MERCOSUL HYDRODIVERSITY Fabio T Lazzerini 2005.pdf

III Premio Internacional
MARCIAL CAMPOS
a la Investigación Termal
“MERCOSUL THERMALISM AND
HYDRODIVERSITY ENDOWNMENT”
Piracicaba-SP, BRASIL
30/03/2005

2
Summary
1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................................................3
2. GEODIVERSITY AND HYDRODIVERSITY.......................................................................................................................6
3. SEDIMENTARY BASIN OF THE PARANÁ RIVER ..........................................................................................................9
3.1 REGIONALGEOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................................12
3.1.1 STRATIGRAPHY OF THE PARANÁ BASIN .............................................................................................................12
3.1.2 EVOLUTION OF THE BASIN .....................................................................................................................................14
4. PARANA SEDIMENTARY BASIN AQUIFERS ................................................................................................................17
4.1 HYDROGEOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................................17
4.1.1 TUBARÃO AQUIFER (PALEOZOIC)........................................................................................................................25
4.1.2 GUARANI AQUIFER (MESOZOIC)...........................................................................................................................27
4.1.3 SERRA GERAL AQUIFER............................................................................................................................................33
4.2 HYDROCHEMISTRY............................................................................................................................................................34
4.2.1 TUBARÃO AQUIFER (PALEOZOIC)........................................................................................................................36
4.2.2 GUARANI AQUIFER (MESOZOIC)...........................................................................................................................37
4.2.3 SERRA GERAL AQUIFER............................................................................................................................................38
5. ECONOMIC USE OF AQUIFERS .........................................................................................................................................39
5.1. ACTUALUSES.......................................................................................................................................................................39
5.2 THERMALISM AND HEALTH TOURISM GOOD USE...............................................................................................40
5.3. OBSERVED HYDRODIVERSITY.....................................................................................................................................42
5.4 CLIMATISM (WEATHER ISSUES) ...................................................................................................................................49
5.5 DATA INTERPRETATION...................................................................................................................................................50
6. RELATIONS WITH SU
STAINABLE DEVELOPMENT................................................................................................52
7. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS ....................................................................................................................................................54
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................................................................................................57
9. ANNEX ............................................................................................................................................................................................65

3
1. INTRODUCTION
It is considered that the Biodiversity is one of the greatest allied to environmental
preservation, the reasonable use of natural resources of vegetable and animal origin and to the
sustainable development. This study tries to observe the natural resources of mineral reign
provenance, specially the waters as diversity and heterogeneity, possibly obtaining the same results.
So as to do it both Geodiversity and Hydrodiversity have to take the Thermalism as main partner.
The study case will be on the
important and promising Mercosul region
(Figure 1), where social and economic
issues are associated to the mineral richness,
specially the richness of its underground
aquifers which can contribute substantially
towards the XXI Agend accomplishment.
Natural patrimonies as Iguaçu
Waterfalls (PR-BRA) (Figure 2), “Chaco”,
“Pantanal” (MS-BRA) (Figure 3), Itaipu
Hydroelectric Plant, Parana River (fishing
and water sports), Aparados da Serra Basalt
“Cuesta” (RS-BRA) (Figure 4), and the
giant Guarani Aquifer, among others; add
attractiveness to this region. The focus of this research will be on the mineral and medicinal waters,
thermal waters, which come from several Thermal or Mineral Spring Water, with different
economic level of its thermal use (profit).

4
Figure 2: Iguaçu Waterfalls – Paraná River, BRA-ARG
Figure 3: Pantanal Matogrossense, MS-BRA

5
Besides the international standardized thermal Springs that coexist in Mercosul region, it is
possible to reach the conclusion that there still is a great potential to develop activities related to
Health tourism/Wellness (Spas, etc) or Hydrothermal in this extended region where there are many
abandoned or not well used waters.
By the compiled
Hydrodiversity, it has been confirmed
that the water from Parana
Sedimentary Basin is generically
alkaline (pH over 8.0), thermal,
chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, anion
complex, sodium oligoelements, and
mainly sulfurous. Such Mineral Spring
waters (Crenology) classifications
demonstrate that this water has special
attractive elements for Spas and
pharmaceutical cosmetic industries.
The exposition of
geographical, geological, stratigraphic,
genetic, hydrogeological and
hydrochemistry aspects intend to improve essential basic knowledge in order to achieve the desired
development of this region, attracting investors, bringing consciousness to management people and
minimizing risks.
The final annexes come along to illustrate and make the contact easier to those whom wish
to visit and get to know some of the localities mentioned in this study.

