This document discusses antitrust policy and competition law. It provides definitions of antitrust law, outlines its three main elements which are prohibiting anti-competitive agreements, banning abusive behavior by dominant firms, and supervising large mergers. It also discusses objectives of antitrust policy, anti-competitive practices, federal antitrust laws in the US and India's Competition Act. Specific cases involving Microsoft, Standard Oil, IBM, and AT&T are analyzed. The document also summarizes criticisms of antitrust laws.
The document discusses several topics related to intellectual property, privacy, and ecommerce. It defines key concepts like copyright, trademarks, intellectual property, privacy policies, and cookies. It provides tips for safe online shopping and discusses the need for businesses to protect themselves from issues like software piracy, customers refusing to pay, and the unauthorized use of their name or copyrighted content.
WorldCom began as a long distance telephone company and grew rapidly through acquisitions in the 1990s. However, in 2001-2002 it was discovered that WorldCom had fraudulently reported $3.8 billion in line costs as capital expenditures rather than operating expenses. This led to the bankruptcy of WorldCom and investigations that showed $9 billion in total fraudulent accounting. The fraud, committed under CEO Bernard Ebbers, badly damaged investor trust in companies and financial markets. After emerging from bankruptcy as MCI, WorldCom took steps to reform accounting practices but the incident showed weaknesses in oversight by the SEC.
This document discusses online sales tax legislation in 2015. It provides an overview of past efforts to require online retailers to collect sales tax, including the Marketplace Fairness Act of 2013. The document then summarizes the reintroduced Marketplace Fairness Act of 2015, including how it is similar and different to the previous version. It also outlines supporters and opponents of the new bill and discusses other related initiatives. The last few sections provide guidance to retailers on understanding their sales tax collection responsibilities based on factors like location and sales channels.
Privacy & Data Security for InHouse Counselamprivacy
This document provides an overview of privacy and data security issues for in-house counsel. It begins with an outline of topics to be discussed, including labor and employment law, litigation, real estate, corporate compliance, and corporate transactions. Specific issues that will be covered include employee privacy in email and social media, data breach response plans, and regulatory disclosure requirements. Solutions proposed include conducting risk assessments, training employees, and appointing a privacy officer to develop policies with privacy and security in mind. The goal is to help in-house counsel navigate increasing regulation and litigation in this area.
Legal issues uniform commercial code for ecommerceMukul kale
The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is a standardized set of laws and regulations for transacting business across state lines. The UCC code was established because differing state laws were making it increasingly difficult for companies to conduct interstate business transactions. The UCC code helped to create consistency in commercial transactions between states.
This document discusses the proposed Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and Protect IP Act (PIPA) bills. It outlines the key provisions and impacts of the bills, including blocking of websites accused of copyright infringement. It also discusses the shift in focus from SOPA to PIPA, and lists the major proponents and opponents of the bills, such as tech companies and creative industry groups. The document examines alternatives to the bills and technical challenges around implementation.
Antitrust policy aims to judge the competitiveness of markets either by the performance of firms or by market structure. Key US antitrust laws include the Sherman Act, Clayton Act, and Federal Trade Commission Act. Recent major antitrust cases involved AT&T, IBM, and Microsoft. Mergers can be horizontal between competitors, vertical between suppliers and customers, or conglomerate between unrelated firms. Governments influence competition through antitrust policy as well as regulation, ownership, and industrial policies.
This document discusses antitrust policy and competition law. It provides definitions of antitrust law, outlines its three main elements which are prohibiting anti-competitive agreements, banning abusive behavior by dominant firms, and supervising large mergers. It also discusses objectives of antitrust policy, anti-competitive practices, federal antitrust laws in the US and India's Competition Act. Specific cases involving Microsoft, Standard Oil, IBM, and AT&T are analyzed. The document also summarizes criticisms of antitrust laws.
The document discusses several topics related to intellectual property, privacy, and ecommerce. It defines key concepts like copyright, trademarks, intellectual property, privacy policies, and cookies. It provides tips for safe online shopping and discusses the need for businesses to protect themselves from issues like software piracy, customers refusing to pay, and the unauthorized use of their name or copyrighted content.
