Who was Michael Sattler? At a commemoration of his being burned at the stake in 1527 the historian Ivan Kauffman presented this year by year story of his life, which took him from medieval monk to founder of the Amish and Mennonites.
Pope John Paul II visited Vendee, France in 1984 to pay tribute to 99 Catholics killed in an anti-government uprising during the French Revolution's Reign of Terror in 1793. His visit and words referring to "deeds...stained by sin" on both sides reignited the historical debate around the uprising. In particular, it brought more attention to the controversial thesis of historian Reynald Secher that the violence against Vendee's Catholics constituted a "Franco-French genocide". The Pope's visit highlighted the ongoing controversy around how to characterize the violent suppression of the Vendee uprising during the Revolution.
This document provides an overview of several topics from the High Middle Ages:
1) The Crusades were launched in response to Muslim control of holy sites, and stimulated trade between Europe and Asia as Asian goods were brought back.
2) Trade revived for several reasons, including increased contact during the Crusades and the rise of trade centers like Flanders.
3) Towns grew as serfdom declined, allowing serfs to leave manors for opportunities in urban areas or changing agricultural practices.
The Crusades were a series of Christian military expeditions between the 11th and 13th centuries to regain control of holy sites in Palestine from Muslim rule. They began as a response to Muslim control over Jerusalem but later expanded to conquering Muslim-held territories in Spain and Eastern Europe. Preaching of the First Crusade also triggered violent attacks against Jewish communities in Europe who were wrongly blamed for Jesus' death.
The Crusades were a series of military campaigns from the 1090s to the 1400s where European armies traveled to the Byzantine Empire and Middle East to regain Christian lands and pilgrimage routes. Pope Urban II gave a speech outlining religious, political, economic, and social reasons for Christians to join the Crusades, such as gaining forgiveness of sins and wealth. The Crusades weakened the Byzantine Empire but increased trade between Europe and the Middle East while also exposing Europe to Islamic knowledge. However, the Crusades had little lasting impact on politics and culture in the Middle East.
The document summarizes the key events and outcomes of the Crusades from the 11th to 13th centuries. The First Crusade saw European armies led by French nobles capture Jerusalem in 1099 after massacring Jewish and Muslim inhabitants. Subsequent Crusades failed to maintain Christian control over Palestine and Jerusalem. The Crusades strengthened central authority in Western Europe and led to cultural diffusion as Europeans had contact with Byzantines for 100 years, ending their prior isolation.
The document discusses the Crusades between 1096-1291. It provides context about the goals of the Crusades, which were for Christians to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule in order to restore it for Christian pilgrimage. Pope Urban II launched the Crusades in 1096 to unite Christians under his influence and give knights a purposeful mission. The Crusaders were groups like serfs, children, women, and knights who joined the Crusades for various reasons such as a desire for change, belief in the mission, or to have something to fight for.
The document summarizes the decline of Christianity in Europe over the past century. It describes how Europe went from being majority Christian to largely secular, in the wake of World War I. The war shattered Europe spiritually and led to the rise of atheism, communism, and a post-Christian era. Now, Christianity faces increasing discrimination and intolerance in Europe through hate crimes, legal restrictions on religious freedom, and pressure on Christians in medical fields. The secularization of Europe has left the continent spiritually needy and in need of Christian evangelism once more.
The document discusses the Crusades between Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land between the 11th and 13th centuries. It describes some of the causes of the Crusades, including reports of Muslim attacks on Christian pilgrims and shrines, as well as increasing intolerance between the religions. The Crusades resulted in both short term effects like temporary Christian gains in territory and long term effects such as the weakening of the papacy, rise of strong centralized nations and kings, and lasting inter-religious hatred and intolerance.
Pope John Paul II visited Vendee, France in 1984 to pay tribute to 99 Catholics killed in an anti-government uprising during the French Revolution's Reign of Terror in 1793. His visit and words referring to "deeds...stained by sin" on both sides reignited the historical debate around the uprising. In particular, it brought more attention to the controversial thesis of historian Reynald Secher that the violence against Vendee's Catholics constituted a "Franco-French genocide". The Pope's visit highlighted the ongoing controversy around how to characterize the violent suppression of the Vendee uprising during the Revolution.
This document provides an overview of several topics from the High Middle Ages:
1) The Crusades were launched in response to Muslim control of holy sites, and stimulated trade between Europe and Asia as Asian goods were brought back.
2) Trade revived for several reasons, including increased contact during the Crusades and the rise of trade centers like Flanders.
3) Towns grew as serfdom declined, allowing serfs to leave manors for opportunities in urban areas or changing agricultural practices.
The Crusades were a series of Christian military expeditions between the 11th and 13th centuries to regain control of holy sites in Palestine from Muslim rule. They began as a response to Muslim control over Jerusalem but later expanded to conquering Muslim-held territories in Spain and Eastern Europe. Preaching of the First Crusade also triggered violent attacks against Jewish communities in Europe who were wrongly blamed for Jesus' death.
The Crusades were a series of military campaigns from the 1090s to the 1400s where European armies traveled to the Byzantine Empire and Middle East to regain Christian lands and pilgrimage routes. Pope Urban II gave a speech outlining religious, political, economic, and social reasons for Christians to join the Crusades, such as gaining forgiveness of sins and wealth. The Crusades weakened the Byzantine Empire but increased trade between Europe and the Middle East while also exposing Europe to Islamic knowledge. However, the Crusades had little lasting impact on politics and culture in the Middle East.
The document summarizes the key events and outcomes of the Crusades from the 11th to 13th centuries. The First Crusade saw European armies led by French nobles capture Jerusalem in 1099 after massacring Jewish and Muslim inhabitants. Subsequent Crusades failed to maintain Christian control over Palestine and Jerusalem. The Crusades strengthened central authority in Western Europe and led to cultural diffusion as Europeans had contact with Byzantines for 100 years, ending their prior isolation.
The document discusses the Crusades between 1096-1291. It provides context about the goals of the Crusades, which were for Christians to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule in order to restore it for Christian pilgrimage. Pope Urban II launched the Crusades in 1096 to unite Christians under his influence and give knights a purposeful mission. The Crusaders were groups like serfs, children, women, and knights who joined the Crusades for various reasons such as a desire for change, belief in the mission, or to have something to fight for.
The document summarizes the decline of Christianity in Europe over the past century. It describes how Europe went from being majority Christian to largely secular, in the wake of World War I. The war shattered Europe spiritually and led to the rise of atheism, communism, and a post-Christian era. Now, Christianity faces increasing discrimination and intolerance in Europe through hate crimes, legal restrictions on religious freedom, and pressure on Christians in medical fields. The secularization of Europe has left the continent spiritually needy and in need of Christian evangelism once more.
The document discusses the Crusades between Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land between the 11th and 13th centuries. It describes some of the causes of the Crusades, including reports of Muslim attacks on Christian pilgrims and shrines, as well as increasing intolerance between the religions. The Crusades resulted in both short term effects like temporary Christian gains in territory and long term effects such as the weakening of the papacy, rise of strong centralized nations and kings, and lasting inter-religious hatred and intolerance.
George Whitefield - Calvinist, Evangelist & RevivalistPeter Hammond
George Whitefield was an 18th century Calvinist evangelist and revivalist known for his powerful oratory skills. He drew huge crowds across Britain and North America through his open-air preaching. Whitefield was instrumental in sparking the Great Awakening religious revival movement. Though he had disagreements with John Wesley over theology, the two were ultimately reconciled. Whitefield preached an estimated 18,000 times in his lifetime and was one of the most famous celebrities of colonial America.
1) Holocaust survivor Lena Allen-Shore had a 25-year friendship with Blessed John Paul II, corresponding and visiting him multiple times, finding in him a compassionate man who built bridges between cultures.