6
2. GEODIVERSITY AND HYDRODIVERSITY
The term Geodiversity can be considered as geologic, geographic, climatic and biological
diversity. Represented for the studies related to the global complexity of the agents and natural
processes that compose our planet and the singularities of each locality and coincidences of
occurrences of the phenomena.
Such knowledges can assist in the awareness, preservation and mainly in the valuation of the
existing natural endowments, as a way for sustainable development and improvement in the
standards of living or social and economics index.
Your recital can be related to the concepts of biodiversity, however involving all the natural
processes of the Earth, observed in the concept of Gaia.
The heterogeneity of places and natural phenomena will arouse the observation of the
resources that already are available and of those are still not identified.
It can be summarized as main elements (variable or components):
- Geology
- Climate
- Environments for diversity
- (Ecosystems)
- Marine surround
- Landscapes
- Mineral Kingdom
- Water (Hydrodiversity = precious waters)
- Mud
- Salts
- Gases
- Radioactivity

7
- Minerals
- Ores
- Hydrocarbons (energy)
- Crystals
- Natural Parks, Reserves and Patrimonies
Services and products that can relate the elements above the benefits for health, leisure and
tourism or in therapies:
- Talassotherapy - Atmotherapies
- Hydrotherapy - Psamotherapies
- Balneotherapy - Espeleotherapy
- Massotherapy - Emanotherapy
- Fangotherapy - Tourism of the Nature
- Pelotherapy - Ecotourism
- Crenotherapies - Thermalism
Sustentability and maximization of uses, through the increment of the knowledge and the
aggregate value. It can become guidelines and objectives of politic decisions or strategically
planning. It also possess great thematic correlation to the main topic of this work, the Thermalism,
tourism-health, Crenology, leisure, health and beauty, beyond the preventive medicine and
prudence.
From the water the life appeared; therefore, biodiversity is strongly related to the different
types of existing waters in each region. The study of different existing or dependent beings, of each
type of water, is complex and incipient; however, this interrelation can explain many questions of
natural/environment order.
By the other hand, Hydrodiversity or mineral spring water diversity, looks to know and to
valorize the immense varieties of waters, in accordance with genesis and the physics-chemistry

8
composition, not only for the particular and exclusives properties of each occurrence, but for its
diverse human benefits, like Medicine, pharmacy, cosmetic, recreational and welfare state benefits.

9
3. SEDIMENTARY BASIN OF THE PARANÁ RIVER
The sedimentary basin of the Paraná River possess great geographic dimension,
approximately 1.600.000 Km2
of extension and with maximum thickness of pilling up of 7.825
meters. It comprehends 4 countries of the Mercosul, occupying portions of the Argentina (400,000
Km2
), Paraguay (100,000 Km2
), Uruguay (100,000 Km2
) and Brazil; coincidently these same
regions are those with bigger demographic density and economic development. (Figure 5)
Only in Brazil it comprise 1.000.000 km2
in 8 States: Minas Gerais (MG), Goiás (GO), Mato
Grosso (MT), Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), São Paulo (SP), Paraná (PR), Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio
Grande do Sul (RS) (Figure 6). It is an Intracratonic basin of elliptical form, with larger axle with
direction NE-SW, coinciding, approximately, with the current course of the Paraná River and with
900 km of width. (Figure 7)
Developed on the continental crust, it is characterized for Paleozoic-Mesozoic
sedimentation, with stratigraphic record with ages ranging from Superior Ordovician (450 million
years) to Superior Cretaceous (90 million years). They are rocks predominantly terrain, being great
part recovered essentially by basaltic lava and cut by its dikes. (Table 1)
The sedimentary sequence practically is not tectonically disturbed, presenting weak dip in
direction to the center of the basin. Located normal faults can have served as main canals during the
lava pills.
In hypsometric terms, we can identify four main surfaces: 0-200m, 200-500m, 500-800m,
800-1200m. Sculptured in sedimentary sub-horizontal grounds and presenting diversified litology,
these surfaces possess typical features of its substrata: structural platforms, spaced out profiles,
tabular certifications testimonial, similar tables and forms, remaining dissecated plateaus
characteristic, finishing in marked and alleviated coasts.

10
Figure 5: Paraná Sedimentary Basin map

11
Figure 6: Limits and geology of Parana Sedimentary Basin in Brazil. (Modif. : SCHOBBENHAUS - 1984)

12
Figure 7: Geologic A-B section to Parana Sedimentary Basin
The Paraná Basin has been object of study for diverse researchers in the last decades. Since
pioneer works until our days, some litostratigraphy classifications had been proposed trying to
explain the pilling up of its rocks and evolution.
Thus takes place that this basin is the product of a complex addition of operating tectono-
sedimentary processes during the Fanerozoic, that presented favorable conditions to the sedimentary
pilling up, not the deposition and the erosive removal of previous units.
3.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY
This chapter will be divided into Stratigraphy of the Paraná Sedimentary Basin and your
evolution, as if it follows below.
3.1.1 STRATIGRAPHY OF THE PARANÁ BASIN
In this work was adopted the stratigraphy division based on the table of IPT, 1981 (Table 1)

