ThisPPT represents the action of metformin or anti-hyperglycemic drugs in controlling blood sugar levels.

1. EFFECTS OF METFORMIN ON TYPE II
DIABETES MELLITUS
A concise presentation
By
Sreeparna Pal
B.Sc 3rd year
Department Of Food & Nutrition
Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College

2. INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus can be referred to as a chronic metabolic
disorder characterized by rising of glucose level in the blood.
 Glucose enters in to the blood stream, from food we eat. This
is later use for fuel. Insulin is a hormone that secreted from
the -cell of Islets of Langerhans in pancreas, carried the
glucose and store it as a form of glycogen in the liver and
muscle. When pancreas is failed to produce enough amount
of insulin, glucose will accumulates in the blood.

3. OBJECTIVES
 To know about this drug and its composition.
 To determine the mechanism of action of metformin on type II
diabetes mellitus .

4. TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (Type I)
In this type of diabetes, pancreas do not produce sufficient amount of
insulin. Primarily occurs to children and young adults.
The common causes:
o Destruction of pancreatic cells due to auto-immune disorder.
o Surgery or operation relates to pancreas.
o Drugs or chemicals affected pancreatic cells.
The treatment includes:
o Insulin monotherapy
o Anti-diabetic drugs (if required)
o Diet

5. Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (Type II)
In this type pancreas able to produce sufficient insulin, but there
have damages in receptor. Primarily occur in adults.
The common causes:
o Physical inactivity
o Obesity
The treatment includes:
o Reduction of excess body weight
o Administration of oral-hypoglycemic drugs

6. CLASSIFICATION OF
HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS

7. SULPHONYLURIAS
 This categorical drugs mainly prescribed to those patient who are
non-obese.
 The example of this categorical drugs are:
Chloropropamide, Tolbutamide etc.

8. BIGUANIDES
 This categorical drugs mainly prescribed to those patient who
are obese.
 Metformin is under this category.
 Metformin is not metabolized in the body, but can be excreted
intact in 2-5 hours.

9. METFORMIN
 Metformin hydrochloride is an oral anti hyperglycaemic drugs,
used in the management of type 2 diabetes.
 The structural formula N, N-dimethylimido dicarbonimidic
diamide hydrochloride.
H3C
N C NH C NH2 HCL
H3C
NH NH
 Molecular formula of metformin hydrochloride is C4H11N5HCI

10. DISCOVERY OF METFORMIN
 The plant Galega officinalis is one type of perennial herb was
used for folk medicine to treat diabetes.
 Researchers found a compound that is guanidine which could
lower the blood glucose levels but was also toxic to animals.
 Later, chemists found that they could make more tolerable
compounds by binding two Guanidine to form Biguanides.
 Metformin is one type of Biguanides drug first synthesized in
1929 and in 1950s it’s clinically developed by the French physician
Jean Sterne, who gave the name Glucophage.

11. MECHANISM OF ACTION
Reduced
hyperglycemia
Liver
Decreased
glucose
production
Peripheral
tissue
Increased
glucose
uptake &
use
METFORMIN METFORMIN

12. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN
USERS
One should check with your doctor immediately if any of these side
effects occur while taking metformin:
More common Less common Rare
Abdominal or stomach
discomfort
Anxiety Behaviour change
similar to being drunk
Decreased appetite Blurred vision Difficulty with
concentrating
Diarrhea Chest discomfort Drowsiness
Sleepiness Depression Lack or loss of strength

13. CONCLUSION
As today diabetes imposes a great threat in everyday life of
human being. Some precautions should be taken as
immediate measure.
Metformin is not only helps in reducing the rate of type 2
diabetes, but it has others several application that are :-
i. Patient with hepatic or renal impairment
ii. Alcoholic liver disease
iii. Congestive heart failure
iv. Peripheral vascular disease
As this drug has play positive role in some pathophysiological
condition but simultaneously it posses some side effects
like nausea, vomiting , diarrhea, urticaria etc.

14. THANK YOU