2) As fellow Poles, they were able to relate through their shared experiences during WWII and love of poetry. John Paul demonstrated compassion through gestures like praying at the Western Wall in Jerusalem.
3) Allen-Shore accompanied John Paul on pastoral visits where, though tired, he persevered to give people hope, showing her that "somebody cares." She considers him a saint.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars launched by European Christians between 1096-1291 aimed at gaining control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. Pope Urban II called Christian warriors to the First Crusade to help the Byzantine Empire against Turkish attacks. Although the Crusaders succeeded in taking Jerusalem, establishing four states, their control was short-lived and marked significant economic, political, and social changes in Europe and its relations with the Islamic world.
Ingrid weckert crystal night 1938 - the great anti-german spectacle - journ...RareBooksnRecords
This document summarizes and critiques the commonly accepted narrative of Kristallnacht ("Crystal Night") in 1938 Germany. It claims:
1) The events of Kristallnacht are generally misunderstood, and the Nazi government was not responsible for organizing the pogrom as historians claim.
2) Jewish life in Germany prior to 1938 was relatively peaceful, with the Nazi government aiming to encourage Jewish emigration through legal means rather than violence.
3) The Haavara Agreement of 1933 facilitated Jewish emigration to Palestine with their possessions, benefiting the Zionist movement in Palestine rather than targeting Jews.
4) Individual excesses may have occurred during Kristallnacht but the Nazi government and
Reverend William Hechler was an Anglican minister in Vienna in the late 19th century who was influential in legitimizing Theodor Herzl and the Zionist movement. Hechler was a proponent of Restorationism, the belief that the Second Coming would only occur after Jews returned to Palestine. Hechler was impressed by Herzl's book advocating for a Jewish state and helped introduce Herzl to influential figures, including the German Kaiser. Meeting with the Kaiser publicly legitimized Herzl and Zionism in the eyes of world Jewry and the international press. Though Herzl's proposals were ultimately rejected by the Kaiser privately, the appearance of support provided critical legitimacy for the Zionist cause in its early days.
The Crusades had political, social, and economic impacts on both the Crusaders from Western Europe and the Muslim populations in the Holy Land. Politically, the Crusades weakened feudal systems in Europe and united Muslim leadership under Saladin. Socially, the Crusaders adopted ideas from Muslim cultures like new numbers and science, while Muslims viewed the Westerners with disdain. Economically, the Crusades created new trade routes but had little lasting impact on Muslim societies, which were already more advanced.
The document discusses how history is often manipulated and biased to serve certain political narratives and social conditioning. It provides numerous examples from around the world of how inconvenient historical facts are denied, falsified, or erased in order to shape perceptions of the past that support preferred views of the present and future. The engineering of history through the appropriation of symbols and selective acknowledgement of the past is an effective tool for social engineering and the erasure of unwanted aspects of social memory.
Hellstorm (the truth about world war 2 and the aftermathMartin Struthers
This document provides context about the village of Nemmersdorf in East Prussia and describes horrific atrocities committed there by Soviet troops in October 1944 after they temporarily broke through the German front lines. German soldiers found all of the village's civilians, including women and children, had been raped and murdered in brutal fashion after the Soviets were driven back. Neutral investigators confirmed the atrocities but their reports received no attention, as by late 1944 the propaganda campaign against Germany had reached such an extreme that few cared about German civilian casualties. The document suggests this set the stage for the Allies' goal in the later stages of the war being the total destruction of Germany and its people.
The document summarizes key events and figures of the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation. It discusses early reformers like John Wycliffe and Jan Hus who were executed for their beliefs. It also mentions Martin Luther challenging Catholic practices by translating the Bible to German and nailing his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg. The document then outlines the spread of Protestantism under leaders such as Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, and John Knox as well as the establishment of Anglicanism in England under King Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I. It concludes with an overview of the religious wars and conflicts between Catholics and Protestants that culminated in the Treaty of Westphalia.
The document discusses the Protestant Reformation and the resulting Catholic Counter-Reformation and period of religious wars in Europe between the 16th and 17th centuries. It covers key figures like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII and events like the Diet of Worms, Council of Trent, and Thirty Years' War. The period was one of significant religious and political change as Protestantism spread and new denominations formed while the Catholic Church fought to reassert its authority.
The Black Death first arrived in Sweden in 1350, likely reaching the port city of Visby on Gotland from Denmark or Germany. It then spread across the country over the summer and autumn, reaching Stockholm and Uppsala by August. The plague killed approximately one-third of Sweden's population and caused major social and economic disruption as demand for labor increased while the workforce dwindled. Subsequent outbreaks of plague continued to affect Sweden periodically until the last major one in 1710-1713 during the Great Northern War.
The document provides instructions for a history exam consisting of three sections on Scottish, British, and European/World history. Section 1 on Scottish history includes five parts focusing on different time periods, and students must choose one part to answer questions on. The sources provided for each part relate to the topics and students must answer questions comparing and evaluating the sources. Section 2 has similar formatting focusing on British history, and Section 3 focuses on European and world history. The exam tests students' ability to analyze historical sources and use them to answer questions in conjunction with their broader knowledge.
Uneasy Encounter: A History of Christian - Jewish Relations niwres
This document provides an overview of Christian-Jewish relations throughout history, beginning with their shared roots in Judaism but then deteriorating over time due to misunderstandings, resentment, and the rise of anti-Semitism. It describes how Christians began accusing Jews of deicide and portraying them with harmful stereotypes. This led to consequences like exclusion, expulsion, torture, mass murder, and the Holocaust. It also highlights individuals who resisted anti-Semitism and risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust.
The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 settled religious differences in Germany by allowing each prince to determine the religion of their subjects, but only permitted Catholicism or Lutheranism. Growing tensions between Catholic and Protestant states led to the formation of the Protestant Union in 1608 and the Catholic League in 1609. In 1618, Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II cracked down on Protestants, sparking the Thirty Years War between Catholic and Protestant states that devastated Germany and killed millions over 30 years until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. This settlement recognized Calvinism, altered borders, and established a new system of independent states in Europe.
This document outlines the structure and content of a Scottish history exam, including:
1. The exam is divided into 3 sections - Scottish, British, and European/World history. It provides sample questions for each section and directs students to the relevant pages for each part.
2. Section 1 focuses on Scottish history and provides 4 parts covering different time periods for students to choose from, along with primary and secondary sources and accompanying questions.
3. Section 2 covers aspects of British history, and again provides students choice between different time periods and accompanying questions.
4. Section 3 examines European and world history, offering a range of options for students to select from, each covering major historical events and developments.
This document summarizes a history of boycotts, expulsions, and ethnic cleansings of Jews from 724 BC to 1970 AD. Some key events include the expulsion of Jews from Jerusalem by Assyrian forces in 724 BC, from Rome in 139 BC and 50 AD, and from Spain in 1492. Pogroms against Jews occurred frequently in Europe between the 11th-19th centuries, including massacres of Jews during the First Crusade in 1096. The Holocaust of World War 2 resulted in the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews between 1939-1945. Persecution and expulsion of Jews continued in various countries through the 1960s.
This document contains a sample exam paper for the Scottish Higher History exam. It includes 37 multiple choice questions covering various topics in British and European/world history from the Middle Ages to the Cold War era. The questions are sourced from a variety of historical contexts and periods. Students are instructed to choose two questions, one from each section, to answer in essay format within the exam time allotted. The paper also provides sources and questions related to six different special topics that students can choose to focus on for a second essay question.
The Crusades were a series of holy wars launched by European Christians between the 11th and 13th centuries with the goal of regaining control of holy sites in Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Jerusalem was an important religious site for Christians, Muslims, and Jews. In 1071, Seljuk Turks stopped allowing Christian pilgrims to visit Jerusalem, prompting Pope Gregory VII to plan a crusade. Although Gregory died before launching it, subsequent popes called for additional crusades over the next two centuries, with varying degrees of success in retaking Jerusalem but ultimately failing to maintain permanent Christian control of the region.