13
Table 1: Stratigraphic Column of the Paraná Sedimentary Basin in Brazil

14
3.1.2 EVOLUTION OF THE BASIN
The Paraná Basin was implanted effectively during the Eossilurian on a crust in cooling
process, as direct resulted of the Brasilian Orogeny. This crust consisted of a complex system of
plates and alternate microplates and the basement of the basin presented some zones of weaknesses,
concentrated, according to two preferential directions: NW and NE.
The tectonic evolution of the Paleozoic was strongly related to the reactivations suffered for
these two lineaments. Such reactivations represent the relief of the intraplates efforts deriving from
the occidental margin of the Gondwana. In its sedimentary record the Parana Basin presents
sedimentary units that had been accumulated as Intracratonic reflex of Paleozoic orogenic events in
the west margin of the continent and the Mesozoic Tafrogeny of the South Atlantic.
The Paraná Basin consists in six great sequences limited for regional discordances:
Ordovician-silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous-eotriassic, Neotriassic, Jurassic-eocretaceous and
Neocretaceous.
Soares et al. (1974)-1 realized an evaluation of the vertical movement of the Brazilian
Craton, conditioning its evolution in function of some parameters like sedimentation, thickness of
sediments and the involved time in the successive cycles of sedimentation. The evolution analysis
of the Intracratonics basins revealed a cyclical character, with successive events of erosion and
sedimentation inside of the Brazilian Craton.
Each definite sequence constitutes the record of a tectonic cycle, which is characterized by a
general subsidence of the Craton. In this way, the preserved geologic record in the basins can be
divided in 6 main sequences: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon and Zeta and a Delta-A
subsequence, which corresponds to the tectonic cycles. The Alpha sequences gather deposits of the
Cambrian and Ordovician. The Beta sequence, ranging from Ordovician to the Silurian, represents
the beginning of the Cratonic sedimentation that occurred in the beginning of the period of
stabilization. The Gamma sequence, ranging from Devonian to Inferior Carboniferous, is defined in

15
three brazilian sineclisis. The Delta sequence, ranging from Superior Cambrian to the Superior
Permian, materializes the last tectonic sedimentary cycle of the Paleozoic, being characterized by
distinct facies associations. The Delta-A subsequence, ranging from Medium Triassic to the
Jurassic, seems to be engaged with crustal uplift that preceded the rupture of the Gondwana plate.
The Epilson sequence, of the Cretaceous period, is characterized by a generalized subsidence in the
Residual Craton deposits associates to the tertiary penplans and small remaining quaternary basins
constitute the Zeta sequence, of the Tertiary age.
The Paraná Basin was developed in the youngest part of the South American platform on a
Cratonized basement and controlled by Eo-Paleozoic zones of fractures NW-SE, conditioned for
aulacogens that had also influenced the oldest cycles of sedimentation in the Devonian and
Permian-Carboniferous.
In the end of the deposition of the Itararé Formation (Carboniferous Superior - Permian)
tectonic movements still exists in the basin and from this time it acquires a character of sineclisis. In
the Permian-Triassic transition, the positive tectonic movement conditioned the appearance of arid
and semi-arid regions, Pirambóia and Botucatu Formations.
In the Triassic-Jurassic, the Crustal uplift resulted in a great Domic area in the south part of
Brazil. During Jurassic-Cretaceous the intense volcanism, pulled out for the old Rift fractures of the
basement, constituting the preferential zones for the swarms of dikes from the basin (Fúlfaro et al,
1982).
The geologic development of the Paraná Basin, according to Milani (1997), must be
considered by an ampler, geotectonic picture pertinent to the south-occidental Gondwana. This
basin was implanted on a consolidated crust for the events of the Brasilian Orogen. Next it, had
progressed active coalitional belts joint to the southern margin of paleocontinent.
This geodynamics printed a regional standard of compressives tensions of great influence on
the evolution of the basin. The implantation of the Paraná Basin happened in the Neo-Ordovician,
by means of the transtensive reactivation of discontinuity of its substratum.

