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Metabolicpathways updated
This document provides a detailed diagram of metabolic pathways in photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It depicts the major reactions, enzymes, and reactants/products involved in light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, the citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation. Arrows show the direction of reactions and transport of electrons, protons, and ATP.
Metabolicpathways updated
- 1. 2H+ H+ OXALOAC E TATE PYRUVATE S UC C INYL-C oA GLUTAR ATE C ITR ATE MALATE 2-OXO- AS PAR TATE NO2 - NO3 - N2 NH4 CH3COSCoA ACE TYL-CoA HOH CO2 NAD TRANSA MINATION 2H+ 2H + + CO2 5-Amino- levulinate Glycine H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ c H+ H+a F0 F1 F1 β2 1 α β α γ 10 c-sub-units AD P+ Pi H+ 3.6.1.34 H +-transporting ATP synth ase α δ F6 oscp ATP ADP +Pi FUMAR ATE UQH2 UQ UQH2 NADH+H+ CH2COO- C(OH)COO- CH2COO- CH(OH)COO- CHCOO- CH2COO- -OOCCOCH2CH2COO- -OOCCH2CH2CO.SCoA -OOCCOCH2COO- CH3CH(OH)CH2CO.SCoA -OOCCH=CHCOO- Glyoxylate Cycle -OOCCHO GTP GDPATP + HE ME Protoporphyrinogen Coproporphyrinogen Uroporphyrinogen Porphobilinogen 5-Amino- levulinate COO- CH2 CH2 H2NCH2C=O FADH2 FADCyt.b Fe-S S UC C INATE II CH3COCOO- PYR UVATE Pi X Y Cyt.c1 Fe-S 2e- 2e- 1e- 1e- III 2UQ UQ UQH22UQH2 2UQ. _ UQ. _ Cyt.bL Cyt.bH Cyt.c IV CuA CuB CuA 1.9.3.1 2e- Heme a Heme a3 2H+ 2H+4H+ 4H+ 2H+ NAD+ NADH+H+ NAD+ 1.1.1.39 1.2.4.1 2.3.1.12 3.1.3.43 4.1.1.32 4.1.3.7 4.2.1.3 1.1.1.41 1.2.4.2 2.3.1.61 6.2.1.4 -OOCCH2CH2COO- 1.3.5.1 4.2.1.2 1.1.1.37 6.4.1.1 4.1.3.8 4.1.3.1 4.1.3.2 IS OC ITR ATE 2.6.1.1 2.3.1.16 4.1.1.71 1.2.1.16 5.1.99.1 5.4.99.2 4.3.1.1 1.4.1.2 1.4.1.14 6.3.5.4 1.6.6.1 1.7.99.4 1.7.7.1 1.6.6.4 1.18.6.1 2.3.1.37 1.10.2.2 1.10.2.2 γ εδ β 33 β AT P ADP E NDE R G ONIC R E AC TION 1.6.5.3 I FMNH2 FMN I 1.6. 5.3 2Fe -S (5 Clusters) H+ H+ H+ H+ ATP 4H+ 2H+ 2H+ or H+ PHOTO- SYSTEM l O2 3.6.1.34 NADP+ Glyceraldehyde Ribulose-1,5-bis-P 2β 88 H+ c 32 ε a 32 α1 α ε α β2 1 3 α α β 3 α β H+ H+ H+ H+ H+H+ H+ H+ H+H+ H+H+H+H+ H+ H+ H+H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+H+ Translocated protons H+ H+ H+ H+ Pi Ferredoxin 4H+ PC PC PC PQH2 2PQH2 PQ _ . 2PQ _ . Fe-S Cyt.f PQ 2PQ Cyt bf 2e- 1e- 1e- 2e- 2e- 2e- 2e- Cyclic Photophosphorylation PQ PHOTO- SYSTEM II Cyt bc Non-cyclic electron flo w 2e- 2e- Mn 2e- * Protons from Water H2O H+ H+ 2H+ 2H+ γ ATP synthase CO2 Fixation H+ ADPPi H+ NADPH+H+ ATPTHYLAKOID MEMBRANE CHLOROPLAST OUTER MEMBRANE THYLAKOID LUMEN STROMA (electric current) P680 Chl.a QA QB Pheophytin P700 Chl.A0 A1 Fe-S ATP ADP ATP 1/2O2 H2O PQH2 To B rain - A M I N O A C I D S P Y R I M I D I N E S P U R I N E S C A T E C H O L A M I N E S A R O M A T I C A M I N O A C I D S hv VIS ION L I P I D P H O T O S Y N T H E S I S P O R P H Y R I N S S T E R O I D S I S O P R E N O I D S P H O S P H O L I P I D S D E G R A D A T I O N L I P I D B I O S Y N T H E S I S P E N T O S E S H E X O S E S P O L Y S A C C H A R I D E S CO CH CH(NH )COO2 3 + FOLIC ACID C1 POOL VALINE ATP ATP 4.1.1.4 1.1.1.30 CH COCH3 3 CH COCH COO3 2 CH CH(OH)CH COO3 2 3-OH-B utyrateAcetone Acetoacetate K E TONE B ODIE S HYALUR ONIC ACID DE R MATAN B LOOD GR OUP S UB S TANCE S PE PTIDO- GLYCAN N-Ac-Neuraminate (S ialate) UDP- Iduronate UDP-N-Ac- Galactos amine UDP- Galacturonate GDP-Fucos e TDP-R hamnos e ADP- Glucos e UDP-Glucos e TDP-4-Oxo- 6-deoxyglucos e MANNOS E CHITIN CHONDR OITIN PE CTIN ALGINATE S INULIN CE LLULOS E O-ANTIGE NS S TAR CH GLYCOGE N LACTOS E