This case report describes a 73-year-old man with prostate cancer that metastasized to a pelvic lymph node. During pathological examination after prostatectomy, it was discovered that this same lymph node was also affected by Hodgkin's lymphoma. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the presence of both prostate adenocarcinoma and classical Hodgkin's lymphoma in the lymph node. This represents the first reported case of a urological cancer (prostate adenocarcinoma) metastasizing to a lymph node simultaneously involved by Hodgkin's disease. Synchronous occurrence of two or more tumors is rare, but histopathological identification is important for treatment decisions and prognosis.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A clinicopathologic study of 67 cases.Dr./ Ihab Samy
Amr H. Sleema MD; Ihab S. Fayeka MD; Hany F. Habashyb MD;Amany Saberc MD;Alfred E. Namourd MD;Nevine F. Habashye MD
a: Surgical Oncology Department – National Cancer Institute – Cairo University – Egypt.
b: Surgery Department – Fayoum teaching hospital – Fayoum University – Egypt.
c: Medical Oncology Department – Minia Cancer Center – Egypt.
d: Medical Oncology Department – National Cancer Institute – Cairo University – Egypt.
e: Surgical Pathology Department - National Cancer Institute – Cairo University – Egypt.
Kasr el-aini journal of surgery Volume 15, No.2, May 2014
Nowadays the problem of surgical treatment of Colorectal
Cancer (CRC) is becoming very important due to the high speed of increasing morbidity and mortality, which is registered almost in all economically developed countries in the world [1,2]. In 2012, more than one million new cases of CRC were detected on our planet and about half a million people died from this disease [1]. On the territory of Russia, a primary diagnosis of colorectal cancer is annually established in 6000 people, with the highest incidence rates in the North-West region (St. Petersburg and Leningrad region), where in the general structure of oncopathology, colorectal cancer is in the second
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A clinicopathologic study of 67 cases.Dr./ Ihab Samy
Amr H. Sleema MD; Ihab S. Fayeka MD; Hany F. Habashyb MD;Amany Saberc MD;Alfred E. Namourd MD;Nevine F. Habashye MD
a: Surgical Oncology Department – National Cancer Institute – Cairo University – Egypt.
b: Surgery Department – Fayoum teaching hospital – Fayoum University – Egypt.
c: Medical Oncology Department – Minia Cancer Center – Egypt.
d: Medical Oncology Department – National Cancer Institute – Cairo University – Egypt.
e: Surgical Pathology Department - National Cancer Institute – Cairo University – Egypt.
Kasr el-aini journal of surgery Volume 15, No.2, May 2014
Nowadays the problem of surgical treatment of Colorectal
Cancer (CRC) is becoming very important due to the high speed of increasing morbidity and mortality, which is registered almost in all economically developed countries in the world [1,2]. In 2012, more than one million new cases of CRC were detected on our planet and about half a million people died from this disease [1]. On the territory of Russia, a primary diagnosis of colorectal cancer is annually established in 6000 people, with the highest incidence rates in the North-West region (St. Petersburg and Leningrad region), where in the general structure of oncopathology, colorectal cancer is in the second
Post radical nephroureterectomy cystoscopic surveillance and usage of a nomog...NAAR Journal
Aim:Intravesical recurrence post radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) is a frequent event requiring intense cystoscopic surveillance. This study includes cystoscopic surveillance and usage of variable predictors for intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy. The current investigation objective was to recognize intravesical recurrence indicators and build up a tool to allow risk delineated methodology supporting patient advising for cystoscopic surveillance and post-operative intravesical MMC administration. Methods: We did a retrospective analysis of 324 patients with UTUC (Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma). Patients' demographic data, including age, gender, etiology, tumor size, previous bladder cancer, tumor location (renal pelvic or ureter), were reported. All the patients reported above were followed up for a mean period of 36 months. Computed tomography (CT), ultrasound imaging, cystoscopy, urine cytology, ureteroscopy tests were performed for each patient included in the study. The data set was divided into a development cohort of recurrent and non-recurrent patients). Multivariable and Univariable were addressed to intravesical recurrence after RNU. Predictive accuracy was quantified. Result:With a median follow-up of 36 months, intravesical recurrence occurred in 59 patients. IVR after RNU was noted in 59 patients after a median follow-up of 36 months. The probability of intravesical recurrence is 28.6%.The recurrent bladder tumors were managed with endoscopic resection and intravesical chemoimmunotherapy following the standard protocol. The recurrent bladder tumors showed the following characteristics: 3.4%, 3.4%, 8.5%, 37.3%, and 47.5% of tumors were in Ta, T1, T2, T3, and T4stages, respectively. One patient underwent radical cystectomy after a refractory muscle-invasive bladder tumor, and contralateral UTUC developed. Two patients had partial cystectomy after multiple endoscopic resections of T1 tumor, and intravesical chemotherapy failed. For 59 patients who developed bladder recurrence, the optimal cut-off point of early recurrence was determined to be six months after surgery (p=0.042). End-stage renal disease history and surgical margin positive patient has later bladder recurrence.
The Influence of Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor on Staging of Bladd...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: Bladder cancer is common, expensive, and the number of cases rising with increased survival in the elderly population. Most centers do computed tomography (CT) scan at the point of investigation, and some will carry this out along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to have better local staging once the diagnosis of invasive cancer is made. Any surgical procedure would have a likelihood of influencing local staging, and this is a common belief without any evidence. Methods: We have retrospectively analyzed our data to see where the truth lies. We have compared the final pathology of 236 radical cystectomy patients to the staging reports of 241 CT scans and 65 MRI scans. Results: We have ascertained accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity and whether they were influenced by the timing of the transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). There was no significant difference between CT and MRI and the timing of the TURBT. Conclusion: This is the first report in the literature outlining the influence of TURBT. We accept the limitation due to the retrospective nature, small sample size, and variability of the biology of bladder cancer.
Secondary Malignancy after Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Radical Prostatectom...asclepiuspdfs
Background: This study aims to determine whether the treatment of locally confined prostate cancer (PCa) with external radiotherapy (EBRT) increases the risk to develop secondary malignancies (SM) compared to radical prostatectomy (RPE). Materials and Methods: Data from patients who were treated curatively with RPE or EBRT from 2010 to 2018 and who did not have distant metastases, previous malignancy, or previous treatment with radiotherapy or chemotherapy at the time of diagnosis were reviewed to determine the incidence of SM over a median follow-up period of 47 months (range 12–96 months). Regression models were used to correlate the clinicopathological factors with the incidence of SM.