16
As this last author the Paraná Basin is divided in six super sequences: Rio Ivaí (Ordovician-
Silurian), Paraná (Devonian), Gondwana I (Carboniferous-Eotriassic), Gondwana II (Meso to
Neotriassic), Gondwana III (Neojurassic-Eocretacia) and Bauru (Neocretaceous). The three first
ones correspond the Paleozoic transgressives cycles, and the rest of them are presented by
continental sediments packages and igneous rock associated.
The sequences constitute the preserved record of successive phases of sedimentary
accumulation whose are intercalated to the periods of erosion in ample scale. Each unit possesses an
evolution conditioned for particular factors in climate terms and tectonic conditions. The super
sequence Rio Ivaí becomes related to the implantation of the basin, and the geometry of its area,
with elongated depocenters of general orientation SW-NE, that suggests a control for some type of
rifting mechanism.
The super sequence Paraná was accumulated during a marine drowning of the cratonic areas
of the Gondwana. Conditions of Intracratonic basin start during the deposition of the super
sequence Gondwana I, what it would come to culminate with the development of extensive aeolian
dune fields to the end of the Jurassic. The rocks of the Serra Geral, from the Eocretaceous, are
related to the initial periods of rupture of the paleocontinent, and the continental covering of the
super sequence Bauru locked up the sedimentary history of this basin (Milani 1997 and Milani et al.
1998).

17
4. PARANA SEDIMENTARY BASIN AQUIFERS
4.1 HYDROGEOLOGY
The existing water-bearing systems inside of the Paraná Basin, are summarized in Table 2.
The Paraná Basin constitutes, without a doubt, the most important hydrogeologic province
of Brazil and Mercosul, not only in function of the economic factors, but for its aptitude in storing
and liberating great amounts of water and possess the biggest world-wide volume of fresh water in
subsurface.
The biggest volume of this gigantic fresh water reserve, with estimated reserve of 50.400
km³, is proceeding from only two of these aquifer systems: Guarani (Mesozoic) and Tubarão
(Paleozoic). (Figure 8)
Due to this representatively and several other hydrogeologic and hydrochemistry
characteristics of its excellent waters to the Thermalism; same ones will be described with more
details, jointly with the Serra Geral aquifer (volcanic spills and dikes).
As general rule, in the central portions of the basin, the waters of the aquifer are moderately
mineralized. A river or underground lake is not accurately about. Treats a layer of porous rock - a
species of sponge formed mainly of sandstones. The aquifer unit called Passa Dois (Table 2), will
not be detailed here because it possess regional representation and small outflow due to its
lithologic constitution (mudstones and limestones). However, for the context of this work it is
important to point out its importance in the contribution of the physicist-chemistry composition of
waters proceeding from wells that also receive its contributions; especially in contents of sulphur
and organic matter. Thus, this geologic group and aquifer unit of the superior Paleozoic, will be
located in the maps and profiles jointly to the Tubarão Aquifer System. The Passa Dois Aquifer,
possess an outcrop area of 6.900 Km², a medium thickness of 120 meters and an extension in
subsurface of

19
AQUIFERGEOMETRY AQUÍFERHYDRAULIC
AQUIFER
SYSTEM
AQUIFER
UNIT
CHYDROLOGIC
CHARACTERISTICS
GEOLOGY
UNIT
ÁREA.
(km
2
)
Em
(m)
EXsub
(km
2
)
Ec
(m)
Q
(m
3
/h)
Prof.
(m)
CE
(m
3
/h/m)
T
(m
2
/d)
K
(m/d)
S
(adm)
Quaternary Granular,
descontinues, free,
heterogeneous,
anisotropic.
Sandstones with variable
granulation. Clays and gravels
from the follow lytostratigraphic
units: Itaqueri Formation (Ti),
Rio Claro Formation (TQr) and
correlates (TQr),
undistinguished Cenozoic
sediments (Qi), aluvion
sediments (Qa).
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Coastal Free, discontinuous,
heterogeneous,
anisotropic.
Sandy continental sediments
intermixed with clayish and silt
layers from Pariquera-Açu and
Cananéia Formations and
marine and mixed sediments.
4.600 100 --- --- 3 a 20 50 a 150 0,1 a 3,0 1 a
200
--- ---
São Paulo Limited extension,
granular, free,
discontinuous,
heterogeneous,
anisotropic.
Sandstone with variable
granulation, clays and gravels
from the follow lytostratigraphic
units: São Paulo Formation
(TQs), Resende Formation
(TQr) and Aluvion sediments
(Qa).
3.600 300 --- --- 9 a 15 50 a 200 0,5 a 1,0 15 a
70
--- 0,06
Cenozoic
Taubaté Limited extension,
granular, free to semi-
confined,
discontinuous,
heterogeneous,
anisotropic.
Caçapava Formation (TQc) –
fluvial deposits including
sandstones with subordinated
lens of shales and arcosians
terms and restricted
conglomerates.
Tremembé Formation (Tt) –
lacustrine deposits including
shales and mudstones locally
with bitumen with subordinated
intercalations of sandstones,
sedimentary gaps and
conglomerate terms.
2.200 500 --- --- 15 a
200
100 a
300
0,01 a
2,0
0,5 a
100
0,01 a
1,0
0,0001 a 1,0
Table 2: Paraná Sedimentary Basin Aquifers Systems and Units