GALACTOS E O OH HO OH OH CH3 O OPPT O OH OH O OH ACNH HO OH O OHHO OPPU NHAC OH OH OH OH HO OH NHCOCH OH HO O OPPG CH OH2 HO P UDP-N-Ac- Glucos amine pyruvate N-Ac-Mannos amine-6-P UDP-Glucuronate GDP-Mannos e N-Ac-Mannos amine UDP-N-Ac-Glucos amine N-Ac-Glucos amine-6-P S orbitol Fructos e-1-P E rythros e-4-P 3-Dehydrogulonate L-Xylos e L-Lyxos e D-Xylulos e D-R ibos e R ibitol L-Arabitol L-Xylulos e L-R ibulos e L-R ibulos e-5-P L-Xylulos e-5-P L-Arabinos e Xylitol D-Xylos e D-Arabinos e D-R ibulos e AS COR B ATE 2, 3-Dioxogulonate N-Ac-Glucos amine-1-P Inos itol-PInos itolGlucuronateGulonate Gulonolactone 2-Oxogulonolactone Fructos e 6-P-Gluconate D-R ibulos e-5-P D-Xylulos e-5-P Mannos e-1-P GDP-Glucos e TDP-Glucos e UDP-Galactos e Galactos e-P Glucos e-1-P Glucos e-6-P Fructos e-6-P Fructos e- 1:6-bis -P OH H H H O HOCH2 C C C C CO OH OHH OH H H O HOCH2 C C C CO CO OHH H OH H C C OH CO P-R ibos yl amine Glycerate 2, 3-Diphos pho- glycerate 3-P-Glyceraldehyde 1:3-bis -P-Glycerate 3-P-Glycerate 2-P-Glycerate P-enolpyruvate Inositol CH OH2 CH OH2 HOCH CH OH2 CH O2 HOCH P Glycerol UDP-Galactos e UDP-S ugars CH CH OH3 2 E THANOL Dihydroxy- acetone-P (Glycerone-P) Glucos amine-6-P Phos pho- s erine Chain elongation Mitochondrial S erine S erine Indole-3-glycerol-P 3-Deoxy-D-arabino- heptulos onate-7-P Indoleacetate (Auxin) Indoxyl Formylkynurenine K ynurenine 3-Hydroxy kynurenine 3-Hydroxy anthranilate 2-Amino-3-carboxy muconate s emialdehyde NH OH Tryptamine 1-(o-Carboxy phenylamino) 1-deoxyribulos e-5-P N-(5-P-R ibos yl) anthranilate Anthranilate Catechol NH Indole- acetaldehyde NH CH CHO2 Indolepyruvate N H C-CH(OH)CH(OH)CH O2 P CH 2-Aminomuconate- 6-s emialdehyde CH CH NH2 2 2 NH 1.2.3.7 4.1.1.43 3.5.1.9 3.7.1.3 4.2.1.20 1.13.11.6 4.1.1.45 2.4.2.18 4.6.1.4 4.1.1.48 1.14.13.9 4.6.1.3 Dehydro- quinate 4.2.1.10 1.1.1.25 2.5.1.19 S hikimate-3-P S hikimate-5 enolpyruvate 3-P Choris mate PE P 2.7.1.71 1.4.1.19 Homogentis ate Phenylpyruvate Cinnamate Coumarate Prephenate 2-Amino muconate Fumarate As partate GLYCINE S arcos ine Hydroxy- pyruvate P-Hydroxy- pyruvate S E R INE Imidazole glycerol-P P-R ibos yl-ATP P-R ibos ylformimino 5-aminoimidazole- carboxamide-R P Formimino glutamate Imidazolone propionate Urocanate Cys tathionine Homocys teine Phos phoadenylyl- s ulphate (PAPS ) CH (NH )COOH2 3 + His tidinol-PHis tidinolHis tidinal 3.1.3.15 2.6.1.91.1.1.23 3.6.1.31 5.3.1.162.4.2.17 As paragine ALANINE 3-S ulphinyl pyruvate Oxobutyrate 2-Aceto-2- hydroxy- butyrate O-Phos pho- homos erine HO S CH CH NH2 2 2 2 Hypotaurine HO S CH CH NH3 2 2 2 Taurine Glutamate γ-Glutamylcys teine Glutathione Glycine Cys teine ß-Alanine Cys teate S -Adenos yl homocys teine 4.2.99.2 1.1.1.86 4.2.1.9 1.1.1.86 4.2.1.9 2.6.1.32 4.1.3.18 S -Adenos yl methionine (S AM) 2-Methylaceto- acetyl-CoA 2-Acetolactate 2-3-Dihydroxy is ovalerate 2-Oxo- is ovalerate 3-Hydroxy- is obutyrate 3-Hydroxy- Is obutyryl-CoA Methyl acrylyl-CoA 2-Methyl-3- hydroxy- butyryl-CoA Tiglyl-CoA 2 Methylbutyryl- CoA 2:3-Di-OH- 3-methylvalerate 2-Oxo-3-methyl valerate Is obutyryl-CoA Cys teine s ulphinate 4.2.99.9 2-Is opropyl- malate CH CH COCOO3 2 + CH CH(NH )COO3 3 CH CH(OH)COO3 HO S CH COCOO2 2 OCH COCOO2P OCH CH(NH )COO2 3P HOCH COCOO2 HOCH CH(NH )COO2 3 + + OH CH COCOO2 COO OH OH O COO OH OH HO P COO OH OH O CH2 P COO O-C-COO OH O OH OOC CH COCOO2 N H HOC-CH(OH)CH(OH)CH 2OP CH COO NH2 COO OH NH2COO COO OCH OOCCH NHCH2 3 CH (CH ) COS -ACP3 2 14 CH (CH ) COS CoA3 2 14 CH (CH ) CH=CHCO-S -ACP3 2 2 CH CH=CHCO-S -ACP3 CH CH(OH)CH