header and footers:
Click on file menu, select page set up.
Click header and footer tab.
To select header click the drop down list for the header and select any option
To select new footer click the drop down list and choose any one from it.
To set it click on ok.
10. Creating formulas that use references to cells
Create formulas that use references to cells in different worksheet using
relative and absolute addressing
Whenever we want to enter the formula in the cell we can enter the
formula in any of the two ways that are available
Absolute addressing – An absolute address is a address that remains
constant i.e. it does not change even if we copy it and paste it to some
other cell.
Relative addressing – In relative addressing the formula from one
cell if is copied to other cell then it takes the values relative to that
cell and performs the operations.
11. Entering a Formula
A formula is an expression that returns a value
A formula is written using operators that
combine different values, returning a single value
that is then displayed in the cell
The most commonly used operators are arithmetic
operators
The order of precedence is a set of predefined
rules used to determine the sequence in which
operators are applied in a calculation
13. Entering a Formula
Click the cell in which you want the formula results
to appear
Type = and an expression that calculates a value
using cell references and arithmetic operators
Press the Enter key or press the Tab key to complete
the formula
14. Entering a Function
A function is a named operation that returns a value
For example, to add the values in the range A1:A10, you could enter the
following long formula:
=A1+A2+A3+A4+A5+A6+A7+A8+A9+A10
Or, you could use the SUM function to accomplish the same thing:
=SUM(A1:A10)
15. Financial Functions
FV
Returns the future value of an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant interest rate.
Syntax
FV(rate, nper, pmt, pv, type)
Rate is the interest rate per period.
Nper is the total number of payment periods in an annuity.
Pmt is the payment made each period; it cannot change over the life of the annuity. Typically, pmt contains
principal and interest but no other fees or taxes. If pmt is omitted, you must include the pv argument.
Pv is the present value, or the lump-sum amount that a series of future payments is worth right now. If pv is
omitted, it is assumed to be 0 (zero), and you must include the pmt argument.
Type is the number 0 or 1 and indicates when payments are due. If type is omitted, it is assumed to be 0.
16. Examples
A B A B
1 Data Description 1 Data Description
2 6% Annual interest rate 2 12% Annual interest rate
3 10 Number of payments 3 12 Number of payments
4 -200 Amount of the payment 4 -1000 Amount of the payment
5 -500 Present value Formula Description (Result)
6 1 Payment is due at the =FV(A2/12, A3, A4) Future value of an
beginning of the period investment with the
(see above) above terms
(12,682.50)
Formula Description (Result)
=FV(A2/12, A3, A4, A5, Future value of an
A6) investment with the
above terms (2581.40)
17. Financial Functions
PV
Returns the present value of an investment. The present value is the total amount that a series of future payments is worth
now. For example, when you borrow money, the loan amount is the present value to the lender.
Syntax - PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type)
Rate is the interest rate per period. For example, if you obtain an automobile loan at a 10 percent annual interest rate and
make monthly payments, your interest rate per month is 10%/12, or 0.83%. You would enter 10%/12, or 0.83%, or 0.0083,
into the formula as the rate.
Nper is the total number of payment periods in an annuity. For example, if you get a four-year car loan and make monthly
payments, your loan has 4*12 (or 48) periods. You would enter 48 into the formula for nper.
Pmt is the payment made each period and cannot change over the life of the annuity. Typically, pmt includes principal and
interest but no other fees or taxes. For example, the monthly payments on a $10,000, four-year car loan at 12 percent are
$263.33. You would enter -263.33 into the formula as the pmt. If pmt is omitted, you must include the fv argument.
Fv is the future value, or a cash balance you want to attain after the last payment is made. If fv is omitted, it is assumed to
be 0 (the future value of a loan, for example, is 0). For example, if you want to save $50,000 to pay for a special project in
18 years, then $50,000 is the future value. You could then make a conservative guess at an interest rate and determine
how much you must save each month. If fv is omitted, you must include the pmt argument.
Type is the number 0 or 1 and indicates when payments are due.
18. Example
A B
1 Data Description
2 500 Money paid out of an insurance annuity at the end of every
month
3 8% Interest rate earned on the money paid out
4 20 Years the money will be paid out
Formula Description (Result)
=PV(A3/12, 12*A4, A2, , 0) Present value of an annuity with the terms above (-59,777.15).
19. Financial Functions
PMT
Calculates the payment for a loan based on constant payments and a constant interest rate.