20
AQUIFER GEOMETRY AQUÍFER HYDRAULIC
AQUIFER
SYSTEM
AQUIFER
UNIT
HIDROLOGIC
CHARACTERISTICS
GEOLOGY
UNIT
ÁREA.
(km
2
)
Em
(m)
EXsub
(km
2
)
Ec
(m)
Q
(m
3
/h)
Prof.
(m)
CE
(m
3
/h/m)
T
(m
2
/d)
K
(m/d)
S
(adm)
Marília Regional extension,
free to semi-
confined,
discontinuous,
heterogeneous,
anisotrpic.
Marília Formation (Km) –
sandstones with fine to
coarse granulation,
comprehending massive
layers with tenuous crossed
stratifications of medium
attitude, including lens and
subordinated intercalations
of the silts, mudstones and
sandstones very fine with
plan-parallel stratification
and frequent rudaceous
levels. Presents carbonatic
nodules.
--- 180 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Adamantina Regional extension,
granular, free to
semi-confined,
discontinuous,
heterogeneous,
anisotrpic
Adamantina Formation (Ka)
– fluvial deposits with
predominance of fine and
very fine sandstones, can
presents cementation and
carbonatic nodules with lens
of sandy silts and
mudstones, occurring in
massive layers. Plan-parallel
and crossed stratifications of
small and medium attitude.
104.000 190 --- --- 8 a 30 100 a 200 0,5 a 1,0 30,0 a
50,0
0,1 a
0,3
0,0001
a 0,01
Santo
Anastácio
Regional extension,
granular, free to
semi-confined,
discontinuous,
heterogeneous,
anisotrpic
Santo Anástacio Formation
(Ksa) – very fine to medium
sandstones, bad selected,
subordinately arcosian
character, generally
massives, presenting locally
cement and carbonatic
nodules.
--- 80 --- --- --- --- 1,0 a 2,0 50,0 a
100,0
0,3 a
1,0
---
Bauru
Caiuá Limited extension,
granular, free to
semi- confined,
homogeneous
continuous, isotropic.
Caiuá Formation ( Kc) – Fine
to medium sandstones, well
rounded, typical violaceous
colororation, therefore
abundant crossed
stratifications of great to
medium attitude, with local
occurrence of cement and
carbonatic nodules.
13.000 200 --- --- 50 a
150
100 a 200 2,0 a 5,0 100,0
a
200,0
< 3,0 0,0001
a
0,15
Table 2: Continue - Paraná Sedimentary Basin Aquifers Systems and Units

21
AQUIFERGEOMETRY AQUÍFER HYDRULIC
AQUIFER
SYSTEM
AQUIFER
UNIT
HYDROLOGIC
CHARACTERISTICS
GEOLOGY
UNIT
ÁREA.
(km
2
)
Em
(m)
EXsub
(km
2
)
Ec
(m)
Q
(m
3
/h)
Prof.
(m)
CE
(m
3
/h/m)
T
(m
2
/d)
K
(m/d)
S
(adm)
Basalt
SERRA
GERAL
Diabase
Limited extension,
fissured, eventual
character, free to
semi-confined,
discontinuous,
heterogeneous.
Serra Geral Formation
(JKsg) – toleitic volcanic
rocks in basaltic sills of gray
to black coloration, afanitic
texture with intercalations of
sandstones intertrapped,
fine to medium, tangential
crossed stratification and
scattered vitrofírics levels
not individualized.
In the intrusive phase the
volcanic rocks are
dominated by diabase, and
when they are exposed in
surface, they behave like
basalts, forming the diabase
water-bearing.
32.000 150 10.4000 --- 5 a 70 50 a 150 0,01 a
10,0
1 a
700
--- ---
Botucatu
(Free
portion)
250
(Free)
--- --- 10 a
100
50 a 250 0,03 a
17,0
--- 0,2 a
4,0
0,001 a 0,2
GUARANÍ
Botucatu
(Confined
portion)
Regional extension,
granular free to
confined,
homogeneous,
continous, isotropic.
Botucatu Formation (JKb) –
red aeolian sandstones with
fine to medium granulation
and crossed stratification
(medium to great attitude);
fluvial restricted deposits of
sandy-conglomeratic nature
and local layers of siltitos
and lacustrine mudstones.
Pirambóia Formation (TrJp)
– fluvial deposits and
inundation plain deposits
including fine to medium
sandstones, reddish, síltic-
argilaceous, crossed or
plan-parallel stratification;
levels of shales to
sandstones of varied colors
and rare intercalations of
sandy-conglomeratic
nature.
16.000
500
(confi -
ned)
136800 500 50 a
600
300 a
1700
0,01 a
26,0
70,0 a
1300,0
0,5 a
4,6
0,000001
a 0,0001