COS -ACP3 2 COS CoA Linoleate Oleoyl-CoA S tearoyl-CoA Dehydros tearoyl-CoA OH-S tearoyl-CoA Oxos tearoyl-CoA Palmitoyl-ACP Palmitoyl-CoA ACYL-ACP 2, 3-E noyl-ACP 3, 4-Decenoyl-ACP 2, 3-Decenoyl-ACP 3-OH-Acyl-ACP 3-Oxoacyl-ACP 3-Oxo-Decanoyl-ACP 3-Oxo-Hexanoyl-ACP3-OH-Hexanoyl-ACP2, 3-Hexenoyl-ACP B utanoyl-ACP Crotonoyl-ACP 3-OH-B utanoyl-ACP Acetoacetyl-ACP Hexanoyl-ACP 3-OH-Decanoyl-ACPDecanoyl-ACP Palmitoleoyl-ACP γ-Linolenate Arachidonate Leukotriene B 4 COS CoA CO-S -ACP Thromboxane B 2 HOOCCH CO-S -ACP2 Malonyl-ACP HOOCCH CO-S CoA2 Malonyl-Co-A CH CO-S -ACP3 Acetyl-ACP CH O-CO-R2 CH OH2 R ’-CO-OCH FATTY ACID ACYL-CoA (Cytos ol) CH O-CO-R2 CH O2 R ’-CO-OCH P Cardiolipin Phos phatidylglycerol Acetylcholine Glycerophos phocholine Lys olecithin Choline plas malogen CDP-choline Choline-P Mevaldate CH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH OH3 2 12 2 Dehydros phinganin S phinganin 4-S phingenin Ps ychos ine Acyl-CoA Acyl-CoA Cerebros ide Galactos eCH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH O-3 2 12 2 NHCOR Is opentenyl-PP (C5) Dimethylallyl-PP (C5) Geranyl-geranyl-PP (C20) Farnes yl-PP (C15) S qualene (C30) Geranyl-PP (C10) Des mos terol Zymos terol Lanos terol CH C = CHCH O3 2 PP CH3 Ceramide Ganglios ides NHCOR CH O2 PP OPP CH2 CHOLE S TE R OL CH C(OH)CH CH OH3 2 2 CH COO2 CH C(OH)CH CHO3 2 CH COO2 NADP + Dehydroas corbate OH H O HOCH2 C C C C CO OHH OH OH H O HOCH2 C C CO CO CO H NAD+ Pi ADPADP Phytoene (C40) Lycopene (C40) ß-CAR OTE NE (C40) R hodops inMetarhodops in R etinoate trans -R etinal 11-cis -R etinoltrans -R etinol (Vitamin A) R etinol es ters Dark Light Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) Menaquinone Plas toquinone Phylloquinone (Vitamin K ) Ops in CHO CH OH2 CHO CH OH2 CH3CH O3 CH O3 n O O O O Phytol (C20) α-Tocopherol (Vitamin E ) Quinolinate Quinolinate- nucleotide Nicotinate- nucleotide Des amino-NAD 5-Hydroxy- tryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptamine (S E R OTONIN) N-Acetyl-5-O-methyl-s erotonin (ME LATONIN) NH CH CH NHCOCH2 2 3HO NH CH CH NHCOCH2 2 3CH O3 + NAD( P) NICOTINATE N-Acetyl-s erotonin 2.4.2.19 Dopamine Dopa Dopaquinone THYR OXINEME LANIN OH OH CHOHCH NHCH2 3 OH OH CHOHCH NH2 2 4-OH-3-Methoxy- phenylglycol CHOHCH NH2 2 OH OCH3OCH3 CHOHCH OH2 OH OCH3 4-OH-3-Methoxy- D-mandelate Cyclic AMP ATP Dephos pho-Coenzyme A 4-P-Pantetheine 4-P-Pantothenylcys teine 4-P-Pantothenate Pantoate 6.3.2.1 1.1.1.169 3.5.1.22 2.7.1.33 NH NH O O O O CH OH2 OH OCH3 CH(OH)COO H2 NH3 + CH-COO CO O COO NR ibose- P N + COO NH CH COO2 O OH CH O2 P NHCOCH NH2 2 OH Formyl glycinamide-R P Urea Formyl glycinamidine-R P Allantoate Allantoin UR ATE ADP Xanthine Hypoxanthine Inos ine Adenine Adenylo- s uccinate 5-Amino imidazole-R P 5-Amino-4-imidazole carboxylate-R P 5-Amino-4-imidazole (N-s uccinylcarboxamide)-R P 5-Aminoimidazole carboxamide-R P Formylamido- imidazole- carboxamide-R P H NCONH2 2 HN H C2 CHO NH R P NH C C C O C CO OC NH NH H N HN H C C O C CH OC NH N N HN Carbamoyl ß-alanine Dihydro- uracil Uracil d-ADP d-ATP GTP GDP XANTHOS INE -P (XMP) TTP TDP ß-Ureido is obutyrate Dihydro thymine Thymine d-UMP d-CMP d-CDP CDP Carbamoyl as partate Dihydro orotate Orotate Orotidine-P Uridine-P (UMP) UDP 3-Amino- is obutyrate CH C NH2 CHOC NH NCH C O CHOC N H HN CH-CH3 C O OC NH HN CH2 CH2 CH2 C O OC NH HN C O CHOC N H HN C CH3 Methylmalonyl s emialdehyde OHCCHCOO CH3 CH2 C O CH-COOOC NH HN CH C O C-COOOC N H HN H NCONHCH CH COO2 2 2 C C C CH R P HC NH NH OOC-CH-CH COO2 N N N CHO NH R P NH OC H C2 