Abstract—Lymphadenopathy is one of the commonest presentation in inflammatory and neoplastic cases. Pathological diagnosis of enlarged lymph nodes is crucial in further management of patients. Fine Needle Aspiration cytology (FNAC) is quick and cost effective OPD procedure for establishing etiology of enlarged lymph nodes. This study was aimed to observed the pattern of lymphadenopathy as per FNAC and its diagnostic accuracy assuming histopathology as gold standard. This study was conducted on two hundred and thirty one consecutive enlarged lymph nodes attended for FNAC in a secondary care level Government Hospital, Gandhi Nagar, Jammu in a study period of two and a half years. Lymph nodes of these cases were aspirated and subjected to cytomorphological evaluation with Papanicolaou (PAP) and Giemsa stain. After that histopathological examination was done of excised biopsies. Then pattern of lymphadenopathy as per FNAC was observed and its diagnostic accuracy was found out assuming histopathology as gold standard. Maximum number of patients was in the age group of 21-30 years age group with male to female ratio 1.2:1. Out of 231 lymphadenopathy cases 4 remain inconclusisve whereas 200 (88.11%)cases were benign and 27 (11.89%) were malignant including 14 (6.1%) cases of metastatic tumors. Among benign cases, majority had non specific reactive lymphadenitis (42.29%) followed by tubercular lymphadenitis. And among malignant tumors, metastatic tumors (6.1%). were most common. Diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was observed as fairly good i.e. ranging from 100% to 83.3% in various type of lymphadenopathies. So it can be depicted that FNAC is very useful first line investigation in patients presenting with enlarged lymph nodes especially in secondary level health care hospitals/centers where advanced diagnostic modalities are not available. The suspicious cases can always be referred for further evaluation.
Gastric cancer was until the 1980s the most frequent diagnosed cancer all around the world, and it still remains even nowadays one of the most frequent and aggressive malignant tumors, having the power to cause annually an amazingly high number of deaths and affected people. Even if it went through some difficult phases for more 11 years, the stomach surgery managed to become today quite well defined even if it is not yet fully outlined.
Gastric cancer was until the 1980s the most frequent diagnosed cancer all around the world, and it still remains even nowadays one of the most frequent and aggressive malignant tumors, having the power to cause annually an amazingly high number of deaths and affected people. Even if it went through some difficult phases for more 11 years, the stomach surgery managed to become today quite well defined even if it is not yet fully outlined.
Post radical nephroureterectomy cystoscopic surveillance and usage of a nomog...NAAR Journal
Aim:Intravesical recurrence post radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) is a frequent event requiring intense cystoscopic surveillance. This study includes cystoscopic surveillance and usage of variable predictors for intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy. The current investigation objective was to recognize intravesical recurrence indicators and build up a tool to allow risk delineated methodology supporting patient advising for cystoscopic surveillance and post-operative intravesical MMC administration. Methods: We did a retrospective analysis of 324 patients with UTUC (Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma). Patients' demographic data, including age, gender, etiology, tumor size, previous bladder cancer, tumor location (renal pelvic or ureter), were reported. All the patients reported above were followed up for a mean period of 36 months. Computed tomography (CT), ultrasound imaging, cystoscopy, urine cytology, ureteroscopy tests were performed for each patient included in the study. The data set was divided into a development cohort of recurrent and non-recurrent patients). Multivariable and Univariable were addressed to intravesical recurrence after RNU. Predictive accuracy was quantified. Result:With a median follow-up of 36 months, intravesical recurrence occurred in 59 patients. IVR after RNU was noted in 59 patients after a median follow-up of 36 months. The probability of intravesical recurrence is 28.6%.The recurrent bladder tumors were managed with endoscopic resection and intravesical chemoimmunotherapy following the standard protocol. The recurrent bladder tumors showed the following characteristics: 3.4%, 3.4%, 8.5%, 37.3%, and 47.5% of tumors were in Ta, T1, T2, T3, and T4stages, respectively. One patient underwent radical cystectomy after a refractory muscle-invasive bladder tumor, and contralateral UTUC developed. Two patients had partial cystectomy after multiple endoscopic resections of T1 tumor, and intravesical chemotherapy failed. For 59 patients who developed bladder recurrence, the optimal cut-off point of early recurrence was determined to be six months after surgery (p=0.042). End-stage renal disease history and surgical margin positive patient has later bladder recurrence.
The Influence of Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor on Staging of Bladd...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: Bladder cancer is common, expensive, and the number of cases rising with increased survival in the elderly population. Most centers do computed tomography (CT) scan at the point of investigation, and some will carry this out along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to have better local staging once the diagnosis of invasive cancer is made. Any surgical procedure would have a likelihood of influencing local staging, and this is a common belief without any evidence. Methods: We have retrospectively analyzed our data to see where the truth lies. We have compared the final pathology of 236 radical cystectomy patients to the staging reports of 241 CT scans and 65 MRI scans. Results: We have ascertained accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity and whether they were influenced by the timing of the transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). There was no significant difference between CT and MRI and the timing of the TURBT. Conclusion: This is the first report in the literature outlining the influence of TURBT. We accept the limitation due to the retrospective nature, small sample size, and variability of the biology of bladder cancer.
Secondary Malignancy after Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Radical Prostatectom...asclepiuspdfs
Background: This study aims to determine whether the treatment of locally confined prostate cancer (PCa) with external radiotherapy (EBRT) increases the risk to develop secondary malignancies (SM) compared to radical prostatectomy (RPE). Materials and Methods: Data from patients who were treated curatively with RPE or EBRT from 2010 to 2018 and who did not have distant metastases, previous malignancy, or previous treatment with radiotherapy or chemotherapy at the time of diagnosis were reviewed to determine the incidence of SM over a median follow-up period of 47 months (range 12–96 months). Regression models were used to correlate the clinicopathological factors with the incidence of SM.
Abstract—Lymphadenopathy is one of the commonest presentation in inflammatory and neoplastic cases. Pathological diagnosis of enlarged lymph nodes is crucial in further management of patients. Fine Needle Aspiration cytology (FNAC) is quick and cost effective OPD procedure for establishing etiology of enlarged lymph nodes. This study was aimed to observed the pattern of lymphadenopathy as per FNAC and its diagnostic accuracy assuming histopathology as gold standard. This study was conducted on two hundred and thirty one consecutive enlarged lymph nodes attended for FNAC in a secondary care level Government Hospital, Gandhi Nagar, Jammu in a study period of two and a half years. Lymph nodes of these cases were aspirated and subjected to cytomorphological evaluation with Papanicolaou (PAP) and Giemsa stain. After that histopathological examination was done of excised biopsies. Then pattern of lymphadenopathy as per FNAC was observed and its diagnostic accuracy was found out assuming histopathology as gold standard. Maximum number of patients was in the age group of 21-30 years age group with male to female ratio 1.2:1. Out of 231 lymphadenopathy cases 4 remain inconclusisve whereas 200 (88.11%)cases were benign and 27 (11.89%) were malignant including 14 (6.1%) cases of metastatic tumors. Among benign cases, majority had non specific reactive lymphadenitis (42.29%) followed by tubercular lymphadenitis. And among malignant tumors, metastatic tumors (6.1%). were most common. Diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was observed as fairly good i.e. ranging from 100% to 83.3% in various type of lymphadenopathies. So it can be depicted that FNAC is very useful first line investigation in patients presenting with enlarged lymph nodes especially in secondary level health care hospitals/centers where advanced diagnostic modalities are not available. The suspicious cases can always be referred for further evaluation.
Gastric cancer was until the 1980s the most frequent diagnosed cancer all around the world, and it still remains even nowadays one of the most frequent and aggressive malignant tumors, having the power to cause annually an amazingly high number of deaths and affected people. Even if it went through some difficult phases for more 11 years, the stomach surgery managed to become today quite well defined even if it is not yet fully outlined.