WorldCom began as a long distance telephone company and grew rapidly through acquisitions in the 1990s. However, in 2001-2002 it was discovered that WorldCom had fraudulently reported $3.8 billion in line costs as capital expenditures rather than operating expenses. This led to the bankruptcy of WorldCom and investigations that showed $9 billion in total fraudulent accounting. The fraud, committed under CEO Bernard Ebbers, badly damaged investor trust in companies and financial markets. After emerging from bankruptcy as MCI, WorldCom took steps to reform accounting practices but the incident showed weaknesses in oversight by the SEC.
This document discusses online sales tax legislation in 2015. It provides an overview of past efforts to require online retailers to collect sales tax, including the Marketplace Fairness Act of 2013. The document then summarizes the reintroduced Marketplace Fairness Act of 2015, including how it is similar and different to the previous version. It also outlines supporters and opponents of the new bill and discusses other related initiatives. The last few sections provide guidance to retailers on understanding their sales tax collection responsibilities based on factors like location and sales channels.
Privacy & Data Security for InHouse Counselamprivacy
This document provides an overview of privacy and data security issues for in-house counsel. It begins with an outline of topics to be discussed, including labor and employment law, litigation, real estate, corporate compliance, and corporate transactions. Specific issues that will be covered include employee privacy in email and social media, data breach response plans, and regulatory disclosure requirements. Solutions proposed include conducting risk assessments, training employees, and appointing a privacy officer to develop policies with privacy and security in mind. The goal is to help in-house counsel navigate increasing regulation and litigation in this area.
Legal issues uniform commercial code for ecommerceMukul kale
The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is a standardized set of laws and regulations for transacting business across state lines. The UCC code was established because differing state laws were making it increasingly difficult for companies to conduct interstate business transactions. The UCC code helped to create consistency in commercial transactions between states.
This document discusses the proposed Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and Protect IP Act (PIPA) bills. It outlines the key provisions and impacts of the bills, including blocking of websites accused of copyright infringement. It also discusses the shift in focus from SOPA to PIPA, and lists the major proponents and opponents of the bills, such as tech companies and creative industry groups. The document examines alternatives to the bills and technical challenges around implementation.
Antitrust policy aims to judge the competitiveness of markets either by the performance of firms or by market structure. Key US antitrust laws include the Sherman Act, Clayton Act, and Federal Trade Commission Act. Recent major antitrust cases involved AT&T, IBM, and Microsoft. Mergers can be horizontal between competitors, vertical between suppliers and customers, or conglomerate between unrelated firms. Governments influence competition through antitrust policy as well as regulation, ownership, and industrial policies.
WorldCom was a large telecommunications company that grew rapidly in the 1990s through acquisitions. However, in 2002 it was discovered that WorldCom had fraudulently reported $9 billion in expenses as capital expenditures to inflate profits. This caused WorldCom's stock price to collapse and the company eventually filed for bankruptcy. Several WorldCom executives were charged and convicted for their role in the accounting fraud scandal, which shook investor confidence and led to increased scrutiny of auditors and accountants. WorldCom emerged from bankruptcy reorganized as MCI but the fraud scandal remains one of the largest in American corporate history.
This document provides information on media mogul Rupert Murdoch and his acquisition of numerous newspapers, television stations, and film studios over several decades to build a massive media empire. It also summarizes key concepts in media economics like monopoly, oligopoly, deregulation, and trends in business practices such as outsourcing, wage gaps, and media consolidation.
The document defines key terms related to the growth of big business and industry in the late 19th century, including corporations (businesses owned by investors), stocks (shares of ownership), dividends (a share of profits), and monopolies (control of an industry without competition). It also discusses trusts (groups of corporations with a single board), the free enterprise system of private business ownership, vertical integration (manufacturer controls all steps of production), patents, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act banning monopolies, mass production and moving assembly lines, as well as sweatshops and collective bargaining between unions and management.