22
AQUIFER
SYSTEM
AQUIFER
UNIT
HYDROLOGIC
CHARACTERISTICS
GEOLOGY
UNIT
ÁREA.
(km
2
)
Em
(m)
EXsub
(km
2
)
Ec
(m)
Q
(m
3
/h)
Prof.
(m)
CE
(m
3
/h/m)
T
(m
2
/d)
K
(m/d)
S
(adm)
Passa Dois Regional extension,
granular, free to
confined,
heterogeneous,
anisotropic
(considered
regionally as
aquicludes)
Corumbataí Formation (Pc)
– possiblymarine deposits
of tide plain, including
mudstones, shales and
grayish, reddish or
violaceous silts, with
intercalations of carbonate,
silex and thickness layers of
sandstones.
Rio do Rastro Formation
(Pc) – coastal plain deposits
comprehending very fine to
médium sandstones with
green to red colorsand,
subordinately, mudstones
and reddish silts.
Teresina Formation (Pt) –
possibly marine to prodeltaic
deposits, comprehending
shales and gray to green or
red mudstones; finely
laminated in alternance with
gray silts and very fine
sandstones, presents
restricted lens of aeolitic
limestones and silex.
Serra Alta Formation (Psa) –
essentiallymarine deposits
including silts, shales and
gray to black mudstones
with plan-parallellamination.
Irati Formation (Pi) – silts,
mudstones and siltic shales
with gray colour, bitumen
shales, locally in ritmic
alternance with cream-
coloured limestones,
silicified and restricted
conglomeratic levels; Pelitic
member very persistent in
the basis.
6.900 120 150.000 --- 3 a 10 100 a 150 0,005 a
1,0
--- --- ---

23
AQUIFER
SYSTEM
AQUÍFER
UNIT
HYDROLOGIC
CHARACTERISTICS
GEOLOGY
UNIT
ÁREA.
(km
2
)
Em
(m)
EXsub
(km
2
)
Ec
(m)
Q
(m
3
/h)
Prof.
(m)
CE
(m
3
/h/m)
T
(m
2
/d)
K
(m/d)
S
(adm)
Aquidauana Aquidauana Formation
(CPa) – continental deposits
predominating reddish-
violaceous sandstones,
moderate to coarse,
feldspatic and subordinately
fine sandstones,
conglomerates, silts, ritmic
shales and diamictites.
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
TUBARÃO
Itararé Regional extension,
granular (locally
fissured), free to
semi-confined,
heterogeneous,
discontinous,
anisotropic (locally
discontinous and
isotropic)
Tatui Formation (Ptt) –
marine deposits with plan-
parallel stratification,
predominating silts, fine
sandstones, limestones,
silex; redish-violaceous
colour in the inferior part and
greenish in the superior part.
Palermo Formation (Pp) –
marine deposits with
predominance of grayish-
greenish silts and
subordinatelyfine to medium
sandstones and
conglomerates, frequent
concretions, silexitic nodules
and lens.
Rio Bonito Formation (Prb) –
essencialy marine deposits
predominating silts and
shales with carbonatic-
argilaceous levels and
subordinately very fine
sandstones.
Iararé Formation (CPi) –
continental glacial deposits,
marine glacial, fluvial,
deltaic, lacustrine and
marine, comprehending
mainly sandstones with
varied granulation,
immature, passing to
arcosian, conglomerate,
diamictites, tilit, silt, shales,
ritmi tes, rare layers of coal.
20.700 1.000 16.5000 1.600 3 a 30 100 a 300 0,005
a
8,5
0,3 a
200,0
0,002
a
0,7
0,0001
a
0,05

24
AQUIFERGEOMETRY AQUÍFER HYDRAULIC
AQUIFER
SYSTEM
AQUIFER
UNIT
HYDROLOGIC
CHARACTERISTICS
GEOLOGY
UNIT
ÁREA.
(km
2
)
Em
(m)
EXsub
(km
2
)
Ec
(m)
Q
(m
3
/h)
Prof.
(m)
CE
(m
3
/h/m)
T
(m
2
/d)
K
(m/d)
S
(adm)
PARANÁ Furnas Limited extension,
granular, free to
confined,
homogeneous,
continous
Furnas Formation (Df) –
marine deposits,
predominating coarse
sandstones, feldspatic; with
crossed and plan-parallel
stratification, including
subordinately fine
sandstones, conglomeratic
sandstones and basal
oligomitic conglomerates.
500 200 100000 400 10 a 50 100 a 250 0,2 a 1,0 --- --- ---
CRISTALINO Cristalino Regional extension,
fissured, eventual
character, free to
semi-confined,
heterogeneous,
discontinous,
anisotropic.
Granites, gneiss,
migmatitos, phylites,
schists, quartzites and
metassediments fro follow
lithostratigraphic units:
Eleutério Formation (EOe);
pos-tectonic granitic suite
(EOr), indifferenciated
(PSEOr), sin-tectonic (PSr),
São Roque Group (Pss),
Pilar Complex (PSp), embu
Complex (PSe), Canastra
Group (PMc), Setuva
Formation (Pls), Turvo-
Cajati Complex (Plt),
Paraíba do Sul Complex
(Plp), Amparo Complex
(Pla), Costeiro Complex
(Ac), Juiz de Fora Complex
(Aj), Varginha Complex
(Av)
53400 200 190400 --- 5 a 30 5 a 150 0,001 a
7,0
0,1 a
200,0
--- ---
Area=outcrop area
Ec=medium confined thickness
CE=medium specific capacity
Em=medium thickness
Q=medium outflow predominant by well
T=medium transmissivity
Exsub=subsurface extension
Prof=well depth
K=medium apparent permeability
S=medium accumulating coefficient
Source:Adapt to DAEE, (1984) e Hirata, R.C.A. et. al
(1997).