The great betrayal-stephen_wise-jacob_de_haas-1930-310pgs-rel-polRareBooksnRecords
This document introduces the book "The Great Betrayal" by Stephen S. Wise and Jacob de Haas, which aims to present the facts surrounding Britain's changing policy on Palestine from the Balfour Declaration in 1917 to the Passfield White Paper in 1930. It traces how Britain moved from its original commitment to facilitating a Jewish national home in Palestine to imposing new restrictions. The introduction sets up the indictment that Britain betrayed its obligations under the mandate it received from the League of Nations to implement the Balfour Declaration.
The document contains a reading passage and sources related to Scottish history between 1542-1603. It asks four questions:
1) Sources A and B provide similar views of Mary Queen of Scots' difficulties in ruling Scotland due to her French upbringing, John Knox's opposition to a female monarch, and her focus on her claim to the English throne.
2) Source C explains how James VI was initially supportive of the Presbyterian Kirk but gradually asserted more control over church meetings and appointments.
3) Source D is useful evidence of the Kirk's thanks to the monarch for suppressing enemies of religion and establishing acts against Sabbath violations and keeping markets open on Sundays, showing the impact of the
We didn't talk about these slides in class, but they might be useful for your responses. Going through them will give you a better understanding of the Reformation (new religious leaders challenging the Pope's power), the Printing Press, and new philosophers.
Chapter 1b of a university course in media history by Prof. Bill Kovarik, based on the book Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age (Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2015).
George Whitefield - Calvinist, Evangelist & RevivalistPeter Hammond
George Whitefield was an 18th century Calvinist evangelist and revivalist known for his powerful oratory skills. He drew huge crowds across Britain and North America through his open-air preaching. Whitefield was instrumental in sparking the Great Awakening religious revival movement. Though he had disagreements with John Wesley over theology, the two were ultimately reconciled. Whitefield preached an estimated 18,000 times in his lifetime and was one of the most famous celebrities of colonial America.
1) Holocaust survivor Lena Allen-Shore had a 25-year friendship with Blessed John Paul II, corresponding and visiting him multiple times, finding in him a compassionate man who built bridges between cultures.
2) As fellow Poles, they were able to relate through their shared experiences during WWII and love of poetry. John Paul demonstrated compassion through gestures like praying at the Western Wall in Jerusalem.
3) Allen-Shore accompanied John Paul on pastoral visits where, though tired, he persevered to give people hope, showing her that "somebody cares." She considers him a saint.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars launched by European Christians between 1096-1291 aimed at gaining control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule. Pope Urban II called Christian warriors to the First Crusade to help the Byzantine Empire against Turkish attacks. Although the Crusaders succeeded in taking Jerusalem, establishing four states, their control was short-lived and marked significant economic, political, and social changes in Europe and its relations with the Islamic world.
Ingrid weckert crystal night 1938 - the great anti-german spectacle - journ...RareBooksnRecords
This document summarizes and critiques the commonly accepted narrative of Kristallnacht ("Crystal Night") in 1938 Germany. It claims:
1) The events of Kristallnacht are generally misunderstood, and the Nazi government was not responsible for organizing the pogrom as historians claim.
2) Jewish life in Germany prior to 1938 was relatively peaceful, with the Nazi government aiming to encourage Jewish emigration through legal means rather than violence.
3) The Haavara Agreement of 1933 facilitated Jewish emigration to Palestine with their possessions, benefiting the Zionist movement in Palestine rather than targeting Jews.
4) Individual excesses may have occurred during Kristallnacht but the Nazi government and
Reverend William Hechler was an Anglican minister in Vienna in the late 19th century who was influential in legitimizing Theodor Herzl and the Zionist movement. Hechler was a proponent of Restorationism, the belief that the Second Coming would only occur after Jews returned to Palestine. Hechler was impressed by Herzl's book advocating for a Jewish state and helped introduce Herzl to influential figures, including the German Kaiser. Meeting with the Kaiser publicly legitimized Herzl and Zionism in the eyes of world Jewry and the international press. Though Herzl's proposals were ultimately rejected by the Kaiser privately, the appearance of support provided critical legitimacy for the Zionist cause in its early days.
The Crusades had political, social, and economic impacts on both the Crusaders from Western Europe and the Muslim populations in the Holy Land. Politically, the Crusades weakened feudal systems in Europe and united Muslim leadership under Saladin. Socially, the Crusaders adopted ideas from Muslim cultures like new numbers and science, while Muslims viewed the Westerners with disdain. Economically, the Crusades created new trade routes but had little lasting impact on Muslim societies, which were already more advanced.
The document discusses how history is often manipulated and biased to serve certain political narratives and social conditioning. It provides numerous examples from around the world of how inconvenient historical facts are denied, falsified, or erased in order to shape perceptions of the past that support preferred views of the present and future. The engineering of history through the appropriation of symbols and selective acknowledgement of the past is an effective tool for social engineering and the erasure of unwanted aspects of social memory.
Hellstorm (the truth about world war 2 and the aftermathMartin Struthers
This document provides context about the village of Nemmersdorf in East Prussia and describes horrific atrocities committed there by Soviet troops in October 1944 after they temporarily broke through the German front lines. German soldiers found all of the village's civilians, including women and children, had been raped and murdered in brutal fashion after the Soviets were driven back. Neutral investigators confirmed the atrocities but their reports received no attention, as by late 1944 the propaganda campaign against Germany had reached such an extreme that few cared about German civilian casualties. The document suggests this set the stage for the Allies' goal in the later stages of the war being the total destruction of Germany and its people.
The document summarizes key events and figures of the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation. It discusses early reformers like John Wycliffe and Jan Hus who were executed for their beliefs. It also mentions Martin Luther challenging Catholic practices by translating the Bible to German and nailing his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg. The document then outlines the spread of Protestantism under leaders such as Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, and John Knox as well as the establishment of Anglicanism in England under King Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I. It concludes with an overview of the religious wars and conflicts between Catholics and Protestants that culminated in the Treaty of Westphalia.
The document discusses the Protestant Reformation and the resulting Catholic Counter-Reformation and period of religious wars in Europe between the 16th and 17th centuries. It covers key figures like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII and events like the Diet of Worms, Council of Trent, and Thirty Years' War. The period was one of significant religious and political change as Protestantism spread and new denominations formed while the Catholic Church fought to reassert its authority.
The Black Death first arrived in Sweden in 1350, likely reaching the port city of Visby on Gotland from Denmark or Germany. It then spread across the country over the summer and autumn, reaching Stockholm and Uppsala by August. The plague killed approximately one-third of Sweden's population and caused major social and economic disruption as demand for labor increased while the workforce dwindled. Subsequent outbreaks of plague continued to affect Sweden periodically until the last major one in 1710-1713 during the Great Northern War.
The document provides instructions for a history exam consisting of three sections on Scottish, British, and European/World history. Section 1 on Scottish history includes five parts focusing on different time periods, and students must choose one part to answer questions on. The sources provided for each part relate to the topics and students must answer questions comparing and evaluating the sources. Section 2 has similar formatting focusing on British history, and Section 3 focuses on European and world history. The exam tests students' ability to analyze historical sources and use them to answer questions in conjunction with their broader knowledge.
Uneasy Encounter: A History of Christian - Jewish Relations niwres
This document provides an overview of Christian-Jewish relations throughout history, beginning with their shared roots in Judaism but then deteriorating over time due to misunderstandings, resentment, and the rise of anti-Semitism. It describes how Christians began accusing Jews of deicide and portraying them with harmful stereotypes. This led to consequences like exclusion, expulsion, torture, mass murder, and the Holocaust. It also highlights individuals who resisted anti-Semitism and risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust.