2.7.7.43 3.1.3.29 1.1.1.158 5.1.3.13 2.7.1.38 3.2.1.23 3.1.3.29 4.1.3.20 2.7.1.60 5.1.3.14 5.1.3.7 5.1.3.1 2.7.1.4 5.4.2.3 3.1.1.17 1.1.1.49 1.1.1.21 2.7.7.23 3.1.3.251.13.99.11.1.1.19 1.1.3.8 5.3.1.3 2.7.1.53 1.1.1.9 2.7.1.15 2.7.1.17 5.1.3.4 5.1.3.1 2.2.1.2 4.1.2.13 2.7.1.11 2.7.1.47 2.2.1.1 1.2.1.12 1.1.1.29 1.1.1.95 1.3.1.35 1.14.99.25 2.3.1.41 2.3.1.41 2.3.1.41 1.1.1.100 5.3.99.5 4.2.1.60 5.3.99.3 1.14.99.1 1.13.11.34 1.3.1.10 1.3.1.9 1.14.99.5 1.3.1.9 4.2.1.61 4.2.1.60 4.2.1.60 4.2.1.59 4.2.1.58 1.3.1.9 1.3.1.9 6.2.1.3 3.1.2.20 1.1.1.100 5.3.1.1 HOOC-COOH Oxalate Glycolate HOCH CHO2 Glycol aldehyde E thanolamine-P 2.7.1.30 2.3.1.7 3.7.1.2 4.1.3.5 2.7.8.8 2.1.1.17 2.1.1.71 1.3.1.35 2.7.8.2 3.1.4.3 3.1.4.4 2.7.7.15 3.1.1.5 3.1.4.2 2.7.1.32 2.7.1.82 1.2.4.1 2.3.1.12 1.8.1.4 2.6.1.2 1.4.1.1 4.1.1.1 2.3.1.50 1.1.1.102 3.1.4.12 2.7.8.3 2.4.1.62 3.2.1.46 5.2.1.3 1.2.1.36 2.3.1.76 3.1.1.21 5.2.1.7 5.4.99.7 1.14.99.7 4.3.1.8 4.2.1.75 4.1.1.371.3.3.31.3.3.4 4.99.1.1 2.5.1.29 2.4.1.47 4.1.1.28 2.3.1.5 2.1.1.4 6.3.5.1 6.3.1.5 2.4.2.11 2.7.7.18 2.6.1.5 1.2.1.32 1.13.11.5 2.1.1.28 2.1.2.2 6.3.3.1 3.5.2.5 1.4.1.10 1.7.3.3 1.1.1.204 1.1.3.22 1.1.3.22 4.1.1.28 4.1.1.21 2.1.2.3 2.4.2.1 1.5.99.2 2.1.1.5 2.6.1.22 3.5.2.3 2.6.1.51 1.4.1.7 3.1.3.3 2.6.1.52 2.1.3.2 ACE TATE 2.4.2.4 2.1.1.45 R P CH C O CHOC N HN 1.3.1.14 2.4.2.10 4.1.1.23 2.7.7.7 2.7.7.7 2.7.7.7 1.17.4.1 2.7.7.7 2.7.4.14 4.4.1.1 1.6.4.1 1.13.11.20 4.4.1.8 4.2.1.22 1.1.1.27 4.1.1.29 6.3.2.3 6.3.2.2 1.8.1.3 LACTATE Acetaldehyde 2.7.1.24 2.7.7.3 4.1.1.36 B ile Acids CH CH COS CoA3 2 Propanoyl-CoA 1.1.1.31 2.1.3.1 4.1.1.41 5.1.99.1 6.4.1.3 6.3.2.5 2.1.1.14 2.1.1.13 4.6.1.1 CDP-E thanolamine 1.1.1.35 4.2.1.17 + HO S CH CH(NH )COO2 2 3 3.5.2.7 NHHN CH OOC CHCH CH COO2 2 CMP-N-Acetyl neuraminate CDP-diacyl glycerol CHOLINE E thanolamine Glyoxylate HIS TAMINE 2.3.1.46 Homos erine Tyramine Plant PigmentsTannins Maleyl acetoacetate Fumaryl acetoacetate 5.2.1.2 CH COO2 OH OH OH CH CH NH2 2 2 OH OH CH CH NH2 2 2 Hydroxyphenyl pyruvate α-Tocopherol (Vitamin E ) LIGNIN d-GTP OH OH OH O HO OH P OPPT CH3 HO OHOH O NADPH 2.2.1.1 2.7.1.3 1.1.1.45 1.1.1.130 1.10.3.3 1.10.2.1 1.1.1.10 ATP CH CH NH2 2 2 NH HO 5.4.99.5 1.14.16.12.6.1.51.13.11.27 Indole 4.1.99.1 1.13.11.11 OH O OH NH C C CH CH O2 P H HCOO NH2 COO 6.3.5.3 6.3.2.6 4.3.2.2 Guanine DNA 6.3.4.44.3.2.2 C C O C CH HC NH N N HN C C O C CH HC NH N N HN 3.5.3.4 2.4.2.1 2.7.7.62.7.7.6 2.7.7.6 2.7.7.6 2.7.4.6 2.7.4.3 2.7.4.4 2.7.4.6 2.4.2.15 1.1.1.205 6.3.4.1 6.3.5.2 2.7.4.4 3.5.4.3 3.2.2.2 2.4.2.1 3.1.3.5 3.1.4.6 6.3.4.2 1.17.4.1 1.17.4.1 3.5.4.12 2.7.4.8 2.7.4.9 2.7.4.6 2.4.2.4 1.3.1.2 3.5.2.23.5.1.6 3.5.1.6 3.5.2.2 3.5.4.1 Diphos pho- mevalonate Mevalonate 3-Oxopentanoyl-CoA 3-Oxoacyl-CoA3-OH-Acyl-CoA2, 3-E noyl-CoA 2, 3-Hexenoyl-CoA 3-OH-Hexanoyl-CoA Acetoacetyl-CoA3-OH-B utanoyl-CoACrotonoyl-CoA Pentanoyl-CoA 3-OH-Pentanoyl-CoA 1.1.1.35 1.1.1.35 1.1.1.157 1.3.99.3 1.3.99.3 1.3.99.2 1.1.1.35 Odd C Fatty acids S uccinylhomos erine CO2 2-OXO ACID Glutamyl-P Glutamine UR E A P-CreatineCreatine Creatinine Glycine CITR ULLINE Glutamic s emialdehyde 2-AMINO ACID Pyrroline-5- carboxylate GlyoxylatePyruvate 4-Hydroxy- 2-oxoglutarate 4-Hydroxy- glutamate 3-Hydroxy- pyrroline- 5-carboxylate Putres cine H NCH CH CH CH NH2 2 2 2 2 2 S permidine S permine N -Trimethyllys ine66 N -Trimethyl- 3-OH-lys ine Carnitine Glutaryl-CoA S accharopine2-Aminoadipate s emialdehyde 2-Aminoadipate2-Oxoadipate Arginino- s uccinate Guanidoacetate Methylmalonyl-CoA 4.1.2.12 As partyl S emialdehyde 2, 3-Dihydro- dipicolinate 