Syntax - PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type)
For a more complete description of the arguments in PMT, see the PV function.
Rate is the interest rate for the loan.
Nper is the total number of payments for the loan.
Pv is the present value, or the total amount that a series of future payments is worth now; also known as
the principal.
Fv is the future value, or a cash balance you want to attain after the last payment is made. If fv is omitted,
it is assumed to be 0 (zero), that is, the future value of a loan is 0.
Type is the number 0 (zero) or 1 and indicates when payments are due.
20. Example
A B
1 Data Description
2 8% Annual interest rate
3 10 Number of months of payments
4 10000 Amount of loan
Formula Description (Result)
=PMT(A2/12, A3, A4) Monthly payment for a loan with the above terms (-
1,037.03)
=PMT(A2/12, A3, A4, 0, 1) Monthly payment for a loan with the above terms, except
payments are due at the beginning of the period (-
1,030.16)
21. Financial Functions
PPMT
Returns the payment on the principal for a given period for an investment based on periodic, constant
payments and a constant interest rate.
Syntax - PPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type)
For a more complete description of the arguments in PPMT, see PV.
Rate is the interest rate per period.
Per specifies the period and must be in the range 1 to nper.
Nper is the total number of payment periods in an annuity.
Pv is the present value — the total amount that a series of future payments is worth now.
Fv is the future value, or a cash balance you want to attain after the last payment is made. If fv is omitted,
it is assumed to be 0 (zero), that is, the future value of a loan is 0.
Type is the number 0 or 1 and indicates when payments are due.
22. Example
A B
1 Data Description (Result)
2 10% Annual interest rate
3 2 Number of years in the loan
4 2000 Amount of loan
Formula Description (Result)
=PPMT(A2/12, 1, A3*12, A4) Payment on principle for the first month of loan (-75.62)
Note: The interest rate is divided by 12 to get a monthly rate. The number of years the money is paid out is multiplied by 12
to get the number of payments
23. Financial Functions
IPMT
Returns the interest payment for a given period for an investment based on periodic, constant payments
and a constant interest rate.
Syntax - IPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type)
Rate is the interest rate per period.
Per is the period for which you want to find the interest and must be in the range 1 to nper.
Nper is the total number of payment periods in an annuity.
Pv is the present value, or the lump-sum amount that a series of future payments is worth right now.
Fv is the future value, or a cash balance you want to attain after the last payment is made. If fv is omitted,
it is assumed to be 0 (the future value of a loan, for example, is 0).
Type is the number 0 or 1 and indicates when payments are due. If type is omitted, it is assumed to be 0.
24. Example
A B
1 Data Description (Result)
2 10% Annual interest
3 1 Period for which you want to find the interest
4 3 Years of loan
5 8000 Present value of loan
Formula Description (Result)
=IPMT(A2/12, A3*3, A4, A5) Interest due in the first month for a loan with the terms
above (-22.41)
=IPMT(A2, 3, A4, A5) Interest due in the last year for a loan with the terms
above, where payments are made yearly (-292.45)
25. Financial Functions
NPER
Returns the number of periods for an investment based on periodic, constant payments and a constant
interest rate.
Syntax - NPER(rate, pmt, pv, fv, type)
For a more complete description of the arguments in NPER and for more information about annuity
functions, see PV.
Rate is the interest rate per period.
Pmt is the payment made each period; it cannot change over the life of the annuity. Typically, pmt
contains principal and interest but no other fees or taxes.
Pv is the present value, or the lump-sum amount that a series of future payments is worth right now.
Fv is the future value, or a cash balance you want to attain after the last payment is made. If fv is omitted,
it is assumed to be 0 (the future value of a loan, for example, is 0).
Type is the number 0 or 1 and indicates when payments are due.
26. Example
A B
1 Data Description (Result)
2 12% Annual interest rate
3 -100 Payment made each period
4 -1000 Present value
5 10000 Future value
6 1 Payment is due at the beginning of the period (see
above)
Formula Description (Result)
=NPER(A2/12, A3, A4, A5, 1) Periods for the investment with the above terms (60)
=NPER(A2/12, A3, A4, A5) Periods for the investment with the above terms, except
payments are made at the beginning of the period (60)
=NPER(A2/12, A3, A4) Periods for the investment with the above terms, except
with a future value of 0 (-9.578)
27. Financial Functions
RATE
Returns the interest rate per period of an annuity. RATE is calculated by iteration and can have zero or more
solutions. If the successive results of RATE do not converge to within 0.0000001 after 20 iterations, RATE returns
the #NUM! error value.