The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 settled religious differences in Germany by allowing each prince to determine the religion of their subjects, but only permitted Catholicism or Lutheranism. Growing tensions between Catholic and Protestant states led to the formation of the Protestant Union in 1608 and the Catholic League in 1609. In 1618, Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II cracked down on Protestants, sparking the Thirty Years War between Catholic and Protestant states that devastated Germany and killed millions over 30 years until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. This settlement recognized Calvinism, altered borders, and established a new system of independent states in Europe.
This document outlines the structure and content of a Scottish history exam, including:
1. The exam is divided into 3 sections - Scottish, British, and European/World history. It provides sample questions for each section and directs students to the relevant pages for each part.
2. Section 1 focuses on Scottish history and provides 4 parts covering different time periods for students to choose from, along with primary and secondary sources and accompanying questions.
3. Section 2 covers aspects of British history, and again provides students choice between different time periods and accompanying questions.
4. Section 3 examines European and world history, offering a range of options for students to select from, each covering major historical events and developments.
This document summarizes a history of boycotts, expulsions, and ethnic cleansings of Jews from 724 BC to 1970 AD. Some key events include the expulsion of Jews from Jerusalem by Assyrian forces in 724 BC, from Rome in 139 BC and 50 AD, and from Spain in 1492. Pogroms against Jews occurred frequently in Europe between the 11th-19th centuries, including massacres of Jews during the First Crusade in 1096. The Holocaust of World War 2 resulted in the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews between 1939-1945. Persecution and expulsion of Jews continued in various countries through the 1960s.
This document contains a sample exam paper for the Scottish Higher History exam. It includes 37 multiple choice questions covering various topics in British and European/world history from the Middle Ages to the Cold War era. The questions are sourced from a variety of historical contexts and periods. Students are instructed to choose two questions, one from each section, to answer in essay format within the exam time allotted. The paper also provides sources and questions related to six different special topics that students can choose to focus on for a second essay question.
The Crusades were a series of holy wars launched by European Christians between the 11th and 13th centuries with the goal of regaining control of holy sites in Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Jerusalem was an important religious site for Christians, Muslims, and Jews. In 1071, Seljuk Turks stopped allowing Christian pilgrims to visit Jerusalem, prompting Pope Gregory VII to plan a crusade. Although Gregory died before launching it, subsequent popes called for additional crusades over the next two centuries, with varying degrees of success in retaking Jerusalem but ultimately failing to maintain permanent Christian control of the region.
The great betrayal-stephen_wise-jacob_de_haas-1930-310pgs-rel-polRareBooksnRecords
This document introduces the book "The Great Betrayal" by Stephen S. Wise and Jacob de Haas, which aims to present the facts surrounding Britain's changing policy on Palestine from the Balfour Declaration in 1917 to the Passfield White Paper in 1930. It traces how Britain moved from its original commitment to facilitating a Jewish national home in Palestine to imposing new restrictions. The introduction sets up the indictment that Britain betrayed its obligations under the mandate it received from the League of Nations to implement the Balfour Declaration.
The document contains a reading passage and sources related to Scottish history between 1542-1603. It asks four questions:
1) Sources A and B provide similar views of Mary Queen of Scots' difficulties in ruling Scotland due to her French upbringing, John Knox's opposition to a female monarch, and her focus on her claim to the English throne.
2) Source C explains how James VI was initially supportive of the Presbyterian Kirk but gradually asserted more control over church meetings and appointments.
3) Source D is useful evidence of the Kirk's thanks to the monarch for suppressing enemies of religion and establishing acts against Sabbath violations and keeping markets open on Sundays, showing the impact of the
We didn't talk about these slides in class, but they might be useful for your responses. Going through them will give you a better understanding of the Reformation (new religious leaders challenging the Pope's power), the Printing Press, and new philosophers.
Chapter 1b of a university course in media history by Prof. Bill Kovarik, based on the book Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age (Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2015).
1. The document summarizes the Protestant Reformation and spread of Christianity from 1450-1750. It discusses key figures like Martin Luther and movements like the Counter-Reformation.
2. Christianity spread globally through missionary work and colonization, often blending with local religions. In Latin America, Catholicism syncretized with indigenous beliefs while Protestantism took hold in North America.
3. Other religious traditions like Islam, Hinduism, and Chinese folk religion also expanded during this period, with movements like Sufism, Bhakti, and Neo-Confucianism gaining popularity. Cultural exchange and syncretism were common as religions spread.
test bank The Making of the West (Volume 2) 7e Lynn Hunt, Thomas Martin, Barb...NailBasko
The document provides sample answers to 15 questions about topics in Chapter 14 of a history textbook. The answers summarize key people, events, ideas, and their impacts, such as: the conflict between Portugal and Spain over overseas exploration being settled by the Treaty of Tordesillas; the new era of slavery increasing vastly after Portuguese exploration of Africa; and the Columbian exchange fundamentally changing diets and populations in Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
This document provides an overview of key events and developments during the Renaissance period in Europe between the 11th and 16th centuries. It discusses political events like the Investiture Controversy and Magna Carta, military battles such as Crecy that ended the Age of Chivalry, the Black Death plague, and the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther. Culturally and intellectually, it covers the development of perspective in art, printing press inventions, circulation of ancient Greek texts, and establishment of nation states. Key locations in Italy, Germany, England, Portugal and the Low Countries that contributed to the Renaissance are also listed.
This document provides an overview of key events and developments during the Renaissance period in Europe between the 11th and 16th centuries. It discusses political events like the Investiture Controversy and Magna Carta, military battles such as Crecy that ended the Age of Chivalry, the Black Death plague, and the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther. Culturally and intellectually, it covers the development of perspective in art, printing press inventions, circulation of ancient Greek texts, and establishment of nation states. Key locations in Italy, Germany, England, Portugal and the Low Countries that contributed to Renaissance thought are also mentioned.
The document is a summary of 10 acts from the book "Battle for the Soul of Europe, 1520-1536" by James Reston Jr. It describes the political and religious landscape in Europe during this period, when Christianity and Islam vied for influence. Key events included Charles V becoming Holy Roman Emperor, the rise of Protestantism, multiple popes gaining and losing power, the alliance between France and the Ottoman Empire, and Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon. The summary touches on multiple countries and leaders maneuvering for power and territory across Europe and between Europe and the Ottoman Empire.
The Renaissance Period began in 1485 in England with the crowning of Henry Tudor as King Henry VII, marking the beginning of the Tudor dynasty. This era saw a renewed interest in classical antiquity and humanism. Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church after the Pope refused to annul his marriage, establishing the Church of England with himself as its head. His daughter Elizabeth I was one of England's greatest rulers, restoring stability during her reign and defeating the Spanish Armada.
The Reformation began in Germany in the early 16th century, sparked by Martin Luther's 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences. Luther's ideas spread rapidly with the help of the printing press. Other reformers like Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin also criticized Catholic doctrine and established reformed churches. The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 officially divided Christian lands between Catholic and Lutheran. The Counter-Reformation strengthened the Catholic Church, while the English Reformation established the Church of England under Henry VIII and Edward VI. The Reformation transformed religious and family life across Europe.
Similar to Michael Sattler and the Peasants Revolt of 1525 (11)
The Hope of Salvation - Jude 1:24-25 - MessageCole Hartman
Jude gives us hope at the end of a dark letter. In a dark world like today, we need the light of Christ to shine brighter and brighter. Jude shows us where to fix our focus so we can be filled with God's goodness and glory. Join us to explore this incredible passage.
A375 Example Taste the taste of the Lord, the taste of the Lord The taste of...franktsao4
It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
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The Book of Ruth is included in the third division, or the Writings, of the Hebrew Bible. In most Christian canons it is treated as one of the historical books and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel.
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A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma teaching of Kamma-Vipaka (Intentional Actions-Ripening Effects).