1.2.1.11 4.2.1.52 1.3.1.26 Piperideine- 2, 6-dicarboxylate N-S uccinyl- 2-amino-6-oxo- pimelate 2.6.1.17 N-S uccinyl-2, 6 diaminopimelate Diamino- pimelate 3.5.1.18 3-Methyl- glutaconyl-CoA (CH ) CHCH COS CoA3 2 2(CH ) CHCH COS CoA3 2 2 3-Methyl- crotonyl-CoA Is ovaleryl-CoA OxopantoateHCHO OOCCH C = CHCOS CoA2 CH3 CH COCHCOS CoA3 CH3 CH CH=CHCOS CoA3 CH3 CH CH(OH)CHCOS CoA3 CH3 C(OH)CH(OH)COO CH CH3 2 CH3 CH = CCOS CoA2 CH3 HOCH CHCOS -CoA-2 CH3 CH CHCO-S CoA3 CH3 C (OH)CH(OH)COO CH3 CH3 CH CH CHCOS CoA3 2 CH3 CH C = CHCOS CoA3 CH3 ATP 4-Aminobutyrate (GAB A) 1.3.99.7 1.5.1.2 1.14.11.2 2.6.1.39 1.2.1.31 1.14.11.8 2.5.1.16 2.5.1.22 4.1.3.16 2.6.1.23 1.5.99.8 1.5.1.2 6.4.1.4 1.3.99.10 4.2.1.33 2.6.1.6 1.1.1.85 Oxoleucine COOH (CH ) CHCHCH(OH)COO3 2 S -Adenos ylmethyl thiopropylamine (Decarboxylated S AM) PR OLINE Coenzyme A CH C= CHCH3 2 CH3 O CH CH 3 3 HO CH3CH3 CH3 CH C-CH H O3 2 2C PP CH2 CH C= CHCH O2 2 PP CH3 3-P-Glycerol Phos phatidyl ethanolamine CE PHALIN 3.1.4.12 2.7.8.3 Proges terone 1.5.1.12 2.7.3.2 4.2.1.173.1.2.4 2.6.1.32 4.4.1.15 Acetyls erine 2.7.7.42.7.1.251.8.99.1 Adenylyls ulphate (APS ) 2.7.1.39 4.4.1.15 4.1.1.29 4.2.99.8 2.3.1.30 P-R ibos yl-PP 1.1.1.1 1.2.1.4 As partyl-P 5.1.1.7 2.7.1.40 4.1.3.18 4.1.3.18 1.5.1.9 1.14.11.1 CHOLINE 2.1.1.13 1.3.1.2 NHCH CH S H2 2NHCH CH CO2 2OCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO2 3 2P ADP- NHCH CH S H2 2NHCH CH CO2 2OCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO2 3 2 P -ADP- NHCH CH S H2 2NHCH CH CO2 2OCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO2 3 2 1.4.1.8 1.3.99.3 1.3.99.3 1.4.1.9 4.2.1.18 4.1.1.20 1.3.99.7 1.8.99.2 + CH CO-OCH CH(NH )COO2 2 3 2.5.1.6 2.1.1.10 2.1.1.20 1.1.1.3 1.1.1.3 4.2.1.18 4.1.2.5 4.3.1.5 4.2.1.20 2.1.2.1 2.1.1.20 Glyoxylate 2.1.1.6 1.4.3.4 1.14.18.1 1.14.16.2 Hexanoyl-CoA B utanoyl-CoA 6.3.4.16 6.3.5.5 2.7.2.11 2.1.3.3 NO 1.14.13.39 3.5.3.63.5.3.1 4.3.2.1 4.1.1.17 2.7.7.41 2.6.1.4 1.1.1.100 1.1.1.8 2.3.1.51 2.3.1.15 2.7.8.5 S O - 4 2 1.14.16.4 NH2OOC OOC 4.1.1.25 1.3.1.13 1.3.1.13 2.7.4.6 CYTIDINE - triphos phate (CTP) Cytos ine 2.4.2.9 4.1.1.11 2.6.1.18 4.3.1.3 4.2.1.49 3HS O- 1.1.1.105 2.3.1.41 NADPH 1.1.1.22 2.3.1.4 5.5.1.4 3.2.1.26 3.2.1.48 2.6.1.16 1.1.1.14 2.7.7.34 4.2.1.47 2.4.1.68 2.4.1.69 2.4.1.9 5.3.1.8 2.4.1.11 O OPPU CH OH2 CH OH2 HO OH OH HO 2.4.1.21 4.2.1.52 1.2.1.18 4.2.1.18 O CH C CHOC N HN DP CH C O CHOC N HN R PPP OCH2 H C C H OHOH CH NHN C H CP H O OCH2 C C H OH H OH C H C C C NH2 C CH HC N R P(PP) N N N + P NH2H O OCH2 C C H OH H OH C H C C OC C CH HC N R P N N NHP H OCH2 C C H OHOH CO CH2 C CONH2 C CH HC N R P N N NHP + OOCCH N(CH )2 3 3 B etaine B etaine aldehyde 2.4.1.16 5.1.3.6 2.4.1.33 2.7.7.13 5.4.2.8 5.3.1.8 O OH CH OH2 HO O PHO 2.7.1.28 2.7.1.31 6.3.4.13 5.3.1.1 2.2.1.1 4.1.1.9 3.1.2.11 ß-OH-ß-Methyl- glutaryl-CoA 6.3.4.5 5.3.1.6 2.5.1.21 2.1.1.2 3.5.2.10 6.3.2.13 6.3.2.7-10 2.7.7.27 2.7.7.9 3.5.4.10 C C O C CH OC N R P N N H HN C C O C CH N N N HN R P H N2 C 2.7.4.6 1.17.4.1 2.7.4.6 2.6.1.13 Carbamoyl-P 2.3.1.9 Carnitine 2.6.1.4 2.6.1.44 CH C(OH)CH COS CoA3 2 CH COO2 1.2.3.5 1.1.1.34 2.3.1.16 4.1.3.5 2.3.1.16 4.1.3.4 Menaquinone 4.1.1.15 2.6.1.19 4.2.1.16 Carnos ine CH CH NH2 2 2C NHN C HC H 4.1.1.22 4.3.1.3 Ubiquinone Plas toquinone D-R ibos e-5-P NH CH CH(NH )COO2 3HO + O OH OH HO OPPU COO- O OH OH HO OPPU COO - OH H OH HOCH2 C C CO H CO COO - O CHOH CHOHAcNH HO OPC OCO - CH OH2 O CHOH CHOHAcNH HO OH COO CH OH2 O OHOH HOHO CH O2 P O OH ACNH HO OH CH O2 P O OOH HOHO P CH OH2 O OHOH HOHO CH OH2 O OHHO OH 3 CH O2 P O OHHO