Syntax - RATE(nper,pmt,pv,fv,type,guess)
For a complete description of the arguments nper, pmt, pv, fv, and type, see PV.
Nper is the total number of payment periods in an annuity.
Pmt is the payment made each period and cannot change over the life of the annuity. Typically, pmt includes
principal and interest but no other fees or taxes. If pmt is omitted, you must include the fv argument.
Pv is the present value — the total amount that a series of future payments is worth now.
Fv is the future value, or a cash balance you want to attain after the last payment is made. If fv is omitted, it is
assumed to be 0 (the future value of a loan, for example, is 0).
Type is the number 0 or 1 and indicates when payments are due.
28. Example
A B
1 Data Description (Result)
2 4 Years of the loan
3 -200 Monthly payment
4 8000 Amount of the loan
Formula Description (Result)
=RATE(A2*12, A3, A4) Monthly rate of the loan with the above terms (1%)
=RATE(A2*12, A3, A4)*12 Annual rate of the loan with the above terms
(0.09241767 or 9.24%)
29. Financial Functions
NPV
Calculates the net present value of an investment by using a discount rate and a series of future
payments (negative values) and income (positive values).
Syntax - NPV(rate,value1,value2, ...)
Rate is the rate of discount over the length of one period.
Value1, value2, ... are 1 to 254 arguments representing the payments and income.
Value1, value2, ... must be equally spaced in time and occur at the end of each period.
NPV uses the order of value1, value2, ... to interpret the order of cash flows. Be sure to enter your
payment and income values in the correct sequence.
Arguments that are numbers, empty cells, logical values, or text representations of numbers are
counted; arguments that are error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers are ignored.
If an argument is an array or reference, only numbers in that array or reference are counted. Empty
cells, logical values, text, or error values in the array or reference are ignored
30. Example
A B
1 Data Description (Result)
2 10% Annual discount rate
3 -10000 Initial cost of investment one year from today
4 3000 Return from first year
5 4200 Return from second year
6 6800 Return from third year
Formula Description (Result)
=NPV(A2, A3, A4, A5, A6) Net present value of this investment (1,188.44)
31. Financial Functions
IRR
Returns the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows represented by the numbers in values. These cash flows do not have
to be even, as they would be for an annuity. However, the cash flows must occur at regular intervals, such as monthly or
annually. The internal rate of return is the interest rate received for an investment consisting of payments (negative values) and
income (positive values) that occur at regular periods.
Syntax - IRR(values,guess)
Values is an array or a reference to cells that contain numbers for which you want to calculate the internal rate of return.
Values must contain at least one positive value and one negative value to calculate the internal rate of return.
IRR uses the order of values to interpret the order of cash flows. Be sure to enter your payment and income values in the
sequence you want.
If an array or reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, those values are ignored.
Guess is a number that you guess is close to the result of IRR.
Microsoft Excel uses an iterative technique for calculating IRR. Starting with guess, IRR cycles through the calculation until
the result is accurate within 0.00001 percent. If IRR can't find a result that works after 20 tries, the #NUM! error value is
returned.
In most cases you do not need to provide guess for the IRR calculation. If guess is omitted, it is assumed to be 0.1 (10
percent).
If IRR gives the #NUM! error value, or if the result is not close to what you expected, try again with a different value for guess.
32. Example
A B
1 Data Description (Result)
2 -70000 Initial cost of a business
3 12000 Net income for the first year
4 15000 Net income for the second year
5 18000 Net income for the third year
6 21000 Net income for the fourth year
7 26000 Net income for the fifth year
Formula Description (Result)
=IRR(A2:A6) Investment's internal rate of return after four years (-
2%)
=IRR(A2:A7) Internal rate of return after five years (9%)
=IRR(A2:A4,-10%) To calculate the internal rate of return after two years,
you need to include a guess (-44%)
33. Database Functions
VLOOKUP
Searches for a value in the first column of a table array and returns a value in the same row from another column in the table array.
The V in VLOOKUP stands for vertical. Use VLOOKUP instead of HLOOKUP when your comparison values are located in a column to the left of the data that you
want to find.