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17. Freiburg University
“Around 1500 about 6,000 young men were
studying in German universities, of which a
few grew to supra-regional size and
standing, while others, such as tiny Freiberg
im Breisgau could boast a mere 100
students.”
Brady, 25
18. Freiburg University
“Around 1500 about 6,000 young men were
studying in German universities, of which a
few grew to supra-regional size and
standing, while others, such as tiny Freiberg
im Breisgau could boast a mere 100
students.”
Brady, 25
“In the Breisgau the people first affected by
Luther‟s message were quite naturally those
close to the academic community—the
professors, students, and graduates of the
University of Freiburg.”
Snyder, 50
22. 1512
Abbot Petrus III dies
He had rebuilt St. Peter‟s and established its reputation
as a place of learning and Benedictine practice
23. 1512
Abbot Petrus III dies
He had rebuilt St. Peter‟s and established its reputation
as a place of learning and Benedictine practice
It is likely that he had been Sattler‟s patron and mentor
24. 1512
Abbot Petrus III dies
He had rebuilt St. Peter‟s and established its reputation
as a place of learning and Benedictine practice
It is likely that he had been Sattler‟s patron and mentor
He is replaced by Abbot Jodocus
25. 1513
In 1513 the monastery annals
recorded a Bundschuh revolt on the
outskirts of Freiberg.
26. 1513
In 1513 the monastery annals
recorded a Bundschuh revolt on the
outskirts of Freiberg.
“The Peasants‟ War culminated a
generation of rural conspiracies.
“They began in 1493 with one that
flew the sign of the laced farmers
boot, the Bundschuh.
“In such groups first appeared a
new slogan, „the godly law‟.”
Brady, 186
27. 1514
“In 1514 extremely
unfavorable weather is
reported.
“The monastery helped
the city of Freiburg by
sending in six
wagonloads of wheat.”
“Beginning in 1515 we
have notices of several
self-donations to the
monastery.
“It seems that economic
hardship was the primary
motive.”
Snyder, 42
28. Poor Conrad Revolt
“For centuries feuding had been
habitual in all of the Empire‟s governing
classes, and the commoners learned from
the nobles.
“By the 15th century revolts by burgers
and peasants became common from
Upper Swabia to the Black Forest.
“The rebels aimed to defend property
and livelihood by forcing the nobles to
negotiate grievances and acknowledge
the rights of their subjects.
“Revolt was, in effect, a mass feud conducted by common people.”
Brady, 96
29. 1515
“The Bundschuh and the Poor
Conrad were only the two most
important of a wave of discontent in
South Germany between 1513 and
1517.
30. 1515
“The Bundschuh and the Poor
Conrad were only the two most
important of a wave of discontent in
South Germany between 1513 and
1517.
“Events in this decade were
characterized by growing radicalism
in the rebel demands, and by
growing participation of urban
commoners.
“They were also characterized by
the spread of the principle of godly
law as a justification for revolt.
“Almanacs and astrologers predicted trouble in 1524.”
Brady and Midelfort, xiii-iv
31. Erasmus came to Basle in August 1514. His
multi- volume edition of Jerome‟s works was
published in 1516, followed by his text of the
Greek New Testament, and a revised
translation of the Vulgate.
1516-18
32. Erasmus came to Basle in August 1514. His
multi- volume edition of Jerome‟s works was
published in 1516, followed by his text of the
Greek New Testament, and a revised
translation of the Vulgate.
“The years 1516-18 were the culmination of
Erasmus‟ career. Applauding crowds
surrounded him.”
The Freiburg jurist Ulrich Zasius wrote, “I
am pointed out in public as the man who has
received a letter from Erasmus.”
His colleague on the University faculty,
Wolfgang Capito wrote, “I know and I teach
nothing but Erasmus now.”
1516-18
“The faith in an easy triumph of pure
knowledge and Christian meekness in a near
future speaks from the preface of Erasmus‟
edition of the New Testament.”
Huizinga, 89-99
33. 1517
“After 1517 reformist enthusiasm spread
through Germany, fanned by Luther's
eloquence, and by the underlying anticlericalism of many Germans, who had long
resented clerical privileges and exactions.
34. 1517
“After 1517 reformist enthusiasm spread
through Germany, fanned by Luther's
eloquence, and by the underlying anticlericalism of many Germans, who had long
resented clerical privileges and exactions.
“By 1521 the spark ignited in 1517 had
become a conflagration.”
Maltby, 24
“With or without permission printers
greedily snapped up and published the
young monk‟s pronouncements.
“Thousands across Europe now read him
and gathered their own impressions.”
Marty, 34-35
35. 1517
The monastery's annals report “In the
year 1517, in which Martin Luther
began to spread his teachings, there was
an enormous shortage of crops lasting
the entire year.
“Earthquakes were felt in many
places with enormous injury.
“For many people the earthquakes
were followed by a mortal illness of the
head and the destruction of the mind.”
Snyder, 41
36. 1517
The monastery's annals report “In the
year 1517, in which Martin Luther
began to spread his teachings, there was
an enormous shortage of crops lasting
the entire year.
“Clouds of tough mercenaries, back from
the Italian Wars, scoured the poorly policed
southern regions to make up their lost pay
by robbing peasants and merchants.
“Earthquakes were felt in many
places with enormous injury.
“In 1517 rural insurrection flared once
again on the Upper Rhine. Its leader was the
charismatic Joss Fritz, whose banner flew
the Bundschuh.
“For many people the earthquakes
were followed by a mortal illness of the
head and the destruction of the mind.”
“It was the beginning of a great wave of
rural insurrections.”
Snyder, 41
Brady, 123
37. 1518
“The miserable end of Maximilian's
Italian Wars provoked an important
change of mood, which surfaced at
the Diet of Augsburg in 1518. It was
anti-Roman and anti-Italian.
38. 1518
“The miserable end of Maximilian's
Italian Wars provoked an important
change of mood, which surfaced at
the Diet of Augsburg in 1518. It was
anti-Roman and anti-Italian.
“The humiliation felt at the Italian
defeats was accomplishing what the
Emperor Maximilian's braggadocio
had never been able to do, diverting
attention to the foreign foes
responsible for German woes.”
39. 1518
“The miserable end of Maximilian's
Italian Wars provoked an important
change of mood, which surfaced at
the Diet of Augsburg in 1518. It was
anti-Roman and anti-Italian.
“The humiliation felt at the Italian
defeats was accomplishing what the
Emperor Maximilian's braggadocio
had never been able to do, diverting
attention to the foreign foes
responsible for German woes.”
“At the Diet of Augsburg Martin
Luther rose out of his provincial
obscurity into the Empire‟s public
life.”
Brady, 123-24; 147
43. 1519
Emperor Maximilian dies.
Famine which began in 1513 continues for a seventh year.
Up to half the monks, and many others, die in a plague epidemic.
44. 1519
Emperor Maximilian dies.
Famine which began in 1513 continues for a seventh year.
Up to half the monks, and many others, die in a plague epidemic.
An additional tax to finance the Turkish War is imposed.
45. 1519
Emperor Maximilian dies.
Famine which began in 1513 continues for a seventh year.
Up to half the monks, and many others, die in a plague epidemic.
An additional tax to finance the Turkish War is imposed.
Luther moves from protest to open revolt.
46. 1519
Emperor Maximilian dies.
Famine which began in 1513 continues for a seventh year.
Up to half the monks, and many others, die in a plague epidemic.
An additional tax to finance the Turkish War is imposed.
Luther moves from protest to open revolt.
St. Peters joins the Bursfeld monastic reform.
47. 1519
Emperor Maximilian dies.
Famine which began in 1513 continues for a seventh year.
Up to half the monks, and many others, die in a plague epidemic.
An additional tax to finance the Turkish War is imposed.
Luther moves from protest to open revolt.
St. Peters joins the Bursfeld monastic reform.
Michael Sattler is appointed prior of St. Peters.