O NHCOCH3 P CH OH2CH OH2CH OH2 O OHHO OH NH2 CH O2 P O OH HO OH OPPU CH OH2 O O HO OH OH HO P CH OH2 CH OH2 O O HO OH OH O OHOH OH CH OH2 O OHHO OH OH CH2CH OP2 OH H H HOH C C C C OH OHH COO-HOCH2 H OH OHOH C C C CHO HH HOCH2 H OH OHH C C C CHO HOH HOCH2 OH H OHH C C C CHO HOH HOCH2 H OH HOH C C C CHO OHH HOCH2 OH H HOH C C C CHO OHH HOCH2 OH H OHOH C C C CHO HH HOCH2 H OH HOH C C C C OHH H OH COO-P OCH2 OH H OH C C CO H P OCH2 CH OH2 H OH H C C CO OH HOCH2 CH OH2 CH OH2P OCH2 H OH OH C C CO H CH OH2P OCH2 OH H H C C CO OH CH OH2 P OCH2 H OH OH C C CO H HOCH2 CH OH2 OH H OH C C CO H HOCH2 CH OH2 OH H H C C CO OH HOCH2 CH OH2 H OH OHH C C C HOH HOCH2 CH OH2 OH H OHOH C C C HH HOCH2 CH OH2 H OH HOH C C C C OHH H OH CH OH2HOCH2 H OH OH C C CHO H POCH2 H OH HOH C C C CO OHH HOCH2 CH O2 P H OH OHOH C C C HH HOCH2 CH OH2 H OH OH C C C H CO H HO P OCH2 CH OH2 P H OH OH C C C H CO H HO CH O2 POCH2 H OH OH C C H C CHO OH H POCH2POCH2 O OH NH2 OH CH O2 P CHOHCHOPOCH2 HOCH2COCH2OP O OH O OP P OH CH O2 P CHOHCOO PPOCH2 CHOHP OCH2 COO COO OH OHO OH COO CH (CH ) CH(OH)CH COS -CoA3 2 14 2CH (CH ) CH(OH)CH COS3 2 14 2 CH (CH ) COCH COS -CoA3 2 14 2 CH (CH ) COCH COS -CoA3 2 14 2 CH (CH ) COS -CoA3 2 n+2 CH (CH ) CH=CHCOS -CoA3 2 14 CH (CH )3 2 nCH=CHCOS -CoA CH (CH )3 2 5 2CH=CHCH COS ACP CH (CH )3 2 6CH=CHCOS ACP CH (CH )3 2 6COCH COS ACP2CH (CH )3 2 6 2 2CH CH COS ACP CH (CH )3 2 2 2 2CH CH COS ACP CH CH CH COS ACP3 2 2 CH (CH )3 2 6CH(OH)CH COS ACP2 CH CH=CHCO.S -ACP3 CH (CH )3 2 2 2COCH COS ACP CH3COCH COS ACP2 CH (CH )3 2 n 2COCH COS ACPCH (CH )3 2 n 2CH(OH)CH COS ACP CH (CH )3 2 2 2CH(OH)CH COS ACP AC YL-C oA (Mitochondria) CH (CH ) CH CH COS CoA3 2 2 2n CH (CH ) CH=CHCOS CoA3 2 n CH (CH CH(OH)CH COS CoA3 2n CH (CH ) CH CH COS CoA3 2 2 2 2 CH (CH ) CH=CHCOS CoA3 2 2 CH (CH ) COCH COS CoA3 2 2n CH COCH COS CoA3 2 CH (CH ) CH(OH)CH COS CoA3 2 2 2 CH CH(OH)CH COS CoA3 2CH CH=CHCOS CoA3CH CH CH COS CoA3 2 2 CH CH CH CH COS CoA3 2 2 2 Pentenoyl-CoA CH CH CH=CHCOS CoA3 2 CH CH CH(OH)CH COS CoA3 2 2 CH (CH ) COCH COS CoA3 2 2 2 CH CH COCH COS CoA3 2 2 OH OH HO OH O O- CH O-PO2 CH CHOHCH OH2 2 O CH2 CH2 R '-CO-OCH O-CO-R O-PO O- HOCH CH2 2 NH3 +POCH CH2 2NH3 + CPP- OCH CH2 2NH3 + O - CH O-CO-R2 CH O P2 OCH CH2 2NH3 + CH COCH CH N(CH )3 2 2 3 3 HOCH CH N(CH )2 2 3 3 + CH CH2 COO(NH )3 + OH OH CH CH2 COO-(NH )3 + CO NH2 CH CH(NH )COO2 3 + NH OC CO NH OC N H C H H N2 HC CH N N C R P H N2 CH C CHOC N N DP NH2 R PPP CH C CHOC N N NH2 C C C CH R P(P) HC N N N N NH2 H NCOO2 P (CH ) NH2 3 2H N(CH ) NH2 2 3 (CH ) NH2 4 (CH ) NH2 3 2H N(CH ) NH2 2 4 CH -S CH CH CHNH3 2 2 2 Adenos yl + + CH3 CH3 CHCH(NH )COO3 ++ C NHN C HC H CH CH(NH )CH OH2 3 2 + C NHN C HC H CH CH(NH )CH OP2 3 2 C NHN C H HC CH COCH OP2 2 + HS CH CH CH(NH )COO2 2 3 + + S CH CH CH(NH )COO2 2 3 CH CH(NH )COO2 3 R P C O C-COOOC N HN CH 2.4.1.23 CH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH OH3 2 12 2 NH3 + CH (CH ) CH(OH)CHCH OH3 2 14 2 NH3 + CH (CH ) COCHCH OH3 2 14 2 NH3 + Galactos eCH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH O-3 2 12 2 NH3 + 4.1.1.70 H NCONH2 2 OHCCH N(CH )2 3 3 + C-CH3 C O CHOC N DP HN DP CPP-O CH CH N(CH )2 2 3 3 + OCH CH N(CH )2 2 3 3 + 1.2.1.41 UDP-N-Ac-Muramate O O CH CH3 COO- NHAC HO OPPU CH OH2 4.1.3.20 O OH CH3 HO HO OPPG 2.7.7.24 2.4.1.22 2.7.7.12 5.1.3.2 5.3.1.4 S edoheptulos e-PP 3.1.1.28 4.2.1.24 N CH2 CH2 N N N CH3 CH3 CH CH COO CH CH CH2 H C3 H C3H C3 HC C C H H Fe CH2 CH2 COO- - CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 H C3 H C3 N H N H N H N H CH CH H C2 C C