Gastric cancer was until the 1980s the most frequent diagnosed cancer all around the world, and it still remains even nowadays one of the most frequent and aggressive malignant tumors, having the power to cause annually an amazingly high number of deaths and affected people. Even if it went through some difficult phases for more 11 years, the stomach surgery managed to become today quite well defined even if it is not yet fully outlined.
Linitis plastica is a diffuse form of gastric cancer and accounts for about 10% of all cases of gastric malignancy and its exact general population distribution is unknown. There are no characteristic or specific symptoms, the symptoms are similar to those of other forms of stomach cancer and can manifest as a feeling of fullness after eating, nausea and vomiting, epigastric pain, weight loss, and progressive dysphagia [1]. Plastic linitisis characterized by malignant glandular proliferation of cricoid cells in the fibrous stroma, which ultimately leads to thickening and rigidity of the stomach wall.
Linitis plastica is a diffuse form of gastric cancer and accounts for about 10% of all cases of gastric malignancy and its exact general population distribution is unknown. There are no characteristic or specific symptoms, the symptoms are similar to those of other forms of stomach cancer and can manifest as a feeling of fullness after eating, nausea and vomiting, epigastric pain, weight loss, and progressive dysphagia [1]. Plastic linitisis characterized by malignant glandular proliferation of cricoid cells in the fibrous stroma, which ultimately leads to thickening and rigidity of the stomach wall.
Linitis plastica is a diffuse form of gastric cancer and accounts for about 10% of all cases of gastric malignancy and its exact general population distribution is unknown. There are no characteristic or specific symptoms, the symptoms are similar to those of other forms of stomach cancer and can manifest as a feeling of fullness after eating, nausea and vomiting, epigastric pain, weight loss, and progressive dysphagia [1]. Plastic linitisis characterized by malignant glandular proliferation of cricoid cells in the fibrous stroma, which ultimately leads to thickening and rigidity of the stomach wall.
Linitis plastica is a diffuse form of gastric cancer and accounts for about 10% of all cases of gastric malignancy and its exact general population distribution is unknown. There are no characteristic or specific symptoms, the symptoms are similar to those of other forms of stomach cancer and can manifest as a feeling of fullness after eating, nausea and vomiting, epigastric pain, weight loss, and progressive dysphagia [1]. Plastic linitisis characterized by malignant glandular proliferation of cricoid cells in the fibrous stroma, which ultimately leads to thickening and rigidity of the stomach wall.
Linitis plastica is a diffuse form of gastric cancer and accounts for about 10% of all cases of gastric malignancy and its exact general population distribution is unknown. There are no characteristic or specific symptoms, the symptoms are similar to those of other forms of stomach cancer and can manifest as a feeling of fullness after eating, nausea and vomiting, epigastric pain, weight loss, and progressive dysphagia [1]. Plastic linitisis characterized by malignant glandular proliferation of cricoid cells in the fibrous stroma, which ultimately leads to thickening and rigidity of the stomach wall.
Linitis plastica is a diffuse form of gastric cancer and accounts for about 10% of all cases of gastric malignancy and its exact general population distribution is unknown. There are no characteristic or specific symptoms, the symptoms are similar to those of other forms of stomach cancer and can manifest as a feeling of fullness after eating, nausea and vomiting, epigastric pain, weight loss, and progressive dysphagia [1]. Plastic linitisis characterized by malignant glandular proliferation of cricoid cells in the fibrous stroma, which ultimately leads to thickening and rigidity of the stomach wall.
Linitis plastica is a diffuse form of gastric cancer and accounts for about 10% of all cases of gastric malignancy and its exact general population distribution is unknown. There are no characteristic or specific symptoms, the symptoms are similar to those of other forms of stomach cancer and can manifest as a feeling of fullness after eating, nausea and vomiting, epigastric pain, weight loss, and progressive dysphagia [1]. Plastic linitisis characterized by malignant glandular proliferation of cricoid cells in the fibrous stroma, which ultimately leads to thickening and rigidity of the stomach wall.
The study of disease transmission
By and large, the frequency of disease is higher in men than in ladies and higher in industrialized areas and countries.
BACKGROUND: Sequential Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–positive B cell lymphoma to the initial diagnosis of angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (AITL) is very rare, the exact mechanism and standard therapy of which is still being explored. CASE: A 50-year-old man was admitted to our hospital in January 2014 with a three-week history of enlargement of multiple lymph nodes. His initial pathological evaluation indicated AILT. The reactivation of EBV was observed during the immunosuppression therapy for AITL, accompanied by onset of subcutaneous nodules proven to be EBV-positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) based on the pathological findings of rebiopsy. The patient was successfully treated with chidamide, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, and rituximab.
Conclusion: The sufficient surveillance for serum EBV and repeat biopsy is necessary for patients with AITL, and this treatment modality may become an active option.
Keywords: angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma, Epstein-Barr virus, HDAC inhibitor, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, peripheral T cell lymphoma
Objective: To investigate the protective effect of lo- sartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker with antioxidative effect on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats, against inflammation and apoptotic development.
Study Design: Forty male Wistar albino rats with a mean weight of 200–250 g each were divided into 4 groups: (1) Sham operation (laparotomy only, sham surgical preparation including isolation of the superior mesenteric artery [SMA] without occlusion), (2) Ischemia model with SMA closure for 2 hours, (3) I/R group (2 hours of ischemia followed by 3-hour reperfusion (SMA occlusion for 120 minutes followed by 240 minutes reperfusion), and (4) Losartan group (2 hours of ischemia, 40 mg/kg losartan was administered to the animals; losartan was dissolved in 1 mL distilled water and administered intraperitoneally after 2 hours of ischemia). Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels were examined in jejunum tissue.
Results: Losartan treatment reduced the I/R-induced increase in MDA levels in the gut. Statistically, while SOD, CAT, and GSH activities decreased significantly in the I/R group, they increased in the I/R+Losartan group. Villus loss and increase in inflammation after ischemia persisted after reperfusion. Losartan treatment played a role in the reduction of inflammation and apoptosis and in the regulation of TNF-α and caspase-9 activity.
Conclusion: It has been thought that losartan in I/R may reduce mucosal damage and cell apoptosis in the direction of inflammation and may stabilize caspase-9 activity by inhibiting TNF-α stimulus.
Keywords: caspase-9, ischemia, ischemia/reperfusion, rat, reperfusion injury, TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Objective: The association between telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation and outcome of melanoma is unclear and controversial. We aim to conduct a meta-analysis and investigate whether the TERT promoter mutation is a prognostic factor of melanoma.
Study Design: Appropriate studies were searched in 3 databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) were counted through random effects model.
Results: Heterogeneity was moderate in overall survival (OS) (I2=43.7%, p=0.059) and low in disease-free survival (DFS) (I2=0.0%, p=0.587). Sensitivity analysis indicated that the removal of any of the study did not affect the final results. Evidence for publication bias was not found (Begg’s test, p=0.281; Egger’s test, p=0.078). The pooled OS HRs from combined effects analysis was determined (HR 1.07; 95% CI 0.83–1.39, p=0.585), together with the pooled HRs of DFS (HR 1.65; 95% CI 1.02–2.66, p=0.042). TERT promoter mutation predicted a good outcome in meta-static melanoma patients (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.46–0.96, p=0.042). The pooled HRs of combined mutation in TERT promoter and BRAF (HR 6.27; 95% CI 2.7–14.58, p=0.000) predicted a bad outcome in melanoma patients.