Aol the emergence of an internet media companyARUNKUMAR A
AOL and Time Warner announced a merger in 2000 to combine AOL's online presence with Time Warner's media assets. AOL grew rapidly in the 1990s through aggressive marketing of its easy-to-use online service. It transitioned to an unlimited usage pricing model in 1996 to compete with flat-rate ISPs. Time Warner was a large media conglomerate owning cable systems, publishing, music, and filmed entertainment. The merger aimed to leverage both companies' media properties through cross-promotion online and off. Critics argued Time Warner had not fully exploited synergies between its divisions previously.
The 1920s US economy saw high tariffs that boosted domestic industry but hurt farmers and trade, while tax cuts primarily benefited the wealthy. Regulations were reduced and businesses fixed prices. New technologies like the automobile and mass production grew industries and employment. However, easy credit, real estate speculation, and rampant stock market speculation built instability and left many in debt.
AT&T was originally founded in 1885 as American Telephone and Telegraph Company and grew to become the primary telephone service provider in the United States through a series of acquisitions and mergers. It held a monopoly for much of the 20th century until antitrust action in 1982 broke up AT&T and separated its local and long distance business units. Since then, AT&T has undergone further restructuring and acquisitions to evolve from a telephone company into a global provider of communications and networking services.
This document discusses an approach called "J-Ethinomics" that combines journalism, ethics and economics to help improve society and sustain the media business. It aims to use ethical practices to build public trust and attract audiences and advertisers. Media industries currently face problems like lack of trust, corporate influence and economic difficulties. J-Ethinomics proposes focusing on public interest and serving audiences to make media more profitable. Reporting ethically while respecting editorial control can help construct a sustainable business model for digital media.
Media Industries_Regulations and Mandatesbgoebel79
This document discusses regulation of the media industries. It covers several areas:
1) Regulations can guide production, distribution, and exhibition of content, as well as business operations and structure, but they do not equal censorship.
2) Television content and structure are regulated, with government bodies, industries, citizens, and lobbyists all playing a role. Regulations can affect the commercial nature and self-regulation of content.
3) Structural regulations address issues like ownership limits, economic rates and subsidies, licensing and license renewal, monopoly prevention, and distribution methods. This includes policies around net neutrality, broadband, and technology changes.
The document provides an overview of WorldCom's corporate governance failure, including:
1) WorldCom grew rapidly in the 1990s through acquisitions but failed to integrate companies, taking on large debts.
2) Senior management, including the CEO and CFO, engaged in fraudulent accounting to hide losses of billions.
3) This led to WorldCom filing for bankruptcy protection in 2002, the largest such filing in US history, costing investors over $100 billion.
4) The scandal revealed weaknesses in corporate governance including a negligent board and toxic culture at senior levels prioritizing growth over legitimacy.
This document discusses major legal and ethical issues in electronic commerce, including privacy, intellectual property, free speech, taxation, and consumer protection. It covers how private information is collected online through cookies, site registration, and other methods. Key principles of privacy protection and the EU's Data Privacy Directive are examined. Issues relating to intellectual property such as copyrights, patents, trademarks, and censorship are also summarized. The rise of mobile commerce and location-based commerce are then outlined, along with attributes, drivers, and generations of mobile networks including 3G and its capabilities and adoption. Finally, obstacles to mobile and location-based commerce are briefly noted.
Worldcom was a telecommunications company founded in 1983 that grew rapidly through acquisitions. By 2000, it was one of the largest such companies in the world. However, its aggressive expansion left it struggling with high debt. To hide losses and inflate profits, Worldcom executives under CEO Bernie Ebbers fraudulently reported $3.8 billion in expenses as capital costs. This was uncovered in 2002 by internal auditors Cynthia Cooper and Gene Morse. Worldcom filed for bankruptcy that year in what was then the largest such filing in U.S. history. Ebbers and other executives were convicted of fraud. The scandal led to stricter financial regulations with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Merger of top companies:
-ExxonMobil
-Sirius XM Satellite Radio
-Sears Kmart
-Sprint Corporation and Nextel Communications
-Mattel & Learning Co.