H2 H2 - CH2 CH2 COO CH2 CH2 COO - H C2 H C2 CH 2 CH 2 OOC COO H N2 N H - - CH2 H C2 H C2 H C2 H2 H2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 N H N H N H N H COO COO COO COO C C - - CH2 CH2 COO CH2 CH2 COO- - - - OOC- OOC - CH3 CH3 H C3 H C3 H C2 H2 H2 N H N H N H N H CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C C COO- CH2 CH2 COO CH2 CH2 COO- - COO- COO- CH C(OH)CH CH O3 2 2 PP CH COO2 OHCCOO HOCH COO2 NH2 H NCNHCH COO2 2 + NH2 H NCN(CH )CH COO2 3 2 + NH2 HNCN(CH )CH COO3 2P- + HN C NH CO N CH2 CH3 OOCCHCH COO2 H NCNHCH CH CH CH2 2 2 2 N (NH )3 + COO CHCOOHC CH2HOCH N OOCCH(OH)CH CH(NH )COO2 3 + CHCOO CH2HOCH H C2 N H NH CHCOO CH2CH2 CH2 OOCCH(OH)CH COCOO2 N CHCOO CH2CH2 CH CH COCOO3 OHCCOO + H NCONHCH CH CH CH2 2 2 2 (NH )3 COO H NOCCH CH CH2 2 2 COO(NH )3 + R -CO-COO + COOR -CH(NH )3 + COOH NOCCH CH2 2 (NH3 + OOC-CH-COS CoA CH3 P OOCCH CH2 COO(NH )3 + OOCCH CH CHO2 2 OHCCH CH2 COO(NH )3 + (CH ) NCH CH(OH)CH COO3 3 2 2 + OHCCH CH CH2 2 + COO(NH )3 POOCCH CH CH2 2 + COO(NH )3 OHCCH CH CH CH2 2 2 COO(NH )3 + NH CHCH CH COO2 2 COO CH CH CH CH CH2 2 2 2 COO(NH )3 + H N(CH )2 42 CH(NH )COO3CH(NH3 ++ (CH ) N(CH )3 3 2 3CH CH(NH )COO2 3 + + C H2 C H OOCC N HC CH-COO CH2 C H2 CH-COOOOCC N H C2 OOCCOCH CH CH CH-COO2 2 2CH CH2 2 2 OOCCH CH CONH2 2 OOCCHCH CH CH CH-COO2 2 2 OOCCH CH CONH2 2CH2 2 NH3 + OOCCH-CH CH CH CHCOO2 2 2 NH3 + NH3 + (CH ) CHC(OH)CH3 2 2 COOH COO (CH ) CHCH COCOO3 2 2 + (CH ) CHCH3 2 2 CH(NH )COO3 HOCH CHCOO2 CH3 CHCOCOO CH3 CH3CH COC(OH)CH3 3 COO + P OCH CH CH(NH )COO2 2 3 + HOCH CH CH(NH )COO2 2 3 + CH CH CH(NH )COO2 2 3OOCCH CH2COO2 + CH S H2 OOCCH(NH )CH CH CONHCHCONHCH COO3 2 2 2 HOCH C(CH ) COCOO2 3 2 HOCH C(CH ) CH(OH)COO2 3 2 NHCH CH COO2 2HOCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO3 2)2 3 2 NHCH CH COO2 2OCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO2 3 2P CH CH3 2 CH3 CH + CH(NH )COO3 CH COC(OH)CH CH3 2 3 COO CHCOCOO CH CH3 2 CH3 NHCHCH S H2 COO NHCH CH CO2 2OCH C(CH ) CH(OH)CO2 3 2P + CH S H2 OOCCH(NH )CH CH CONHCHCOO3 2 2 + Adenosyl S CH CH CH(NH )COO2 2 3 + S CH CH CH(NH )COO2 2 3 + HO S CH CH(NH )COO3 2 3 + + S -CH CH(NH )COO2 3 S -CH CH(NH )COO2 3 + HS CH CH(NH )COO2 3 1.1.1.23 H C NHN C HC CH CHCOO2 NHCOCH CH NH2 2 2 + H C NHN C HC CH CH(NH )COO2 3 CHCH CH COO2 2 NHN CH OC C CH CHCOO NHN CH CH CH COO3 N H OOC CH-COOOC NH2 CH2 H NCH CH COO2 2 2 H NCH2 2 CH3 CHCOO H NCONHCH CHCOO2 2 CH3 C C O CH R P HC N N N HN C CC O CH HCO N N N R P C CH N N H N2 H C C C O CH N N C C CH N N R P H N2 H N2 C O O O P~ ~P O O O O P O O CH2 N N N N O OHOH NH2 HC CH N N N N O O P O O O CH2 OH NH2 HC CH COO CO NH OC N H C H H N2 NH2 OOC-CH-CH COO2 HNCO C CH N N C R PR P H N2 OOC C CH N R P N C H N2 CH=CHCOO OH CH=CHCOO CH COCOO2 CH2 P COO OH O O O COO O CH COO2 O CH COO2-OOC OCH2 CH2 OHH C P HOCH HCOH OC COO COOHO OH OHO NH2 COO OCH NH CH COCOO2 NH CHO CO NH2 OH CH CH(NH )COO2 3 + N COO COO N + COO COO R P O OH OH HO OPPU COO O OH NHCOCH3 HO OPPU COO CH OH2 O O CCH2 NHAC HO OPPU COO CH OH2 O OHHO OH OH COO OOCCH N(CH )2 3 2 Dimethylglycine 1.1.99.1 1.2.1.8 COO HO HO COO O HO OH COO CH(O )PP OCH2 COO CH(OH)HOCH2 COOCOO CH(O )PHOCH2 COO CH =C(O )2 P COO CONH2 R ibose -O - P - O - P - O- Adenosine(P) + N O O O O + COO N R ibose - O - P - O - P - O -Adenosine O O O O II II OH O CH CH2 COO(NH )3 + E pinephrine (Adrenaline) Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) Normetepinephrine (Normetadrenaline) HOCH CH N (CH )2 2 3 3 + Adenosyl + + S CH CH CH(NH )COO2 2 3 CH3 (CH ) N(CH )3 3 2 3CH CH(NH )COO2 3 + + OH OOCCH