Conclusion: TERT promoter mutation significantly predicted poor DFS outcome but, on the contrary, predicted a good outcome in metastatic melanoma patients. The combined TERT promoter and BRAF mutation was a significant independent factor of OS in melanoma patients.
Keywords: melanoma; meta-analysis; mutation; prognosis; promoter regions, genetic; skin neoplasms; telomerase; TERT promoter mutation; TERT protein, human
Objective: In order to reduce complications accompanied with dental implant restoration, this study strives to prepare a novel sealant and lubricant that can be used in dental implant systems as well as to evaluate its characteristics.
Study Design: Chitosan (CS), β-glycerophosphate pentahydrate (β-GP), and nano silver (nAg) were used to prepare thermosensitive hydrogel. According to the different volume ratios of CS to β-GP, 3 experimental groups were established, namely 16/4, 13/7, and 10/10 groups. Their morphology, composition, and chemical properties were analyzed via SEM, EDS, and FTIR. In addition, the effect of the hydrogel on the stability of dental implant-abutment connection was investigated by removal torque test combined with dynamic cyclic loading experiment. The maximum fracture load was measured under different lubricating conditions by electronic universal testing machine. The cytotoxicity and in vitro antibacterial effect of the hydrogel were examined respectively by CCK-8 test and the spread plate method.
Results: The CS/β-GP/nAg thermosensitive hydro-gel was successfully prepared in this study, which was found to be a porous structure through SEM. The removal torque test and the dynamic cyclic loading experiment showed that the removal torque of the experimental group was greater than that of the control group. Furthermore, the single load-to-fracture test indicated that the 16/4 group had the greatest maximum bearing load. The in vitro cytotoxicity test using rat bone marrow stromal cells (rBMSCs) and human gingival fibroblast cells (hGFCs) showed no cytotoxicity in all 3 groups. The 3 experimental groups had obvious antibacterial effects against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. gingivalis.
Conclusion: A nontoxic antibacterial CS/β-GP/nAg thermosensitive hydrogel for lubricating purpose was successfully fabricated. When the volume ratio of CS to β-GP was 16/4, this thermosensitive hydrogel demonstrated better sealing and lubricating abilities and had a positive influence on the reliability of dental implant-abutment connection.
Keywords: abutment, dental implant, dental implant restoration, dental sealant, lubrication, thermosensitive hydrogel
Objective: To investigate the bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer enhanced with bioactive glass (Activa BioActive-Base/Liner) to composite resin using different dental adhesive systems.
Study Design: In this study, Activa BioActive-Base/Liner (ABA/BL) was placed in cylindrical cavities formed in acrylic blocks. In blocks divided into 6 groups according to the adhesive system to be applied, two-step etch-and-rinse Gluma 2 Bond (Heraeus Kulzer, Germany), one-step self-etch Gluma Self Etch (Heraeus Kulzer), universal system Gluma Universal (Heraeus Kulzer), two-step self-etch Clearfil SE Protect (Kuraray, Japan), one-step self-etch Clearfil S3 Bond Plus (Kuraray), and universal system Clearfil S3 Bond Universal (Kuraray) adhesive systems were applied on ABA/BL. After composite resin (3M ESPE Filtek Ultimate) was applied to the prepared surfaces, the specimens were placed in a universal test device and shear bond strength test was determined. Fracture types were evaluated using a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk, two-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Post-Hoc Multiple Comparisons tests.
Results: In terms of bond strength values, the highest bond value was seen in the two-step self-etch (Clearfil SE Protect) group, and the lowest bond strength value was seen in the universal system (Clearfil S3 Bond Universal) group. There was no statistically significant difference between the adhesive agent groups in terms of bond strength values (p>0.05).
Conclusion: It is thought that choosing the two-step self-etch technique as an adhesive system when resin-modified glass ionomer enhanced with bioactive glass (ABA/BL) is used as the pulp capping/base material will be more appropriate in terms of bond strength.
Keywords: adhesive systems, bioactive materials, bond strength, cariostatic agents, composite resins, dental materials, fluorides, glass ionomer, glass ionomer cements, materials testing, vital pulp therapy
Objective: To analyze the sonographic features of different histopathological subtypes of borderline ovarian tumors (BOTs) confirmed by pathology, and to study the ultrasound performances of various types in borderline ovarian tumors.
Study Design: Retrospective analysis was performed on the pathological results and ultrasound projection findings of 129 patients diagnosed as BOTs by ultrasound department of our hospital from January 2012 to November 2019. All patients were confirmed by surgical pathology and scanned consecutively by the investigators using transabdominal or transvaginal ultrasound examination.
Results: Serous borderline tumors (SBOTs) were observed, and the prevalence rate (53%) was significantly higher than that of other subtypes, and the probability of bilateral lesions was higher (40%). The sonogram often showed ultrasound features of papillary neoplasm in the lesion and good internal echo (p<0.05). Mucinous borderline ovarian tumors (MBOTs) were mostly unilateral lesions (86%). The prevalence was second only to SBOTs. Histomorphological examinations were divided into gastrointestinal-type and endocervical-type. Among them, the gastrointestinal type of MBOTs were mostly unilateral, and their incidence was higher than that of endocervical-type of MBOTs. Compared with other pathological subtypes, the gastrointestinal type is more likely to show the sonographic characteristics of huge space occupying in the pelvic and abdominal cavity (mean diameter >10 cm), polycystic, multiple septums, and poor internal echo (p<0.05). The ultrasonographic features of the endocervical-type of MBOTs were similar to those of SBOTs. Compared with gastrointestinal type, the sonographic images showed smaller lesion diameter, less septal or cyst, and more papillary excrescences in the tumor (p<0.05). The borderline clear cell tumor is the intermediate transition between the clear cell adenofibroma and the clear cell carcinoma. The clinical manifestations are diverse and lack specificity. The histology of sonography was mainly solid, and the multiple microcapsules were honeycomb-like. It can also be shown as cystic. Among the 169 patients with BOTs, 20 cases of SBOTs, 17 cases of MBOTs, and 10 cases of other rare subtypes were complicated with other diseases or multiple subtypes. This study did not find significant ultrasonic characteristics were used for distinguish them from other subtypes.
Conclusion: BOTs is a common disease in women during the reproductive period. It is characterized by the development of malignant tumors. Its clinical and pathological subtypes are complex and diverse. It leads many doctors to use the terms “large pelvic mass” and “solid ovarian mass” for diagnosis because of their lack of experience and understanding.
Keywords: adenocarcinoma, mucinous; adenocarcinoma, serous; borderline ovarian tumors; diagnostic imaging; ovarian neoplasms; papillary neoplasms; prognosis; transvaginal ultrasound, ultrasonography
Objective: To evaluate the results of the effect of nebivolol on tibial bone defect and graft application in new bone development in the rat.
Study Design: Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups. In the Control group, tibia bone defect was created without any treatment. In the Defect+ Graft group, allograft treatment was performed by forming a 6 mm tibial bone defect. In the Defect+Graft+ Nebivolol group, alloplastic bone graft was placed in the calvarial bone defect and then nebivolol (0.34 mg/mL solution/day) treatment was intraperitoneally applied for 28 days.