49. 1520
Pope Leo threatens Luther with excommunication.
Luther responds by publicly burning the papal bull.
50. 1520
Pope Leo threatens Luther with excommunication.
Luther responds by publicly burning the papal bull.
Publishes The Babylonian Captivity and The Freedom of the Christian Man.
Says he is now certain “the pope is the Antichrist”.
51. 1520
Pope Leo threatens Luther with excommunication.
Luther responds by publicly burning the papal bull.
Publishes The Babylonian Captivity and The Freedom of the Christian Man.
Says he is now certain “the pope is the Antichrist”.
Suliman the Magnificent at the head of the Turkish army
advances up the Danube Valley.
52. 1520
Pope Leo threatens Luther with excommunication.
Luther responds by publicly burning the papal bull.
Publishes The Babylonian Captivity and The Freedom of the Christian Man.
Says he is now certain “the pope is the Antichrist”.
Suliman the Magnificent at the head of the Turkish army
advances up the Danube Valley.
Charles V, elected emperor at age 20, raises hopes he will solve
the rapidly growing political-religious crisis in Germany.
53. 1521
The Diet at Worms
“When Luther arrived
at Worms, some half a
million copies of his
writings were in print,
an explosion unfathomable in its uniqueness
and its power.
54. 1521
The Diet at Worms
“When Luther arrived
at Worms, some half a
million copies of his
writings were in print,
an explosion unfathomable in its uniqueness
and its power.
“Germans immediately saw that if Luther
was not a damnable
heretic, as Church and
Empire had pronounced
him to be, he was
perhaps a great new
prophet.”
Brady, 156
56. “If I am not overcome by the testimony of the Holy
Scriptures or the clear arguments of reasons—for I believe in
neither popes nor councils alone as witnesses, since they
have often erred and contradicted themselves—I remain
overcome by the Bible as I have explained it.
“I can and will recount nothing, because it is always
burdensome, unwholesome, and dangerous to act against
one‟s conscience. God help me! Amen.”
The Great Division
57. “If I am not overcome by the testimony of the Holy
Scriptures or the clear arguments of reasons—for I believe in
neither popes nor councils alone as witnesses, since they
have often erred and contradicted themselves—I remain
overcome by the Bible as I have explained it.
“I can and will recount nothing, because it is always
burdensome, unwholesome, and dangerous to act against
one‟s conscience. God help me! Amen.”
The Great Division
“It is certain that a single monk errors in his opinion,
which is against what all of Christendom has held for
over a thousand years to the present.
“According to Luther's opinion all of Christendom
has always been in error.”
58. 1522
Archduke Ferdinand
“The Habsburgs had pursued an
aggressive policy of acquisition in Alsace
and the Breisgau since the 14th century, and
this continued unabated in the 16th.
“In 1521 Charles V began to transfer
control of his eastern territories to his
brother and in February 1522 the Breisgau
came under Ferdinand‟s direct control.
“Ferdinand was a militant Catholic, and
he moved forward with a purpose, as will
be noted presently. “
Snyder, 51
59. The University Divides
“By the beginning of the 1520s,
Sattler saw the university that had
provided him with a humanistic
education under Capito and his
other teachers take a very different
direction under Zasius.
“Perhaps Zasius‟ betrayal of
Capito, and thus his betrayal of
humanist ideals, encouraged Sattler
to follow the path he would.
“Given the position of the
university in which „the mere
appearance of the prince‟ was
determinative—to the detriment of
the Reformation—he was in a
difficult situation.”
Muhleisen
60. Revolt at St. Peter‟s
“The peasants were clearly feeling the
economic squeeze, but the monastery
was likewise having financial difficulty.
“The increasing financial pressure
from the Habsburg government
exacerbated these conditions.
“The Habsburgs imposed a new tax
on its subjects in 1519, and Abbot
Jodocus passed it on to the monastery‟s
tenants.
61. Revolt at St. Peter‟s
“The peasants were clearly feeling the
economic squeeze, but the monastery was
likewise having financial difficulty.
“The increasing financial pressure from
the Habsburg government exacerbated
these conditions.
“The Habsburgs imposed a new tax on
its subjects in 1519, and Abbot Jodocus
passed it on to the monastery‟s tenants.
“The peasants refused to pay, whereupon Abbot Jodocus appealed to the local
Habsburg authorities.
“The peasants in turn appealed to the
local margrave, who in March of 1522
invaded St. Peter‟s with an army of
mercenaries, putting Abbot Jodocus to
flight.”
Snyder, 42
62. Book Burning at Freiburg
“On November 7, 1522, an edict was
issued from Nuremburg in which
preaching in the reformed sense was
outlawed.
“All books containing such ideas
were banned.
“This edict found an immediate
response in Freiburg. The council
ordered it read in every guild.
“Any questionable books were to be
brought for examination, and a houseto-house search was to be made.
“The result was a public burning of
about 2,000 Lutheran books in the
Freiburg Munsterplatz, including
Bibles.
Snyder, 53-54
63. 1523
Country Preachers
In March the Freiburg City Council told the
Austrian government that a local country
preacher “Instructs the ignorant common
people everywhere from the standpoint of the
Lutheran doctrine, causing disobedience and
Bundschuh offenses.”
“A month later, the Council volunteered
that the preacher had been active in and
around Freiburg some years before, that he
practiced medicine, and that despite their
efforts, they had not been able to apprehend
him.
“The impact of such undercover evangelists
on the Breisgau countryside is difficult to
assess, but it is clear that itinerant preachers
like this one were able to move freely among
the common people.“
Snyder, 54
64.
65.
66. Anti-Clericalism
A 1523 pamphlet accused the clergy
of straying “by becoming monks, nuns,
and pastors, wearing habits and
tonsures, and screaming day and night
in church at matins, prime, terse,
vespers, and compline.”
67. Anti-Clericalism
A 1523 pamphlet accused the clergy
of straying “by becoming monks, nuns,
and pastors, wearing habits and
tonsures, and screaming day and night
in church at matins, prime, terse,
vespers, and compline.”
Duke William IV of Bavaria said the
common people in his area openly
declare “They wish to kill all the priests,
saying that in these days the priests
behave so un-priestlike that it would be
impossible and against the Christian
faith to tolerate them any longer.”
Brady, 18, 293
68. Zurich
In June Zwingli preached his famous
sermon, stating that “So long as the
Council demands payment of the tithe, it
is the civil duty of the Christian to pay it.”
“He received full support from the
Zürich clergy, while the country preachers
Reublin, Stumpf, and the young Zürich
radicals Conrad Grebel and Felix Mantz
opposed him.
“The rural pastors had radicalized
Grebel and Mantz, and by the October
disputation the Zwinglian reformation‟s
division had become a public matter.”
Snyder, 68
69. Zurich
In June Zwingli preached his famous
sermon, stating that “So long as the
Council demands payment of the tithe, it
is the civil duty of the Christian to pay it.”
“He received full support from the
Zürich clergy, while the country preachers
Reublin, Stumpf, and the young Zürich
radicals Conrad Grebel and Felix Mantz
opposed him.
“The rural pastors had radicalized
Grebel and Mantz, and by the October
disputation the Zwinglian reformation‟s
division had become a public matter.”
Snyder, 68
70. Zurich
In June Zwingli preached his famous
sermon, stating that “So long as the
Council demands payment of the tithe, it
is the civil duty of the Christian to pay it.”
“He received full support from the
Zürich clergy, while the country preachers
Reublin, Stumpf, and the young Zürich
radicals Conrad Grebel and Felix Mantz
opposed him.
“The rural pastors had radicalized
Grebel and Mantz, and by the October
disputation the Zwinglian reformation‟s
division had become a public matter.”
Snyder, 68
71. 1524
The Revolution Begins
Michael Sattler found himself in a veritable hurricane of events that were
far beyond anyone‟s ability to control—and equally beyond the ability of anyone
at the time to understand.