CH CH COS CoA2 2 2 OOCCH CH CH NH2 2 2 2 OOCCH CH CH COCOO2 2 2 OOCCH CH CH CH2 2 2 COOCOO(NH )3 ++ HO H HO H H HO H HO H Pros taglandin PGE2 OH HOCH2 C C CO C COO OHH OHH H - COO OR '-CO-OCH CH O-CO-R2 CH O POCMP2 O CH CH N(CH )2 2 3 + OHOCH CH OPO2 CH OH2 O- CH OPO2 O CH OCH=CHR2 CH CH N(CH )2 2 3 3 + O- CH OPO2 OR '-CO-OCH CH O-CO-R2 3.1.1.32 CH CH N(CH )2 2 3 3 + O- OHOCH CH OPO2 CH O-CO-R2 CH CH N(CH )2 2 3 3 + O- CH CH(NH )COO2 3 + + C NHN C HC H CH CH(NH )CHO2 3 HS 11-cis -R etinal Pi ADP NADP + GDP- Mannuronate Mannos e-6-P Dehydro- s hikimate S hikimate R NA d-GDP d-CTP GUANOS INE -P (GMP) ß-Alanine P-R ibos yl-AMP P-R ibulos ylformimino 5-aminoimidazole- carboxamide-R P Imidazole acetol-P HS HS O- PANTOTHE NATE 3-Is opropyl- malate S uccinic s emialdehyde 2.4.1.17 Diacyl glycerol 2.3.1.6 1.14.12.1 1.4.4.2 CH CHO3 3.5.4.19 4.2.1.19 3.3.1.1 4.1.1.12 4.1.2.5 COO- 2OHCCH 2.1.4.1 2.4.99.7 5.1.3.12 1.1.1.132 4.2.1.46 2.7.1.7 2.4.1.29 2.4.1.21 2.4.1.13 2.4.1.1 etc. 5.4.2.2 2.7.1.6 2.7.7.10 3.1.1.18 4.1.1.34 2.7.1.47 2.7.1.16 3.1.3.9 ADP P-Glucono lactone 1.1.1.44 O O OHHO OH CH O2 P PHE NYLALANINETYR OS INE TR YPTOPHAN INOS INE -P (IMP) THYMIDINE -P HIS TIDINE UR IDINE - triphos phate (UTP) CYS TINE CYS TE INE IS OLE UCINE LE UCINE LYS INE OR NITHINE AR GININE HYDR OXY PR OLINE P HOS P HATIDYL S E R INEPhos phatidyl inos itol LE CITHIN S PHINGOMYE LIN S TE R OIDS Pregnenolone 2.7.6.1 2.4.2.14 6.3.4.7 5.3.1.9 3.1.3.11 1.2.1.13 2.7.2.3 H OH OH C C C H CO OH C H H OH P OCH2 CH O2 P 5.4.2.1 ADP 4.2.1.11 E ndoplas mic R eticulum 1.1.1.100 3.1.1.3 Phos phatidate 2.3.1.39 4.2.1.17 4.2.1.17 4.2.1.55 1.1.1.79 1.2.1.21 1.4.3.8 1.1.1.32 2.7.1.36 2.7.4.2 4.1.1.33 2.5.1.1 2.5.1.10 2.7.8.5 2.7.8.1 4.1.1.65 2.7.7.14 1.3.99.7 PO O CH (CH ) CH=CHCH(OH)CHCH O3 2 12 2 NHAcyl CH CH N(CH )2 2 3 3 + O- 3.5.1.23 1.13.11.21 2.5.1.32 1.1.1.105 2.4.2.19 1.2.1.32 ME THIONINE 4.1.3.27 4.2.1.51 1.14.17.1 1.14.18.1 1.14.13.11 Glycinamide- ribos yl-P 4.2.1.22 3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA THR E ONINE 1.2.1.25 1.2.1.25 1.2.1.25 1.5.1.7 - 10 GLUTAMATE 2.3.1.38 ATP NADH S UCR OS E ADE NOS INE -P (AMP) Triacylglycerol FAT R NA CH3 CH2 OC-COOOH COO CH CH2 COO(NH )3 + GLYCOPR OTE INS GANGLIOS IDE S MUCINS 4.1.2.- 2.6.1.- GLUCOS E O-Acyl-carnitine O-Acyl-carnitine OH O- - R -CO-OCH R '-CO-OCH R '-CO-OCH O HCO-CO-R CH CH(OH)CH O-P-OCH2 2 2 CH O-CO-R ’2 OR '-CO-OCH O - CH O-CO-R2 CH O-PO2 O- 2.7.8.11 H NCH CH CH CH2 2 2 2 COO(NH )3 + 2.3.1.20 3.1.3.4 2.7.1.107 NH2 + + H NCNHCH CH CH CH2 2 2 2 COO(NH )3 H OH HOH C C C CO OHH HOCH2 CH OH2 R -CH2COO CH O-CO-R2 CH O-CO-R "2 R ’-CO-OCH OH O CH CHNH2 3 + OR '-CO-OCH O- CH O-CO-R2 CH O PO2 COO OOCCH CH CH2 2 COO(NH )3 + CH CH(OH)CH(NH )COO3 3 O OHHO OH OH CH OH2CH OH2 NH CH O-CO-R2 1.3.1.13 4.1.1.28 Malonic s emi- aldehyde 2.7.2.4 2.1.3.3 3.5.1.2 6.3.1.2 6.3.5.5 Carbohydrates Biosynthesis Degradation Amino Acids Biosynthesis Degradation Lipids Biosynthesis Degradation Purines & Pyrimidines Biosynthesis Degradation Biosynthesis Degradation Vitamins Co-enzymes & Hormones Pentos e Phos phate Pathway Photos ynthes is Dark R eactions COMPAR TME NTATION The "Backbone" of metabolism involves GLYCOLYS IS in the CYTOPLAS M, the TCA CYCLE (mainly) in the Mitochondrial matrix and ATP FOR MATION spanning the MITOCHONDR IAL INNE R ME MBR ANE An electron flow (an electric current) generated from NADH and UQH2 drives the translocation of protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space. 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