Results: Histopathological examination revealed inflammation in the defect area, congestion in the vessels, degeneration in collagen fibers, and an increase in osteoclast cells. There was an increase in inflammation and blood vessel structure in graft application, and osteoblastic activity matrix formation after reorganization nebivolol application in collagen fibers. Osteonectin expression was positive in the collagen fiber and matrix, starting in the Graft group, in osteoblasts, whereas in the Nebivolol group, osteoblasts increased in osteocytes and new bone formation.
Conclusion: Nebivolol is thought to have a positive effect on osteoinductive bone growth factors and contribute to the cell-matrix interaction, in addition to the supporting effect of the graft with its antioxidative effect.
Keywords: allograft; bone; bone regeneration; disease models, animal; nebivolol; orthopedic procedures; osteonectin; rats; tibia; tibial defect
Objective: The prognostic indictors of age-related poor outcomes in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are still controversial. The aim of this work was to provide comprehensive insights into the effect of different hemocytes and to investigate the association between age and clinical features in adult patients with AML.
Study Design: A retrospective study was performed to determine the role of age in the therapeutic outcomes of AML. A total of 166 newly diagnosed adult patients’ data from January 2015 to November 2019 in Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University were collected and analyzed.
Results: Older patients presented a poorer prognosis (p=0.001) with shorter overall survival, which is served as age-related outcomes. Binary logistic regression demonstrated that cytogenetic risk (OR=4.508, 95% CI 2.733–7.435), leukocyte (OR=7.410, 95% CI 1.139–5.910), and bone marrow blast cells (OR=3.261, 95% CI 1.075–5.615) were independent indictors for age-related prognosis. In addition, Kaplan-Meier curve also revealed that the above factors were associated with overall survival (all p values <0.001).
Conclusion: Cytogenetic risk, leukocyte, and bone marrow blast cells are dominant factors which account for the age-related poor outcomes and shorter overall survival in AML.
Keywords: acute myeloid leukemia, adult, cytogenetic risk, hemocyte, leukemia, overall survival
Objective: To investigate the effects of nicorandil and tirofiban on no-reflow and postoperative outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
Study Design: A total of 438 patients with ACS diagnosed by the second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from January 2019 to December 2020 were divided into two groups: nicorandil group (n=223) and tirofiban group (n=215). The nicorandil group was injected with 2 mg nicorandil 2 mm before coronary occlusion before balloon dilation, and the tirofiban group received 10 μg/kg intravenous injection during operation. Measurement of thrombolysis grade (thrombolysis in myocardial infarction [TIMI]), corrected TIMI frame count, and major adverse vascular events were recorded 30 days after operation in patients with ACS.
Results: Both nicorandil and tirofiban could improve the TIMI grade, and TIMI grade 3 blood flow was obtained in 190 cases (85.2%) and 175 cases (81.4%), respectively. There was no significant difference in the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (14.3% vs. 13.5%, score 0.13).
Conclusion: Intracoronary use of nicorandil in patients with ACS can improve coronary perfusion, but the improvement of prognosis needs further study.
Keywords: coronary perfusion, myocardial infarction, nicorandil, no-reflow phenomenon, percutaneous coronary intervention, repercussion
Objective: To identify interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the common bile duct of Kunming mice.
Study Design: Common bile ducts obtained from the Kunming mice were prepared for immunohistochemical investigations using the c-kit antibody. Immunoelectron microscopy was used to detect the expression of c-kit in the ICC of the common bile duct. Transmission electron microscopy showed ultrastructure of ICC in the murine bile duct. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot were used to confirm the expression of mRNA specific for the c-kit gene and production of c-kit protein in the Kunming mice common bile duct.
Results: Immunohistochemistry revealed that ICC in the murine common bile duct are c-kit positive and the ICC are located in the tela submucosa and the tunica muscularis of the murine common bile duct and do not connect with each other. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the expression of Kit by ICC in the murine common bile duct. Transmission electron microscopy showed that ICC in the murine common bile duct have long processes, abundant mitochondria, plenty of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER), a lot of lysosomes, and dense bodies. The caveolae of ICC are distinctive. At the same time, RT-PCR indicated that the Kunming mice common bile duct expressed mRNA specific for the c-kit gene, and western blot analysis showed the evidence of production of c-kit protein in the Kunming mice common bile duct.
Conclusion: ICC are found in the Kunming mice common bile duct, which is likely to lead to the development of motility study of the common bile duct.
Keywords: common bile duct; electron microscopy; immuno-electron microscopy; interstitial cells of Cajal; intestines; smooth muscle; tyrosine kinase receptor (c-kit)
Objective: To study the effects of resveratrol in neuronal structures in traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Study Design: Thirty rats were categorized as (1) control group (n=10), saline solution administered i.p. for 14 days, (2) TBI group (n=10), trauma induced by weight-drop model on brain, and (3) TBI+Resveratrol group (n=10), 15 minutes after injury the rats were given resveratrol (10 μmoL/kg/i.p.) for 14 days. At the end of the experiment the cerebellum was excised for routine paraffin tissue protocol. Blood samples were tested for serum biochemical markers (MDA, SOD, CAT, and GSH-x).
Results: SOD, GPx, and CAT values were lowest in the TBI group. MDA and histological scores of dilations in vessels, inflammation, degeneration in neurons, apoptosis in microglia, ADAMTS8, and GFAP expressions were highest in the TBI group. Sections of the control group showed normal cerebellar histology. The trauma group showed degenerated ganglion layer, pyknotic and apoptotic Purkinje cell nuclei. Vascular thrombus was seen in the substantia alba and substantia grisea. In the Trauma+Resveratrol group, most pa- thologies observed in the TBI group were improved. In the control group, GFAP protein was expressed in granular cells, axons, dendrites, Purkinje cells, and microglia cells. In the trauma group, increased GFAP expression was observed in glial processes, neurons, and Purkinje cells. In the Trauma+Resveratrol group, GFAP was expressed in molecular layer and glial processes. In the control group, ADAMTS-4 activity was observed in granulosa layer, glial cells, and Purkinje cells. In the trauma group, ADAMTS-4 expression was positive in Purkinje cells and glial cells. In the Trauma+ Resveratrol group, ADAMTS-4 was expressed in Purkinje cells, granular cells, and glial cells.
Conclusion: GFAP and ADAMTS-4 proteins may be involved in regeneration of damaged astroglial cells and other glial cells, Purkinje cells, and synaptic extensions. We suggest that antioxidative drugs such as resveratrol may be alternative target agents in neurological disease.
Keywords: ADAMTS-4, brain, cerebellum, GFAP, rat, resveratrol, traumatic brain injury
Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effects of 4 different cavity disinfectants on Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria in different time periods.
Study Design: The antibacterial effects of Cavity Cleanser, Tubulicid Red Label, Chloraxid 2%, and Oxygenated Water cavity disinfectant solutions on E. faecalis (ATCC 29212), S. mutans (ATCC 25175), and L. acidophilus (RSKK 03037) bacterial strains were evaluated by disk diffusion method. In the study where vancomycin antibiogram disc constituted the positive control group, physiological saline solution was used as the negative control group. Standard, sterile, blank antibiogram discs of 5 mm in diameter, in which 15 μL of each material were added, were placed on agar plates at 2.5–3 cm intervals. The inhibition zone diameters formed around the discs that were left to incubate for 24–48 hours at 37°C were measured in millimeters. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene, and Bonferroni tests.