Syntax
VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,range_lookup)
Lookup_value The value to search in the first column of the table array (array: Used to build single formulas that produce multiple results or that operate on a group
of arguments that are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant is a group of constants used as an argument.).
Lookup_value can be a value or a reference. If lookup_value is smaller than the smallest value in the first column of table_array, VLOOKUP returns the #N/A error
value.
Table_array Two or more columns of data. Use a reference to a range or a range name. The values in the first column of table_array are the values searched by
lookup_value. These values can be text, numbers, or logical values. Uppercase and lowercase text are equivalent.
Col_index_num The column number in table_array from which the matching value must be returned. A col_index_num of 1 returns the value in the first column in
table_array; a col_index_num of 2 returns the value in the second column in table_array, and so on. If col_index_num is:
Less than 1, VLOOKUP returns the #VALUE! error value.
Greater than the number of columns in table_array, VLOOKUP returns the #REF! error value.
Range_lookup A logical value that specifies whether you want VLOOKUP to find an exact match or an approximate match:
If TRUE or omitted, an exact or approximate match is returned. If an exact match is not found, the next largest value that is less than lookup_value is returned.
The values in the first column of table_array must be placed in ascending sort order; otherwise, VLOOKUP may not give the correct value. For more information, see
Sort data.
If FALSE, VLOOKUP will only find an exact match. In this case, the values in the first column of table_array do not need to be sorted. If there are two or more values
in the first column of table_array that match the lookup_value, the first value found is used. If an exact match is not found, the error value #N/A is returned.
34. Example
A B C
1 Density Viscosity Temperature
2 0.457 3.55 500
3 0.525 3.25 400
4 0.626 2.93 300
5 0.675 2.75 250
6 0.746 2.57 200
7 0.835 2.38 150
8 0.946 2.17 100
9 1.09 1.95 50
10 1.29 1.71 0
Formula Description (Result)
=VLOOKUP(1,A2:C10,2) Using an approximate match, searches for the value 1 in column A, finds the
largest value less than or equal to 1 in column A which is 0.946, and then
returns the value from column B in the same row. (2.17)
=VLOOKUP(1,A2:C10,3,TRUE) Using an approximate match, searches for the value 1 in column A, finds the
largest value less than or equal to 1 in column A, which is 0.946, and then
returns the value from column C in the same row. (100)
=VLOOKUP(.7,A2:C10,3,FALSE Using an exact match, searches for the value .7 in column A. Because there
) is no exact match in column A, an error is returned. (#N/A)
35. Database Functions
HLOOKUP
Searches for a value in the top row of a table or an array (array: Used to build single formulas that produce multiple results or that operate on a group of arguments
that are arranged in rows and columns. An array range shares a common formula; an array constant is a group of constants used as an argument.) of values, and
then returns a value in the same column from a row you specify in the table or array. Use HLOOKUP when your comparison values are located in a row across the
top of a table of data, and you want to look down a specified number of rows. Use VLOOKUP when your comparison values are located in a column to the left of the
data you want to find.
The H in HLOOKUP stands for "Horizontal."
Syntax
HLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,row_index_num,range_lookup)
Lookup_value is the value to be found in the first row of the table. Lookup_value can be a value, a reference, or a text string.
Table_array is a table of information in which data is looked up. Use a reference to a range or a range name.
The values in the first row of table_array can be text, numbers, or logical values.
If range_lookup is TRUE, the values in the first row of table_array must be placed in ascending order: ...-2, -1, 0, 1, 2,... , A-Z, FALSE, TRUE; otherwise,
HLOOKUP may not give the correct value. If range_lookup is FALSE, table_array does not need to be sorted.
Uppercase and lowercase text are equivalent.
Sort the values in ascending order, left to right.
Row_index_num is the row number in table_array from which the matching value will be returned. A row_index_num of 1 returns the first row value in table_array,
a row_index_num of 2 returns the second row value in table_array, and so on. If row_index_num is less than 1, HLOOKUP returns the #VALUE! error value; if
row_index_num is greater than the number of rows on table_array, HLOOKUP returns the #REF! error value.
Range_lookup is a logical value that specifies whether you want HLOOKUP to find an exact match or an approximate match. If TRUE or omitted, an approximate
match is returned. In other words, if an exact match is not found, the next largest value that is less than lookup_value is returned. If FALSE, HLOOKUP will find an
exact match. If one is not found, the error value #N/A is returned.