25
150.000 Km². Its hydrologic characteristics are heterogeneity and anisotropy. Its hydraulically
characteristics are:
* predominant medium outflow for well from 3 to 10 m³/h
* depth of the wells from 100 to 150 meters
* specific capacity from 0,005 to 1,0 m³/h/m
* medium transmissivity from 70 to 1,300 m²/d
* apparent permeability from 0,5 to 4,6 m/d
Figure 8: Geologic A-B section to Parana Sedimentary Basin and principal 3 Aquifer Systems.
4.1.1 TUBARÃO AQUIFER (PALEOZOIC)
This aquifer system is the deepest and is formed by the oldest sediments of the Paraná Basin,
with more than 450 million years during the Silurian; when the unstable glacial atmosphere,
tectonic very active and invasions of tides of the diverse closed and small seas; they had originated
intercalated and heterogeneous deposits of diverse granulations and compositions (clay, silt, sand,
pebbles and calcareous rocks), with hundreds of meters of thickness.

26
The Tubarão Aquifer System, can be subdivided in the aquifers Units Aquidauana and
Itararé, where the last is the biggest one. It possesses an outcrop area of 20.700 km2
, a thickness of
1.000 meters in average, an extension in subsurface of 16.500 Km² and a confined thickness of
1600 meters. Its hydrologic characteristics are:
• Regional extension
• Granular (locally fissured)
• Free to semi-confined
• Heterogeneous
• Discontinuous
• Anisotropic (locally discontinuous and isotropic)
And its hydraulically characteristics are:
• predominant medium outflow for well from 3 to 30 m³/h
• depth of the wells from 100 to 300 meters
• specific capacity from 0,005 to 8,5 m³/h/m
• medium transmissivity from 0,3 to 200 m²/d
• apparent permeability from 0,002 to 0,7 m/d
• medium accumulating coefficient from 0,0001 to 0,05
As described above, in comparison with the Guarani Aquifer the majority of the Paleozoic
sediments is not very satisfactory with respect to the hydrogeologic parameters of amount and
quality of the groundwaters. However, it possesses located points of high static level and good
outflow.
In the edges or east, south and the northwest margins of the Paraná Basin, where the Guarani
Aquifer does not exist or outcrops in surface, the Tubarão Aquifer System constitutes the principal
regional aquifer, presenting maximum outflows of 50 m3
/h.
In these places the outflow increases after the depth of 200 meters, as well as the salinity, the
sulphur contents and the natural artesian. Normally they are confined aquifer and in superior depths

27
to the hypsometric domains of 500 meters. Almost always present thermally and natural artesian
water for times gusher.
As described previously the more important geologic units of this aquifer are, the sandstones
of Furnas Formation from Devonian group of the Paraná Basin, the sandy sheets from Inferior
Permian of the Aquidauana and Itararé Formation, the Rio Bonito Formation from Medium
Permian, the Rio do Rastro Formation of the Passa Dois Group from Superior Permian age. (Table
1)
Normally fine sandstones represent them, for times coursed. The sandstones are quartzes
with argillaceous matrix. The present structures are channel stratification, plain parallel to crossed
lamination.
Due to this great lithologic variety and structural complexity, as in depth (stratigraphy) as
regional geography, verifies its great differences in the outflows, static levels and physicist-
chemistry compositions.
4.1.2 GUARANI AQUIFER (MESOZOIC)
Until the decade of 70 the Guarani Aquifer was subdivided in other 3:
- Botucatu in Brazil
- Taquarimbó in Paraguay
- Missiones in Argentina.
Studies of the American Space Agency (NASA) proved to be only one aquifer; initially
called Giant Aquifer of the Mercosul and after paid homage to the Indian Guarani Nation, which
originally inhabited this entire region.
Situated in great part under the rivers that form the Hydrographic Basin of the Paraná River,
the Guarani is the biggest aquifer reservoir of groundwater of the world, with approximately 1,2

