Methanological Cycle on Titan

1. Titan Meth. Cycle Yann Chemin Titan Energy Balance Atm. Layers Atm. Pro

2. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans & Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions (M)ethanological cycle of Titan Mini-project ATPS B.Sc. Planetary Sciences with Astronomy 3rd Year, Advanced Topics of Planetary Sciences

4. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions Contents Titan Energy Balance Atm. Layers Atm. Pro

5. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions

7. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions Outline Titan Energy Balance Atm. Layers Atm. Pro

10. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions Titan Titan (Saturn VI) The largest of Saturn's natural satellites 1.5 times the diameter of the Moon Hydrocarbons Surface and atmospheric hydrocarbon Methane (CH4) of solar system origins Ethane (C2H6) rainfall Hydrocarbons Triple phase temperature range (solid, liquid, gas) Atmospheric photolysis of CH4 to C2H6 Oceans Lakes as source of atmospheric content

15. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions Titan Atmospheric Layers Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA06160.jpg

17. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions Atmospheric Pro

18. le Figure Credit: Lunine et al. (1983)

20. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions Radiation Budget The generic longwave greybody/blackbody radiation: GE = BB = T4 (1) The radiation budget at planetary surface: Rnet = SWbal + LWbal (2) Radiation budget generic extension at planetary surface: Rnet = (1)swEs+(10)T4 0 +(atm1)T4 atm+ (3) This provides the constraint on the available energy for conduction, convection and vaporization processes at surface

22. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions Energy Budget 100% 30% 40% 10% 10% 2% 70% = 82K 25% 1% 113% 120% = 94K 15% 45% Shortwave balance Longwave balance Stratosphere Troposphere Figure Credit: recreated after McKay et al. (1991)

27. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions North Pole

29. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions T91 Oneida Lacus Waikare Lacus Small lakes Mývatn Lacus Kraken Mare

31. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions Ligeia Mare Radar Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech http://www.ciclops.org//view media.php?id=39071js=1

33. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions Lake bathymetry radar altimetry Figure Credit: Mastrogiuseppe et al. (2014)

35. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions Lake bathymetry depth Figure Credit: Mastrogiuseppe et al. (2014)

37. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions Evaporation Evaporation 20mm/week at poles 1mm/week at equator The vaporization heat adapted to Titan: HL = naL C (qs qa) = naL Cq (4) the Avogadro's number L the latent heat of vaporization of methane C the bulk transfer coecient q the mole fraction of methane at liquid surface (saturated state: qs ) and at a given height (typically few meters) in the atmosphere above (qa)

42. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions Rainfall on Belet (-5N,255E) Rainfall on Belet (-5N,255E) The change of surface albedo from Cassini VIMS, darkening after a large cloud passed on the Belet Albedo feature, and brightening again after some time. Radar Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSI http://www.titanexploration.com/TitanImages2011Plus/TitanImages2011.htm

44. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions ITCZ Figure Credit: Tokano (2013)

49. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions Conclusions The (m)ethonological cycle, its energy budget and spatio-temporal dynamics are just starting to be discovered. Now Every additional y-by of Cassini Treasure trove for Titan science Future missions I Rainfall: microwave sensor on-board orbiter/lander (TRMM type) I Run-o: orbital radar altimeter (Magellan Venus radar type) I Geomorphology: sub-clouds aerial Lidar altimeter + multi/hyperspectral (TSSM/Mongol

50. ere type) I Energy budget: Thermal pro

51. ler in orbit, vessel on lakes/oceans (TSSM/TiME type)

53. le Radiation Budget Energy Budget Oceans Lakes Polar lakes T91 Fly-by Ligeia Mare Lake bathymetry Evaporation Rainfall/Run-o Rainfall ITCZ Conclusions Thank You Thank you Radar Image Credit: PDS/NASA/JPL-Caltech

Methanological Cycle on Titan

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Methanological Cycle on Titan