36. Example
A B C
1 Axles Bearings Bolts
2 4 4 9
3 5 7 10
4 6 8 11
Formula Description (Result)
=HLOOKUP("Axles",A1:C4,2,TR Looks up Axles in row 1, and returns the value from row 2 that's in the same
UE) column. (4)
=HLOOKUP("Bearings",A1:C4,3, Looks up Bearings in row 1, and returns the value from row 3 that's in the
FALSE) same column. (7)
=HLOOKUP("B",A1:C4,3,TRUE) Looks up B in row 1, and returns the value from row 3 that's in the same
column. Because B is not an exact match, the next largest value that is less
than B is used: Axles. (5)
=HLOOKUP("Bolts",A1:C4,4) Looks up Bolts in row 1, and returns the value from row 4 that's in the same
column. (11)
=HLOOKUP(3,{1,2,3;"a","b","c";" Looks up 3 in the first row of the array constant, and returns the value from
d","e","f"},2,TRUE) row 2 in same column. (c)
37. Conditional Logical Functions
IF
Returns one value if a condition you specify evaluates to TRUE and another value if it evaluates to FALSE.
Use IF to conduct conditional tests on values and formulas.
Syntax - IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false)
Logical_test is any value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE.
Value_if_true is the value that is returned if logical_test is TRUE.
Value_if_false is the value that is returned if logical_test is FALSE.
38. Example
A B
1 Actual Expense Predicted Expense
2 1500 900
3 500 900
4 500 925
Formula Description (Result)
=IF(A2>B2,"Over Budget","OK") Checks whether the first row is over budget (Over
Budget)
=IF(A3>B3,"Over Budget","OK") Checks whether the second row is over budget (OK)
39. Conditional Logical Functions
COUNTIF
Counts the number of cells within a range that meet the given criteria.
Syntax
COUNTIF(range,criteria)
Range is one or more cells to count, including numbers or names, arrays, or references that contain numbers. Blank and
text values are ignored.
Criteria is the criteria in the form of a number, expression, cell reference, or text that defines which cells will be counted.
For example, criteria can be expressed as 32, "32", ">32", "apples", or B4.
40. Example
A B
1 Data Data
2 Apples 32
3 Oranges 54
4 Apples 86
Formula Description (Result)
=COUNTIF(A2:A5,"apples") Number of cells with apples in the first column above (2)
=COUNTIF(A2:A5,A4) Number of cells with peaches in the first column above (1)
=COUNTIF(A2:A5,A3)+COUNTIF(A2:A5,A2) Number of cells with oranges and apples in the first column
above (3)
=COUNTIF(B2:B5,">55") Number of cells with a value greater than 55 in the second
column above (2)
=COUNTIF(B2:B5,"<>"&B4) Number of cells with a value not equal to 75 in the second
column above (3)
=COUNTIF(B2:B5,">=32")-COUNTIF(B2:B5,">85") Number of cells with a value greater than or equal to 32 and
less than or equal to 85 in the second column above (3)
41. Conditional Logical Functions
SUMIF
Adds the cells specified by a given criteria.
Syntax
SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range)
Range is the range of cells that you want evaluated by criteria. Cells in each range must be numbers or names, arrays, or
references that contain numbers. Blank and text values are ignored.
Criteria is the criteria in the form of a number, expression, or text that defines which cells will be added. For example,
criteria can be expressed as 32, "32", ">32", or "apples".
Sum_range are the actual cells to add if their corresponding cells in range match criteria. If sum_range is omitted, the cells
in range are both evaluated by criteria and added if they match criteria.
42. Example
A B
1 Property Value Commission
2 100000 7000
3 200000 14000
4 300000 21000
5 400000 28000
Formula Description (Result)
=SUMIF(A2:A5,">160000",B2:B5) Sum of the commissions for property values over
160,000 (63,000)
=SUMIF(A2:A5,">160000") Sum of the property values over 160,000 (900,000)
=SUMIF(A2:A5,"=300000",B2:B3) Sum of the commissions for property values equal to
300,000 (21,000)
43. Create Scenarios For What-if Analyses
Scenarios are part of a suite of commands sometimes called what-if analysis (what-if analysis: A process of changing the values in cells to see how
those changes affect the outcome of formulas on the worksheet. For example, varying the interest rate that is used in an amortization table to
determine the amount of the payments.) tools. A scenario is a set of values that Microsoft Office Excel saves and can substitute automatically on
your worksheet. You can use scenarios to forecast the outcome of a worksheet model. You can create and save different groups of values on a
worksheet and then switch to any of these new scenarios to view different results.