-DISNEY-PIXAR
-AOL Time warner
Corporate Restructuring- MBA-IIUC
Team Leader: MD.RABIUL HOSSAIN
Mass Media and Society Chapter 13: Economicsczavisca
This document summarizes key topics in the economics of mass media. It discusses how a small number of large companies dominate many media industries through monopoly or oligopoly structures. It also examines how the internet has affected media revenue models and distribution. The document outlines how advertising, particularly from companies like Google, generates most online revenue. It also analyzes globalization trends and how media companies tailor content for international markets.
This presentation analyzes AT&T and its strategies since the early days of the telephone, passing by the divestiture of 1984, and ending in Michael Armstong's days. a SWOT analysis is performed in each of these milestones.
1) America Online (AOL) launched its first online service in 1985 and grew to become one of the largest internet service providers before merging with Time Warner in 2000 in a $165 billion deal.
2) The AOL-Time Warner merger struggled to meet growth targets and underwent leadership and strategy changes before Time Warner dropped the AOL name in 2003.
3) In 2009, AOL was spun off as an independent company again and acquired properties like The Huffington Post and TechCrunch to diversify before being acquired by Verizon for $4.4 billion in 2015 to expand their mobile and online content offerings.
Big businesses like corporations and trusts grew rapidly in the late 1800s, led by powerful industrialists known as "robber barons." This allowed companies to produce goods on a massive scale but also led to monopolies with little competition. In response, the government began implementing regulations like the Sherman Antitrust Act to limit monopolies and protect consumers and small businesses from the abusive practices of large trusts.
Cross media ownership refers to large media companies owning properties across multiple channels like TV, film, magazines and news. Since the 1980s, media companies have merged and consolidated due to changing economic and technological conditions. This has led to fewer but larger media producers that can leverage resources across their different properties. While this allows for reduced costs, wider distribution and business security, it also concentrates media power in fewer hands and raises issues around privacy, information control and loss of individual media text branding.
Cell phone carriers are required to track location data for emergency services but some choose to store this data for up to 3 years. Law enforcement can access this data without warrants in some cases. There are open legal questions around whether location data is owned by carriers as business records or covered by other privacy laws. Federal agencies are looking at privacy issues raised by location tracking and data collection on phones by carriers and third parties.
Business Law Training | State and Local Taxes: Key Developments That Will Aff...Quarles & Brady
State and local tax laws are constantly changing in ways that will affect businesses, with over 1,000 changes each year across the 50 states and 97,000 local governments. Proposed federal tax reform could also impact state tax liabilities by changing what items are taxable. States are increasingly aggressive in areas like economic nexus laws, digital goods taxes, and unclaimed property audits to generate more tax revenue.
The Rise of Generative AI in Finance: Reshaping the Industry with Synthetic DataChampak Jhagmag
In this presentation, we will explore the rise of generative AI in finance and its potential to reshape the industry. We will discuss how generative AI can be used to develop new products, combat fraud, and revolutionize risk management. Finally, we will address some of the ethical considerations and challenges associated with this powerful technology.
WorldCom was a large telecommunications company that grew rapidly in the 1990s through acquisitions. However, in 2002 it was discovered that WorldCom had fraudulently reported $9 billion in expenses as capital expenditures to inflate profits. This caused WorldCom's stock price to collapse and the company eventually filed for bankruptcy. Several WorldCom executives were charged and convicted for their role in the accounting fraud scandal, which shook investor confidence and led to increased scrutiny of auditors and accountants. WorldCom emerged from bankruptcy reorganized as MCI but the fraud scandal remains one of the largest in American corporate history.
This document provides information on media mogul Rupert Murdoch and his acquisition of numerous newspapers, television stations, and film studios over several decades to build a massive media empire. It also summarizes key concepts in media economics like monopoly, oligopoly, deregulation, and trends in business practices such as outsourcing, wage gaps, and media consolidation.
The document defines key terms related to the growth of big business and industry in the late 19th century, including corporations (businesses owned by investors), stocks (shares of ownership), dividends (a share of profits), and monopolies (control of an industry without competition). It also discusses trusts (groups of corporations with a single board), the free enterprise system of private business ownership, vertical integration (manufacturer controls all steps of production), patents, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act banning monopolies, mass production and moving assembly lines, as well as sweatshops and collective bargaining between unions and management.