Results: At the end of the study the solutions tested showed a statistically significant antibacterial effect on all bacterial strains used (p<0.05). Cavity Cleanser disinfectant containing 2% chlorhexidine showed the highest antibacterial effect on S. mutans and L. acidophilus, and benzalkonium-containing Tubulicid Red disinfectant on E. faecalis.
Conclusion: The antibacterial effect of all cavity disinfectants used in the study was found to be higher at the end of the 48th hour than at the end of the 24th hour, but there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05).
Keywords: antibacterial agents; antibacterial effect; cavity disinfectants; chlorhexidine; contamination; dental caries; disinfection; disc diffusion; gram-negative bacteria; gram-positive bacteria
Objective: To probe into the influence of miR-21 on the proliferation as well as apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its causative role.
Study Design: We adopted microarray for detecting the differentially expressed genes in OSCC tumor tis-sues and paracancerous tissues. We assessed the link of miR-21 expression with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and tumor differentiation. We employed CCK-8 and EdU assay for detecting the impact of miR-21 inhibitor and miR-21 mimic on Cal-27 cell proliferation, as well as TUNEL and AnnexinV-FITC/PI double staining for detecting miR-21 expression on cell apoptosis. We forecasted the possible target of miR-21 via TargetScan, as well as detected the interaction of miR-21 with PTEN via luciferase reporter experiment. The function of miR-21 expression in PTEN signaling pathway was monitored via western blot. We constructed PTEN overexpression plasmid and conducted rescue experiment to evaluate overexpressed PTEN on miR-21–induced proliferation.
Results: Microarray and RT-qPCR indicated that miR-21 expression increased demonstrably in OSCC. Subsequently, statistical analysis showed that miR-21 expression was plainly correlated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, tumor differentiation, and smoking history. CCK-8 and EdU method exhibited that miR-21 mimics manifestly promoted Cal-27 cell proliferation, while miR-21 inhibitor blatantly inhibited Cal-27 cell proliferation. TUNEL and V-FITC/PI double staining assay showed that miR-21 inhibitor conspicuously promoted Cal-27 cell apoptosis. CCK-8 and EdU assay exhibited that overexpressed PTEN abolished the pro-proliferation influence of miR-21 mimic. TUNEL and V-FITC/PI experiments pointed out that knocking down PTEN abrogated the pro-apoptosis impact of miR-21 inhibitor.
Conclusion: miR-21 contributes to OSCC cell proliferation via targeting PTEN and inhibits its apoptosis.
Keywords: Akt/PKB signaling pathway; apoptosis; biomarkers, tumor; carcinoma, squamous cell; cell line, tumor; cell proliferation; microRNAs; miR-21; miRNA-21; mouth neoplasms; oral cancer; oral squamous cell carcinoma; proliferation; real time PCR
Objective: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) leads to reactive oxygen species formation and cell death in kidney tissue with injury and organ transplantation. Simvastatin (SIM) is an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant agent. Alterations in I/R-induced acute kidney injury model with SIM treatment were analyzed.
Study Design: Wistar rats (n=28) were grouped into Sham, Ischemia, I/R, and I/R+SIM treated. Left rat kidney renal vessels were clamped for 60 minutes for ischemia, and the I/R group had 6 hours of reperfusion. 10 mg/kg SIM was given orally for 28 days. MDA, GSH, and MPO were analyzed. Kidney tissues were paraffin embedded, and primary antibodies TNF-α and caspase-3 were applied for immunohistochemistry.
Results: In the I/R group, intense inflammatory cell infiltration around the vessels and necrosis in the glomerular structures were observed. In the treated group, proximal and distal tubular cells were found to be close to normal. Immunoexpression of caspase-3 in the ischemia group was positive in degenerative glomeruli. In the treated group, TNF-α expression was negative in the glomerular structures. MDA and MPO levels were significantly increased in ischemia and I/R.
Conclusion: We suggest that SIM treatment improved kidney tissue structure and function in a model of I/R injury.
Keywords: caspase-3; immunohistochemistry; ischemia/reperfusion; kidney; MPO; simvastatin
Objective: To investigate the changes in the retina due to deltamethrin toxicity and the process in cell inflammation and apoptosis.
Study Design: Sixteen Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two groups as control (n=8) and deltamethrin (n=8) groups. Saline was given to the control group, and 0.5 mL of 5 mg/kg deltamethrin was given to the deltamethrin group for 14 days each. Blood was collected for biochemical analysis. Retinal tissue was processed for histological examination.
Results: Compared to the control group, MDA levels were high while GSH and CAT levels were low in the deltamethrin group. Histopathological analysis showed spaces between the pigment epithelium, irregularity in the delimiting membrane, degenerated ganglion, cone and bacillus cell, pyknotic nuclei, thinned inner limitation membrane, and thickened vascular wall. The control group showed FAS expression in the pigment layer limiting membranes, in the nuclei of many cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cells in the control group sections. In the deltamethrin group, FAS expression was observed in the inner and outer limiting membranes of the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus cells, and ganglion cell nuclei. In the control group, negative NOS expression in the pigment epithelium and outer limiting membranes, internal limitation membrane, and ganglion cells in the cone and bacillus cell nuclei were observed. In the deltamethrin group, NOS expression was positive in the pigment epithelium, cone and bacillus, and ganglion cell nuclei.
Conclusion: We suggest that deltamethrin toxicity induced apoptotic process due to increased inflammation in the retina and may cause visual impairment as a result of neural damage.
Keywords: deltamethrin, FAS, insecticides, NOS, nitric oxide synthase, retina
Objective: Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is a prominent type of oral cancer. Despite the numerous research studies on SCC and microRNAs (miRs), the relation between TSCC and miR-135b-5p is poorly discussed. This experiment aims to find out the possible effect of miR-135b-5p on TSCC with the network of its downstream genes.
Study Design: TSCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were harvested. Then, expression of miR-135b-5p and AT-rich interactive domain‑containing protein 1A gene (ARID1A) and the phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway was analyzed. After the transfection of miR-135b-5p inhibitor and its negative control into TSCC cells, functional assays were employed to measure cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cycle. Next, the target relation between miR-135b-5p and ARID1A was confirmed. In addition, the fact that miR-135b-5p promoted TSCC development via mediating ARID1A was demonstrated by functional rescue experiment.
Results: miR-135b-5p was upregulated in TSCC tissues and cells, while ARID1A was suppressed (p< 0.05). Silenced miR-135b-5p discouraged TSCC cell proliferation, improved apoptosis, induced cell cycle arrest, and increased ARID1A expression while inactivating the PI3K/AKT axis (p<0.05). Furthermore, knockdown of ARID1A reversed the impacts on TSCC cell proliferation and apoptosis exerted by silencing miR-135b-5p.
Conclusion: This research supported that silenced miR-135b-5p impeded TSCC proliferation and apoptosis by promoting ARID1A and inactivating the PI3K/AKT axis, which may provide some indications for TSCC alleviation.