Overview
Creating scenarios For example, you might want to use a scenario if you want to create a budget but are uncertain of your revenue. With a
scenario, you can define different values for the revenue and then switch between the scenarios to perform what-if analyses.
A B
1 Gross Revenue 50000
2 Cost of Goods Sold 13200
3 Gross Profit 36800
In the example above, you can name the scenario Worst Case, set the value in cell B1 to $50,000, and set the value in cell B2 to $13,200.
A B
1 Gross Revenue 150000
2 Cost of Goods Sold 26000
3 Gross Profit 124000
You can name the second scenario Best Case and change the values in B1 to $150,000 and in B2 to $26,000.
44. Create Scenarios For What-if Analyses
Create a Scenario
On the Data tab, in the Data Tools group, click What-If Analysis, and then click Scenario
Manager.
Click Add.
In the Scenario name box, type a name for the scenario (scenario: A named set of input
values that you can substitute in a worksheet model.).
In the Changing cells box, enter the references for the cells that you want to change. Note
To preserve the original values for the changing cells, create a scenario that uses the
original cell values before you create scenarios that change the values.
Under Protection, select the options that you want.
Click OK.
In the Scenario Values dialog box, type the values that you want for the changing cells.
To create the scenario, click OK.
If you want to create additional scenarios, repeat steps 2 through 8. When you finish
creating scenarios, click OK, and then click Close in the Scenario Manager dialog box.
45. Create Scenarios For What-if Analyses
Display a scenario
When you display a scenario (scenario: A named set of input values that you can substitute
in a worksheet model.), you change the values of the cells that are saved as part of that
scenario.
On the Data tab, in the Data Tools group, click What-If Analysis, and then click Scenario
Manager.
Click the name of the scenario that you want to display.
Click Show.
46. Create Scenarios For What-if Analyses
Scenario Manager
Scenario Manager allows you to create a save different sets of input values with their results
as scenarios. It is a group of input values saves with a name. A scenario is a named what if
model that includes variable cells linked together by one or more formulas.
Let us compare a best case and a worst case scenario for the sales in shop based on
number of item sold in week
47. Create Scenarios For What-if Analyses
A B C D
1 Price per 1st item 1.25 Total Revenue =B3+B7+B11
2 Items needed to sale 100
3 subtotal 125
4
5 Price per 1st item 2
6 Items needed to sale 100
7 subtotal 200
8
9 Price per 1st item 2.25
10 Items needed to sale 100
11 subtotal 225
48. To create scenario follow the following steps
From the tools menu choose scenarios, the scenario manager dialog box
appears.
Click the add button to create your first scenario, the add scenario dialog box
appears
Type best case (i.e. the scenario name) in the scenario name text box and
press the tab key.
In the changing cells text box, specify the variable cells that you want to
modify in your scenario. You can type cell names highlight a cell range or hold
down the control key and click individual cells to add them to the text box.
Click OK to add scenario to the scenario manager. You will see the scenario
value dialog box, asking you your model variables.
Types the new values .
Click close to close the scenario manager dialog box.
49. Pivot Tables
Pivot table is used to display the fields and records in the list in different combinations.
Creating a Pivot table:
To Create the Pivot table.
Click the cell you want to vie as the pivot table.
Click on data menu and select pivot table and pivot chart in the dialog box will
appear.
Select Microsoft Excel List or Database
Click Next
Select the range of the list of the cells
Click Next
You will get a dialog box where you can select new worksheet and click finish.
You will get a blank pivot table and the toolbar in the new worksheet.
Put your fields i.e. data items to the pivot table report in in row column and
data.
50. Macros
To automate repetitive tasks, you can quickly record a macro (macro: An
action or a set of actions that you can use to automate tasks. Macros are
recorded in the Visual Basic for Applications programming language.)
Create a Macro
Select the worksheet
Click on tools and select macro
Select Record to record a new macro.
Type the name of the macro and click ok
Perform all the key strokes you want to record.
Once the recording is done click on the stop button .
(you can also select a shortcut key stroke which can be used when you will
run the macro)
51. Macros
Running a Macro
To run a macro
Click on tools and select macro.
The Macro dialog box appears
Select the Macro name which you want to run and click run
It will perform all the actions that were recorded when it was
recorded.