Aol the emergence of an internet media companyARUNKUMAR A
AOL and Time Warner announced a merger in 2000 to combine AOL's online presence with Time Warner's media assets. AOL grew rapidly in the 1990s through aggressive marketing of its easy-to-use online service. It transitioned to an unlimited usage pricing model in 1996 to compete with flat-rate ISPs. Time Warner was a large media conglomerate owning cable systems, publishing, music, and filmed entertainment. The merger aimed to leverage both companies' media properties through cross-promotion online and off. Critics argued Time Warner had not fully exploited synergies between its divisions previously.
The 1920s US economy saw high tariffs that boosted domestic industry but hurt farmers and trade, while tax cuts primarily benefited the wealthy. Regulations were reduced and businesses fixed prices. New technologies like the automobile and mass production grew industries and employment. However, easy credit, real estate speculation, and rampant stock market speculation built instability and left many in debt.
AT&T was originally founded in 1885 as American Telephone and Telegraph Company and grew to become the primary telephone service provider in the United States through a series of acquisitions and mergers. It held a monopoly for much of the 20th century until antitrust action in 1982 broke up AT&T and separated its local and long distance business units. Since then, AT&T has undergone further restructuring and acquisitions to evolve from a telephone company into a global provider of communications and networking services.
This document discusses an approach called "J-Ethinomics" that combines journalism, ethics and economics to help improve society and sustain the media business. It aims to use ethical practices to build public trust and attract audiences and advertisers. Media industries currently face problems like lack of trust, corporate influence and economic difficulties. J-Ethinomics proposes focusing on public interest and serving audiences to make media more profitable. Reporting ethically while respecting editorial control can help construct a sustainable business model for digital media.
Media Industries_Regulations and Mandatesbgoebel79
This document discusses regulation of the media industries. It covers several areas:
1) Regulations can guide production, distribution, and exhibition of content, as well as business operations and structure, but they do not equal censorship.
2) Television content and structure are regulated, with government bodies, industries, citizens, and lobbyists all playing a role. Regulations can affect the commercial nature and self-regulation of content.
3) Structural regulations address issues like ownership limits, economic rates and subsidies, licensing and license renewal, monopoly prevention, and distribution methods. This includes policies around net neutrality, broadband, and technology changes.
The document provides an overview of WorldCom's corporate governance failure, including:
1) WorldCom grew rapidly in the 1990s through acquisitions but failed to integrate companies, taking on large debts.
2) Senior management, including the CEO and CFO, engaged in fraudulent accounting to hide losses of billions.
3) This led to WorldCom filing for bankruptcy protection in 2002, the largest such filing in US history, costing investors over $100 billion.
4) The scandal revealed weaknesses in corporate governance including a negligent board and toxic culture at senior levels prioritizing growth over legitimacy.
This document discusses major legal and ethical issues in electronic commerce, including privacy, intellectual property, free speech, taxation, and consumer protection. It covers how private information is collected online through cookies, site registration, and other methods. Key principles of privacy protection and the EU's Data Privacy Directive are examined. Issues relating to intellectual property such as copyrights, patents, trademarks, and censorship are also summarized. The rise of mobile commerce and location-based commerce are then outlined, along with attributes, drivers, and generations of mobile networks including 3G and its capabilities and adoption. Finally, obstacles to mobile and location-based commerce are briefly noted.
Worldcom was a telecommunications company founded in 1983 that grew rapidly through acquisitions. By 2000, it was one of the largest such companies in the world. However, its aggressive expansion left it struggling with high debt. To hide losses and inflate profits, Worldcom executives under CEO Bernie Ebbers fraudulently reported $3.8 billion in expenses as capital costs. This was uncovered in 2002 by internal auditors Cynthia Cooper and Gene Morse. Worldcom filed for bankruptcy that year in what was then the largest such filing in U.S. history. Ebbers and other executives were convicted of fraud. The scandal led to stricter financial regulations with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Merger of top companies:
-ExxonMobil
-Sirius XM Satellite Radio
-Sears Kmart
-Sprint Corporation and Nextel Communications
-Mattel & Learning Co.