Forced by the civil war that was emerging he was forced to take a stand.
He had three options:
72. 1524
The Revolution Begins
Michael Sattler found himself in a veritable hurricane of events that were
far beyond anyone‟s ability to control—and equally beyond the ability of anyone
at the time to understand.
Forced by the civil war that was emerging he was forced to take a stand.
He had three options:
To join the ruling class against the working class, as his abbot had.
73. 1524
The Revolution Begins
Michael Sattler found himself in a veritable hurricane of events that were
far beyond anyone‟s ability to control—and equally beyond the ability of anyone
at the time to understand.
Forced by the civil war that was emerging he was forced to take a stand.
He had three options:
To join the ruling class against the working class, as his abbot had.
To accept the peasants‟ demands, which would have alienated the rest of
his struggling monastic community.
74. 1524
The Revolution Begins
Michael Sattler found himself in a veritable hurricane of events that were
far beyond anyone‟s ability to control—and equally beyond the ability of anyone
at the time to understand.
Forced by the civil war that was emerging he was forced to take a stand.
He had three options:
To join the ruling class against the working class, as his abbot had.
To accept the peasants‟ demands, which would have alienated the rest of
his struggling monastic community.
To find some new political relationship which both parties to the conflict
could accept.
75. The Twelve Articles
This proposal coalesced German peasant
aspirations into a national movement when it
was published in March 1525.
It‟s origins are still unclear. My hypothesis is
that it was composed by Sattler in 1524.
76. The Twelve Articles
This proposal coalesced German peasant
aspirations into a national movement when it
was published in March 1525.
It‟s origins are still unclear. My hypothesis is
that it was composed by Sattler in 1524.
Whoever wrote it was educated, thought
clearly and in a way characteristic of persons
familiar with legal matters, and who was
attempting to find a way to avoid civil war
through negotiation.
77. The Twelve Articles
This proposal coalesced German peasant
aspirations into a national movement when it
was published in March 1525.
It‟s origins are still unclear. My hypothesis is
that it was composed by Sattler in 1524.
Whoever wrote it was educated, thought
clearly and in a way characteristic of persons
familiar with legal matters, and who was
attempting to find a way to avoid civil war
through negotiation.
Whoever that person was he was also deeply
formed by the scriptures, and by the belief that
they required social justice.
78. Failure
In December when the tenants of the adjacent monasteries of St.
Blaisen and St. Trudpert plundered St. Trudert‟s—a few km from
Staufen—it was clear a negotiated settlement was not possible.
79. Failure
In December when the tenants of the adjacent monasteries of St.
Blaisen and St. Trudpert plundered St. Trudert‟s—a few km from
Staufen—it was clear a negotiated settlement was not possible.
80. What was happening in the Breisgau
was happening everywhere in southern
Germany as the year 1524 came to an
end.
On Christmas Day the pastor of Our
Lady‟s Church in Memmingen reported,
“As I went to the altar a great murmur
arose from the Lutheran women and
men, who drove me into the sacristy
with great violence and there reviled
and scolded me with their fists and with
many words of abuse, beat me about the
head and shoulders, pelted me with
stones, tore out the window panes, and
took the candles.”
The attack lasted two hours, and “if
Mayor Keller and six town councilors
had not arrived, I would have been
struck dead.”
81. What was happening in the Breisgau
was happening everywhere in southern
Germany as the year 1524 came to an
end.
On Christmas Day the pastor of Our
Lady‟s Church in Memmingen reported,
“As I went to the altar a great murmur
arose from the Lutheran women and
men, who drove me into the sacristy
with great violence and there reviled
and scolded me with their fists and with
many words of abuse, beat me about the
head and shoulders, pelted me with
stones, tore out the window panes, and
took the candles.”
The attack lasted two hours, and “if
Mayor Keller and six town councilors
had not arrived, I would have been
struck dead.”
82. The 1525 Revolt
“In the summer of 1524 an
anti-seigneurial revolt erupted
in the southern Black Forest.
“Over the following winter
and into the spring
revolution spread into
the Upper Rhine,
Swabia and Franconia,
and thence northward
into Hesse and Thuringia
and southeastward
to the borders of Hungary.”
Brady, 186
83. “Over this zone armies
of rebels formed, the
largest counting perhaps
10,000 to 12,000 fighters.
“They swore oaths,
unfurled banners, armed
themselves, called on
burgers and miners to
join them, and were
determined to teach the
nobles and clergy the
justice of their demands.
“By Easter 1525
perhaps 300,000 rebels
lay under arms.”
Brady, 186
84. “Over this zone armies
of rebels formed, the
largest counting perhaps
10,000 to 12,000 fighters.
“They swore oaths,
unfurled banners, armed
themselves, called on
burgers and miners to
join them, and were
determined to teach the
nobles and clergy the
justice of their demands.
“By Easter 1525
perhaps 300,000 rebels
lay under arms.”
Brady, 186
85.
86.
87. “By the high summer
most of their formations
had either been defeated
in battle, dispersed
without major fighting, or
pacified through
negotiations.
“About a third of the
rebels—130,000 by a
contemporary estimate,
somewhat fewer by
modern ones—were shot,
cut down, blasted,
skewered, smashed,
hanged, or tortured to
death.”
Brady, 186
88. “By the high summer
most of their formations
had either been defeated
in battle, dispersed
without major fighting, or
pacified through
negotiations.
“About a third of the
rebels—130,000 by a
contemporary estimate,
somewhat fewer by
modern ones—were shot,
cut down, blasted,
skewered, smashed,
hanged, or tortured to
death.”
Brady, 186
89.
90. Valerius Anshelm reported that in the Black Forest “The
lords, having gained their victory, became more ungracious
and unjust than before.”
The peasants were stripped “of their armor and weapons,
their fine clothing, berets, and leather shoes, prohibited from
visiting inns on pain of life and property,” and each household was fined six gulden “under threat of fire and pillage.”
Many, he reports, “came out shorn like sheep,” and even
the innocent and those who had opposed the rebels “were
secretly and publicly shorn and butchered.”
Brady, 200-01
91. Switching Sides
On March 25, 1525, a „brother Michael‟
wearing a „white coat‟, appears at a trial of
Zurich-area Anabaptist leaders. He is a nonresident, and so rather than being jailed is
forced to abjure all Anabaptist beliefs, to swear
never to return to Zurich, and is then expelled.
92. Switching Sides
On March 25, 1525, a „brother Michael‟
wearing a „white coat‟, appears at a trial of
Zurich-area Anabaptist leaders. He is a nonresident, and so rather than being jailed is
forced to abjure all Anabaptist beliefs, to swear
never to return to Zurich, and is then expelled.
In early November 1525 the Zurich authorities
demand all adherents of Anabaptist beliefs
appear for a public three-day debate.
93. Switching Sides
On March 25, 1525, a „brother Michael‟
wearing a „white coat‟, appears at a trial of
Zurich-area Anabaptist leaders. He is a nonresident, and so rather than being jailed is
forced to abjure all Anabaptist beliefs, to swear
never to return to Zurich, and is then expelled.
In early November 1525 the Zurich authorities
demand all adherents of Anabaptist beliefs
appear for a public three-day debate.
This is followed on November 18 by a trial,
which orders the Anabaptist leaders to be
imprisoned. However “Michael Sattler from
Staufen in the Breisgau is to be released, upon
the swearing of an oath of loyalty and the
payment of costs.”
94. To Oberglatt
Michael Sattler was expelled from Zürich in
November, together with two country preachers. It
is likely they traveled north to Oberglatt.
95. To Oberglatt
Michael Sattler was expelled from Zürich in
November, together with two country preachers. It
is likely they traveled north to Oberglatt.