Keywords: apoptosis; ARID1A; ARID1A protein, human; carcinoma, squamous cell; cell line, tumor; cell proliferation; drug resistance, neoplasm; microRNA-135b-5p; microRNAs; PI3K/AKT pathway; neoplasm metastasis; neoplastic stem cells; proliferation; protein binding; tongue; tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Objective: To investigate the immunohistochemical staining of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and Ki-67 expression in the placenta of pregnant women with placenta previa and placenta accreta.
Study Design: Thirty placentas (10 normotensive, 10 placenta previa, and 10 placenta accreta) were processed for routine histological tissue processing. The biochemical parameters of patients were recorded. Placentas were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and HIF-1α and Ki-67 immunostaining.
Results: Normal histology was observed in placentas of normotensive pregnant women. Placenta previa sections showed increased syncytial knots, intervillous hemorrhage, fibrin accumulation, and hyalinization. In placenta accreta sections, increased syncytial nodes, vascular dilation/congestion, fibrin accumulation, and hyalinization were observed. Normotensive placentas showed no HIF-1α expression. In placenta previa tissues, high HIF-1α expression was observed in vascular endothelial cells, villous stromal cells, and syncytial knots. High HIF-1α expression was recorded in villous stromal cells and cytotrophoblast cells in placenta accreta. In normotensive placental tissues, no Ki-67 expression was observed. In placenta previa sections, high Ki-67 expression was observed mostly in root villi stromal cells and some endothelial cells. High Ki-67 expression was observed mostly in villi stromal cells of placenta accreta.
Conclusion: It is thought that HIF-1α is an important regulatory gene in the development of villus in trophoblast invasion such as placenta accreta and previa, while Ki-67 will play a key role in the development of abnormal placenta with its stimulating effect on inflammatory cell development and angiogenesis in accreta and preeclampsia.
Objective: A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord either from trauma, loss of its normal blood supply, or compression from tumor or infection. In this study we focused on alterations in the bladder tissue with angiogenic and apoptotic aspects after spinal cord injury.
Study Design: Twenty Wistar Albino rats were categorized as control and SCI groups. At T7-T9 vertebras, a steel rod was dropped from 10 cm to create a spinal cord injury under anesthesia. Rats were decapitated and spinal tissue was processed to measure malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and myeloperoxidase (MPO).
Results: MDA, MPO, epithelial degeneration, vascular dilation, inflammation, VEGF, and APAF-1 expressions in the SCI group were statistically higher than those in the control group. GSH content of the SCI group was statistically lower than that in the control group. In the hematoxylin-eosin–stained sections of the control group, normal histology was observed in bladder tissue. In the SCI group, degeneration epithelial cells, thinned epithelium, increased fibrosis, dilated and congested blood vessels, and hyperplastic endothelial cells were observed. In the control group, VEGF expression was slightly observed in some epithelial cells and vascular cells. In the SCI group, VEGF expression was increased in inflammatory and vascular endothelial cells. For APAF-1 expression, the control group showed no expression. In the SCI group, APAF-1 expression was positive in degenerated epithelial cells and connective tissue cells.
Conclusion: It is thought that the urination reflex was affected due to increased inflammation in the bladder tissue, leading to alterations in the regulation and function of the muscles.
Objective: To investigate the effect of sildenafil on reducing the impact of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (HIR) injury established by Pringle maneuver on the heart of rats.
Study Design: Forty Wistar albino rats were divided into 4 groups: Sham (laparotomy only), Control (laparotomy following sildenafil application), IR (ischemia/reperfusion injured by HIR), and IR+SIL (injured by HIR following sildenafil application). Ischemia was developed by clamping the hepatoduodenal ligament for 30 minutes; then reperfusion was applied for 30 minutes. Sildenafil (single dose of 50 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage for 15 minutes before ischemia. Blood samples of rats were collected from Sham and Control groups at 60 minutes and from IR and IR+SIL groups at 30 minutes after initiation of reperfusion for biochemical analysis. Meanwhile, heart tissues were sampled for biochemical analysis. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum samples and TAC, total oxidative capacity (TOC), and oxidative stress index in heart tissues were examined biochemically.
Results: Serum MDA levels were elevated significantly in the IR and IR+SIL groups as compared to the sham group. Sildenafil treatment inhibited MDA increase considerably in the IR+SIL group as compared to the IR group. Serum TAC levels were elevated significantly in the sildenafil and control groups (compared with sham groups) and in the IR+SIL group (compared with the IR group). TAC levels detected in heart tissue increased significantly in the IR group as compared to the sham group; however, sildenafil treatment had no effect on this increase.
Conclusion: Heart tissue was affected by HIR. It was revealed that sildenafil treatment may prevent the oxidative stress via increasing serum TAC levels in both control and IR+SIL groups.
Objective: To examine the oropharynx of patients with ectodermal dysplasia showing maxillary retrusion and mandibular protrusion with a short and concave facial structure using cone-beam computed tomography method. Ectodermal dysplasia refers to the congenital disorder defined by the abnormal development of the structure originating from the ectoderm.
Study Design: In order to examine the oropharynx airway, measurements and statistical evaluations were made in 3 levels in sagittal and transversal directions on three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography images obtained from 14 individuals divided into 2 groups as Ectodermal Dysplasia group (n=7) and Control group (n=7).
Results: As a result of statistical analysis, no statistically significant difference was found between the groups at any level or direction in metric measurements performed on all 3 planes taken at the sagittal and transversal levels (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Our findings on ectodermal dysplasia are similar to Class III malpositions that show similarity with ectodermal dysplasia.
More from ANALYTICAL AND QUANTITATIVE CYTOPATHOLOGY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY (20)
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. could be synchronous or metachronous based on
timing of diagnosis between the first (index) tu-
mor and the second one. Synchronous occurrence
of 2 or more neoplasms is an unexpected, quite
infrequent occurrence. Concomitant tumors are
synchronous tumors diagnosed at the same time.
They could be in different anatomic sites or they
can sometimes affect the same organ, this being
an uncommon situation upon which an unlucky
pathologist could stumble by chance. Histopatho-
logical recognition of an unsuspected tumor is
obviously important as it could influence thera
peutical decisions and affect patients’ prognosis.1
Here we report a case of prostatic acinar adeno
carcinoma metastatic to a pelvic lymph node also
affected by Hodgkin disease.
Case Report
A 73-year-old man was referred to our institution
after a diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma,
Gleason score 10 (5+5) on 3 out of 6 prostatic core
biopsies performed elsewhere.
Radical prostatectomy with bilateral pelvic
lymphadenectomy was performed. Pathological
examination confirmed the initial diagnosis, re-
vealing a bilateral high-grade prostatic adenocar
cinoma, Gleason score 9 (5+4), involving about
70% of the prostate, with scattered foci of intra
ductal carcinoma. Extensive extracapsular inva-
sion was identified bilaterally in the posterior
region and in the right anterior quadrant. Margin
of resection, bilateral seminal vesicles, and vasa
deferentia were free of disease.
Ten right pelvic lymph nodes were negative for
metastatic adenocarcinoma, although a metastatis
of prostatic adenocarcinoma was found in 1 out of
23 left pelvic lymph nodes.