-DISNEY-PIXAR
-AOL Time warner
Corporate Restructuring- MBA-IIUC
Team Leader: MD.RABIUL HOSSAIN
Mass Media and Society Chapter 13: Economicsczavisca
This document summarizes key topics in the economics of mass media. It discusses how a small number of large companies dominate many media industries through monopoly or oligopoly structures. It also examines how the internet has affected media revenue models and distribution. The document outlines how advertising, particularly from companies like Google, generates most online revenue. It also analyzes globalization trends and how media companies tailor content for international markets.
This presentation analyzes AT&T and its strategies since the early days of the telephone, passing by the divestiture of 1984, and ending in Michael Armstong's days. a SWOT analysis is performed in each of these milestones.
1) America Online (AOL) launched its first online service in 1985 and grew to become one of the largest internet service providers before merging with Time Warner in 2000 in a $165 billion deal.
2) The AOL-Time Warner merger struggled to meet growth targets and underwent leadership and strategy changes before Time Warner dropped the AOL name in 2003.
3) In 2009, AOL was spun off as an independent company again and acquired properties like The Huffington Post and TechCrunch to diversify before being acquired by Verizon for $4.4 billion in 2015 to expand their mobile and online content offerings.
Big businesses like corporations and trusts grew rapidly in the late 1800s, led by powerful industrialists known as "robber barons." This allowed companies to produce goods on a massive scale but also led to monopolies with little competition. In response, the government began implementing regulations like the Sherman Antitrust Act to limit monopolies and protect consumers and small businesses from the abusive practices of large trusts.
Cross media ownership refers to large media companies owning properties across multiple channels like TV, film, magazines and news. Since the 1980s, media companies have merged and consolidated due to changing economic and technological conditions. This has led to fewer but larger media producers that can leverage resources across their different properties. While this allows for reduced costs, wider distribution and business security, it also concentrates media power in fewer hands and raises issues around privacy, information control and loss of individual media text branding.
Cell phone carriers are required to track location data for emergency services but some choose to store this data for up to 3 years. Law enforcement can access this data without warrants in some cases. There are open legal questions around whether location data is owned by carriers as business records or covered by other privacy laws. Federal agencies are looking at privacy issues raised by location tracking and data collection on phones by carriers and third parties.
Business Law Training | State and Local Taxes: Key Developments That Will Aff...Quarles & Brady
State and local tax laws are constantly changing in ways that will affect businesses, with over 1,000 changes each year across the 50 states and 97,000 local governments. Proposed federal tax reform could also impact state tax liabilities by changing what items are taxable. States are increasingly aggressive in areas like economic nexus laws, digital goods taxes, and unclaimed property audits to generate more tax revenue.
Similar to Microsoft Anti Trust case and Breakup of AT&T (20)
The Rise of Generative AI in Finance: Reshaping the Industry with Synthetic DataChampak Jhagmag
In this presentation, we will explore the rise of generative AI in finance and its potential to reshape the industry. We will discuss how generative AI can be used to develop new products, combat fraud, and revolutionize risk management. Finally, we will address some of the ethical considerations and challenges associated with this powerful technology.
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
BONKMILLON Unleashes Its Bonkers Potential on Solana.pdfcoingabbar
Introducing BONKMILLON - The Most Bonkers Meme Coin Yet
Let's be real for a second – the world of meme coins can feel like a bit of a circus at times. Every other day, there's a new token promising to take you "to the moon" or offering some groundbreaking utility that'll change the game forever. But how many of them actually deliver on that hype?
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial ReportsEasyReports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
2. Monopoly
Mono One
Polein Seller
• Derived from Two Greek Words
• Market Structure
• Single Seller sells a product
• No close substitute of product
• Barriers to entry of new firms
• Monopolist => full control over market price → „price maker‟
=> searches for price-quantity
combination that will
maximize profit → „price searcher‟
3. • United States Antitrust Law => collection of federal and state government laws
• Regulates conduct and organizations of business
corporations
• Fair competition for the benefit of customers
• Restrict formation of cartels and prohibit other
collusive practices
• Restrict mergers and acquisitions of organizations
• Prohibit creation of monopoly
4.