Hans Kuenzi, a weaver who lived in Oberglatt,
wrote some time after May 21, 1526:
“A person came to me who had been a monk, and
who urged me to teach him to work, for he wished
to eat bread from his own hands. This is the same
Michael who had earlier been your prisoner.
“This Michael has conducted himself at all times
in a quiet manner, and has not dealt with baptism,
and also is not re-baptized.
“At my suggestion he once went with my brother,
on account of a young woman, where he was asked
to read to the group, and where there was quite a
crowd present.”
Snyder, 83, 85
96. Becoming a Weaver
“When we join Michael Sattler at his
weaver‟s loom in Hans Kuenzi's house,
and consider the events which he
pondered, we see that he continued to
hold to the peasant critique of his
monastic estate, and that he continued to
accept their democratic teaching on
community.
“However he rejected their violence
and the entire project of reforming
society at large according to the scriptural
pattern.
“There can be no reform of society or
„the world‟, for it is ruled by Satan—as
the recent mutual slaughter had amply
demonstrated.”
Snyder, 201-02
97. Becoming a Weaver
“When we join Michael Sattler at his
weaver‟s loom in Hans Kuenzi's house,
and consider the events which he
pondered, we see that he continued to
hold to the peasant critique of his
monastic estate, and that he continued to
accept their democratic teaching on
community.
“However he rejected their violence
and the entire project of reforming
society at large according to the scriptural
pattern.
“There can be no reform of society or
„the world‟, for it is ruled by Satan—as
the recent mutual slaughter had amply
demonstrated.”
Snyder, 201-02
98. Margaretha
The official charges at their trial name
“Margaretha, the wife of Michael Sattler
from Staufen.”
Valerius Anshelm tells us she had been a
Beguine, and that she was a “refined and
comely little woman”.
Possibly she was the Margaretha in
Aarau to whom a letter was written in
1525. There was a Beguine house in Aarau
which was still in existence in 1509.
“The word Beguine was used loosely in
the 16th century. It could indicate actual
Beguines, but also Beghards, and even
Franciscan Tertiaries.
“A common function of the Beguines
was that of serving as „Marthas‟ (domestic
labor) in the local monasteries.”
Snyder, 101; n.57, 219
99. Margaretha
The official charges at their trial name
“Margaretha, the wife of Michael Sattler
from Staufen.”
Valerius Anshelm tells us she had been a
Beguine, and that she was a “refined and
comely little woman”.
Possibly she was the Margaretha in
Aarau to whom a letter was written in
1525. There was a Beguine house in Aarau
which was still in existence in 1509.
“The word Beguine was used loosely in
the 16th century. It could indicate actual
Beguines, but also Beghards, and even
Franciscan Tertiaries.
“A common function of the Beguines
was that of serving as „Marthas‟ (domestic
labor) in the local monasteries.”
Snyder, 101; n.57, 219
100. Margaretha
The official charges at their trial name
“Margaretha, the wife of Michael Sattler
from Staufen.”
Valerius Anshelm tells us she had been a
Beguine, and that she was a “refined and
comely little woman”.
Possibly she was the Margaretha in
Aarau to whom a letter was written in
1525. There was a Beguine house in Aarau
which was still in existence in 1509.
“The word Beguine was used loosely in
the 16th century. It could indicate actual
Beguines, but also Beghards, and even
Franciscan Tertiaries.
“A common function of the Beguines
was that of serving as „Marthas‟ (domestic
labor) in the local monasteries.”
Snyder, 101; n.57, 219
101. 1526
Anabaptist Pastor
Sometime in the summer of 1526 Sattler
crossed the boundary between
sympathizer and leader.
His first recorded action was to travel to
Strasburg where his former teacher Capito
was now a leader of the reformation there.
Several Anabaptists had been
imprisoned in Strasburg and Sattler
successfully plead for their release,
apparently on the basis of religious liberty.
From Strasburg he crossed the Rhine and
took up pastoral responsibility for the
small evangelical community in Horb.
102. 1526
Anabaptist Pastor
Sometime in the summer of 1526 Sattler
crossed the boundary between
sympathizer and leader.
“More than a full year went by before
his acceptance of the heavy cross of adult
baptism.
His first recorded action was to travel to
Strasburg where his former teacher Capito
was now a leader of the reformation there.
“When he finally did accept a rebaptism, not only was his commitment
total and unconditional, but the
Anabaptism to which he committed
himself was something newly defined in
both religious and socioeconomic terms.”
Several Anabaptists had been
imprisoned in Strasburg and Sattler
successfully plead for their release,
apparently on the basis of religious liberty.
From Strasburg he crossed the Rhine and
took up pastoral responsibility for the
small evangelical community in Horb.
Snyder, 198
103. 1527
Schleitheim and Martyrdom
When Sattler accepted leadership in the infant Anabaptist community
in the last half of 1526, he set out to provide this disorganized and
disparate movement with a structure able to survive on-going
persecution. The result was the Schleitheim Confession, which required
non-violence for lay evangelicals, and which has sustained the Amish
and Mennonite communities to the present.
104. 1527
Schleitheim and Martyrdom
When Sattler accepted leadership in the infant Anabaptist community
in the last half of 1526, he set out to provide this disorganized and
disparate movement with a structure able to survive on-going
persecution. The result was the Schleitheim Confession, which required
non-violence for lay evangelicals, and which has sustained the Amish
and Mennonite communities to the present.
Three months later he would be burned at the stake by the Habsburg
government, but his martyrdom would provide a permanent witness to
his commitment to non-violence, one that would have far-reaching
impact.
105. “That in the course of a meeting men could change their
opinions and come to unity, is not only a striking rarity in
the history of the Reformation, it is also the most important
event in the whole history of Anabaptism.
“Had it not happened, the Anabaptism of Grebel,
Blaurock, and Mantz would have died out, together with
its founders.
“But now it has taken on a viable form and was in a
position to resist the licentiousness of the fanatics, the
coercion of Christian governments, and the persuasiveness
of the preachers.”
— John Howard Yoder, The Legacy of Michael Sattler
107. The New Community
In the five centuries after
Michael and Margaretha
Sattler‟s deaths the vision they
died for has been lived out by
communities of other
Christians willing to die rather
than inflict death on others.
108. The New Community
In the five centuries after
Michael and Margaretha
Sattler‟s deaths the vision they
died for has been lived out by
communities of other
Christians willing to die rather
than inflict death on others.
Those communities are
increasingly recognized as
models for the future.
110. It is no longer difficult
to convince Christians we should be non-violent.
The difficult thing now is to convince them
it is possible.
The peacemaker‟s task now is
not telling others what we should do,
but providing examples of what we can do.
And 500 years of Amish and Mennonite life,
lived in communities formed by
Michael Sattler‟s leadership and example,
provides the most convincing answer possible
to that challenge.
111. Was Michael Sattler a Heretic?
It is certain that Michael Sattler left his
Benedictine monastery some time in 1525.
Whether he left voluntarily we do not know.
It is clear that his political views and those of
his abbot had diverged substantially.
It is also clear that Michael Sattler did not
leave behind his Benedictine formation. The
evidence indicates that Sattler took the Benedictine tradition with him when he transferred his obedience to a lay community.
Did this action make him a heretic? Or did
it make him a missionary? Did he leave the
Catholic faith or was he an early martyr
witness to the principles of social justice, so
badly being disregarded in the medieval era?
Praying the Psalms each day for years on
end leaves an indelible impact. How can
monastic communities join in praying Psalm
82 without being moved by the power of the
poetry?
How long will you judge unjustly,
and favor the cause of the wicked?
Do justice for the weak and the orphan;
Defend the afflicted and the needy.
Rescue the weak and the poor;
Set them free from the hand of the wicked.
This forces us to ask whether Sattler would
not have been a heretic to have remained in
leadership in a monastic community that was
systematically involved in injustice—injustice
that above all affected the poorest of the poor?