Moreover, both right and left pelvic lymph
nodes showed an architectural effacement due to
a distinct neoplastic proliferation. This neoplasm
was characterized by large cells with nuclear en-
largement, prominent nucleoli, and sometimes nu-
clear multilobation consistent with Reed-Sternberg
and Hodgkin cells. Immunohistochemical expres
sion of CD30, IRF-4/MUM-1, a weak expression
of PAX5, and absence of immunostaining with
CD3, CD20, CD79α, and keratin antibodies con
firmed the diagnosis of classical Hodgkin disease.
CD15 was not expressed by neoplastic cells.
The above-described metastatic lymph node was
simultaneously affected by Hodgkin disease, too
(Figure 1).
Subsequent CT scan of the chest also revealed
axillary and right subclavian lymphoadenopathies,
and the patient was then treated with ABVD for
Hodgkin disease. After 5 months of follow-up the
patient was alive.
Discussion
Multiple primary tumors in the same patient are
reported to occur in the range of 2–17%. From an
epidemiological perspective they must occur, by
definition, in different anatomic sites and/or must
be of different histomorphologic type.1
Some tumors arise in a background of a cancer
field effect, such as squamous cell carcinomas of
the upper aerodigestive tract, breast carcinomas,
and urothelial carcinomas. These neoplasms are
histologically similar, often occur in the same
anatomic site, and are well known to be multifo
cal/multicentric with different possible timing of
incidence, but they are usually not considered
multiple primary tumors.2
Multiple primary tumors could be subtyped as
synchronous or metachronous based on timing
of diagnosis between the first (index) tumor and
the second one. No definite consensus on the
definition of the two above terms is yet achieved.
A synchronous tumor is diagnosed <2 months
for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results
(SEER) definition and 6 months for International
Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) definition
after index tumor diagnosis. Multiple primary
tumors diagnosed beyond those times are consid
ered metachronous tumors.1
Researchers focused on metachronous neo
plasms
in order to find risk factors for the development of a
second malignancy: inherited cancer predisposition
syndromes, environmental exposures, unhealthy
life styles, and late effects of chemotherapy drugs
are usually advocated as the most common risk
factors for a second metachronous tumor.1
Even if there are no precise epidemiological
studies aimed to assess the relative frequency of
these two types of tumors, we feel that metach-
ronous neoplasms are far more common than syn
chronous ones.
Following the above-mentioned definition, the
unusual occurrence of two tumors diagnosed at
the same time falls under the category of syn
chronous neoplasms. They could affect different
anatomic sites—and in those cases the diagnosis
is usually clinical or radiological and possibly
confirmed by pathologists3—or, even more unusu
34 Analytical and Quantitative Cytopathology and Histopathology®
Piol et al
3. al, and often clinically unidentified, is the finding
of two concomitant tumors colliding in the same
anatomic site.
From the pathologist’s perspective, synchro
nous concomitant malignancies can be a diagnos-
tic challenge and require careful interpretation.1
Clinically these cases are challenging because
the oncologist must find a therapy that could treat
both cancer types, and, if that is not possible, has
to decide what disease to treat first, thus assum
ing the risk of complications for the untreated
malignancy. Addressing these problems, the on-
cologist must consider the potential toxicity and
interactions of concomitant and/or prolonged ex-
posure to different chemotherapeutic drugs.
Two (or more) different concomitant adjacent
neoplasms without intermingled features are usu
ally referred to as collision tumors. A PubMed
search could reveal a good number of case reports
in which two tumors (usually two carcinomas)
collide, and the discussion of these cases is be-
yond the purpose of this manuscript. Some tu-
mors, for example bladder carcinoma, testicular
germ cell neoplasms, and gynecological carcino-
mas, are known for their propensity of showing
mixed histological features, and these cases are
Volume 41, Number 1/February 2019 35
Metastasis of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
Figure 1 (A) Macroscopic view of the metastatic lymph node; an alteration of normal structure of parenchyma can also be seen
(hematoxylin-eosin, 20×). (B) Metastasis of prostatic carcinoma, with glandular pattern (hematoxylin-eosin, 100×). (C) Higher
magnification of lymph node parenchyma, with numerous Hodgkin cells (hematoxylin-eosin, 400×). (D) Immunohistochemical reaction
for CD15: intense staining of Hodgkin cells. (E) Immunohistochemical reaction for CD30: intense staining of Hodgkin cells. (F) Double
immunohistochemical reaction for PSA (phosphatase reaction, with red staining) and CD30 (peroxidase reaction, with brown staining):
evidence of metastatic prostatic carcinoma and Hodgkin lymphoma involvement of the same lymph node.
4. considered and classified as carcinomas with vari
ant histology or mixed neoplasms, but they should
not be diagnosed as collision tumors.4 Collision
metastasis is a rare phenomenon in which me-
tastases of carcinoma from two separate primary
tumors occur in the same lymph node; there are
only a few case reports in the literature describ
ing this kind of situation, and most of them are
represented by collision of prostatic and urothelial
carcinomas.5
The synchronous concomitant presence of a
hematolymphoid neoplasm and another solid
carcinoma is also possible and described in the
literature.3,6-14
Even if the association of Hodgkin disease with
other solid tumors has been reported, these cases
are rare.15-17 Analogously metastatic malignancy
in a lymph node simultaneously involved by a
hematolymphoid neoplasm is also described, but
rarely is the latter a Hodgkin lymphoma.18-23 So,
even if the association between urological and
hematological neoplasms is not a surprise,24 we
are not aware of reported cases of urological
tumors metastatic to a lymph node also involved
by Hodgkin disease.
Hodgkin disease, or Hodgkin lymphoma (HL),
is a hematological neoplasm usually involving
lymph nodes. It could be subclassified in nodu
lar lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
(NLPHL) and in classical Hodgkin lymphoma
(cHL). The latter usually occurs in a bimodal
distribution in the 3rd–4th and the 7th decades
of life, and it has a higher male incidence. It is
usually diagnosed in cervical lymph nodes, but
it can also be found in other lymph nodal sites
(mediastinal, axillary, paraaortic); extranodal in-
volvement is rare. Histologically, lymph node
architecture is effaced by the presence of Reed-
Sternberg cells admixed with a variably rich
inflammatory background. Diagnostic Reed-
Sternberg cells have multilobed nuclei with ir-
regular nuclear membrane, pale chromatin, and
prominent nucleoli; they have large, slightly
basophilic cytoplasm. Mononuclear variants are
termed Hodgkin cells. The malignant Hodgkin and
Reed-Sternberg cells in classical subtypes do not
usually express B-cell markers but show expres-
sion of CD30, MUM1, variable expression of CD15,
and a typically weak expression of PAX5.4-25
In our case Hodgkin disease involving pelvic
lymph nodes has typical histological and cytol
ogical features of a cHL, also supported by im-
munohistochemical expression of CD30, MUM1,
and PAX5, and concurrent nonexpression of B-cell
markers. One of these lymph nodes also harbors
a metastasis from prostatic acinar adenocarcino
ma, confirmed by immunostainings with PSA and
PSAP.
The case we have reported is, to the best of our
knowledge, the first case of a urological neoplasm,
namely a prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma, which
metastasizes to a lymph node simultaneously in-
volved by Hodgkin disease.
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