5. • The Bell Telephone Company was established in 1879
by Alexander Graham Bell
• Bell also established American Telephone and
Telegraph Company in 1885
• Government-Supported Monopoly => High profitable
company
• Lost government backing in 1980s
• Anti-trust regulators split the company in 1982
• Charges were filed against Sherman Antitrust Act
6.
7. • AT&T held monopoly on phone service in US and
Canada
• Through a network of companies called the Bell
System
• April 30, 1907 => Theodore Newton Vail became
President of AT&T
• Believed in superiority of phone system
• Adopted slogan “One Policy, One System, Universal
Service
• Began buying smaller telephone companies,
including western union telegraph
8. • AT&T and the federal government entered into an agreement
known as the Kingsbury Commitment
• It allowed company to continue operating as
monopoly, this state continued until the breakup of
company in 1982
9. • Second time AT&T found itself in antitrust in 1949
• The case began in 1979, it was decided against AT&T on January
8, 1982
• Breakup plan was formalized through out 1983
• Ma Bell was ordered to give up local calling service to small
regional spinoffs, the Baby Bells
• Parent company will hold on to its long distance business and be
allowed to move into computer and Internet businesses
10. • AT&T‟s local operations were split into seven independent
Regional Bell Operating Companies known as “Baby Bells”
• NYNEX => acquired by Bell Atlantic in 1996
• Pacific Telesis => acquired by SBC in 1997
• Ameritech => acquired by SBC in 1999
• Bell Atlantic => merged with GTE in 2000
• Southwestern Bell Corporation => rebranded as SBC
Communications in 1995
• BellSouth => acquired by AT&T Inc. in 2006
• US West => acquired by Qwest in 2000
11.
12. • By 2005 The Baby Bells had merged into 4 Companies:
• SBC Communication
• Verizon
• Bell South
• Qwest
• In 1995 AT&T had divided itself into 3 Companies:
• AT&T
• Lucent
• National Cash Register
• In 2005 AT&T and SBC Communication (Cingular Wireless)
merged as new AT&T
• Finally in 2006, the new AT&T was taken over by Bell South and
became new at&t
13.
14. • Founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates on April 4, 1975
• Develop and sell BASIC interpreters for Altair 8800.
• Dominated personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS
in mid 1980‟s, followed by Microsoft Windows
• By 1984 Microsoft was one of the most successful software
companies, with $55 million in 1983 sales
15. • In late 1990 Microsoft‟s MS Office
applications had 90% of market
share
• Internet browser had 44% and
server operating system had 55%
of market shares
16. • Adopted pricing policy
that prevents entry of new
players and bundle policy
• Distributing Internet
browser software, IE, free
of cost along with its
windows operating system
17. • Violating 1994 consent
• Abuse of Monopoly Power
• Made misleading statements
and claims
• Unfair Market Strategy
• Extremely large and stable
share of market
18. • In 1997 Microsoft was accused of anti-competitive
marketing practices directed at personal computer
manufactures
• Based on the argument that Internet Explorer and
Windows 95 were 2 self-standing products
• Integrating them into one package => unfair advantage
over Netscape Communication Corporation
• On May 18, 1998 Microsoft released Windows 98 and
another suit was filed
• By the Department of Justice and 20 State Attorney
Generals and the District of Columbia
• Microsoft was accused of engaging in multiple anti-
competitive acts
19.
20. • Affected only for short run
• Settlement defines „middleware‟ to include browser, e-mail clients,
media players etc. and future new middleware developments
• Provide Software developers with the interfaces to interoperate
operating system
• Imposes interoperability b/w Windows and non-Microsoft servers
of the same level
• Prohibited from entering into agreements requiring the exclusive
support or development of certain Microsoft software
• Microsoft‟s OS monopoly continues till date
• The settlement conditions will last for 5 years with a possibility of
2 year extension