28
million km², with 840.000 km² in Brazil, 225.500 km² in Argentina, 71.700 km² in Paraguay and
58.500 km² in Uruguay, with an outcrop area 30% minor than all Paraná Basin. (Figure 9)
With permanent reserves (Vsat X Vpress) of water of 45.000 km³ (45 trillions of m³), can
supply a population of 360 million inhabitants (300 L/day/inhabt.). Today, the actual population
served are15 million inhabitants.
In Uruguay, this aquifer covers approximately 40% of its territory and has a volumetric
potential that can reach for one hour 800.000 m3 to 1.000.000 m3
.
In Brazil, the Guarani Aquifer occur in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul-MS(17,8%), Rio
Grande do Sul-RS (13,2%), São Paulo-SP (13%), Paraná-PR (11%), Goiás-GO (4,6%), Minas
Gerais-MG (4,4%), Santa Catarina-SC (4,1%) and Mato Grosso-MT (2,2%) (Figure 5). However,
the main recharge areas that must be preserved are in this last state. (Figure 10)
Due to great geographic comprised, it possessed many paleoambients during its
sedimentation. Among the dominant ones they are distinguished:
- Triassic (240 million years) occur great sea regression, predominating at the end lacustrine
and fluvial continental environments with gradual climatic transition for a desert similar to the
Saara. All this over the same continent. In Brazil originated the Pirambóia and Rosário do Sul
Formation and Buena Vista had originated in Uruguay.
- Jurassic (200 to 140 million years) was an immense desert with Aeolian sediments.
Sedimentary formations called Botucatu in Brazil, Missiones in Argentina and Uruguay and
Taquarimbó in Paraguay.
– Cretaceous (130 to 90 million years) intense volcanism, result of the separation with the
African continent. Successive spills of basaltic lava had re-covered the desert reaching 1.500 meters
of thickness in some areas. Only the edges of the spills, corroded for the erosion, appear in the
surface, on the form of outcrops and for sandstones of the Pirambóia Formation which was
penetrated for the rain water that accumulated in it.

29
Figure 9: Mercosul map, with limits areas: Direct Recharge (Rd) and Indirect (Ri), Discharge (D)
e No correlated drainage basins (N) to Guarani Aquifer System. (Gobbi, 2004)

30
Figure 10: 3D Block to Guarani Aquifer System and brazilian States
Due to these several paleoambients, that formed its lithologies, the Guarani Aquifer presents
the following hydrogeologic characteristics:
• great regional extension
• granular
• free to confined
• homogeneous
• continuous
• isotropic
This Aquifer System can be subdivided into two Aquifer Units that are called by:
Botucatu - Free Portion (Bpl) (packages of sanstones where produces the recharge) Botucatu
- Confined Portion (Bpc) (packages sandstones covered of basaltic volcanic lava)

31
The Bpl unit possesses a medium thickness of 250 meters and its hydraulically
• specific capacity from 0,03 to 17 m³/h/m
• medium accumulating coefficient from 0,001 to 0,2
The Bpc unit possess a medium thickness of 500 meters, an extension in subsurface of
136.800 Km² and a medium confined thickness of 500 meters. Its hydraulically characteristics are:
• medium transmissivity from 70 to 1,300 m²/d
• medium accumulating coefficient from 1x10-6 to 1x10-4
Therefore the hydrogeologic point of view they are the best aquifer of the Paraná Basin,
because they are permeable, homogeneous, great capacity of recharge and mainly high outflows,
when very distant of the recharge area. (Figure 9)
In function of the great reached depths and the pilling up of basalt that overlaps itself, the
waters of this aquifer are hot (50 the 120 C°). About 70% of its total area it presents artesian
conditions. (Figure 11)
The majority of the researchers limits the Guarani Aquifer stratigraphicaly, only inside of
the Mesozoic age (Triassic, Jurassic and Inferior Cretaceous periods), ranging from 245 to 100
million years. Others, correlate it to the Paraná Basin; including the oldest packages of Paleozoic
age - Silurian Period (more than 400 million years).

32
Beyond very permeable, this aquifer normally presents excellent index of drinkability, in
special in the central regions of Paraná Basin. In deep perforations and/or next its edges in the
Paraná Basin, its waters are also under influence of the Tubarão Aquifer.
Figure 11: Water deep and economic uses map to Parana Sedimentary Basin

33
4.1.3 SERRA GERAL AQUIFER
The basalts of this basin represent one of the most important volcanism of the globe. Its
esteem original extension in 4.000.000km2
finds 1.000.000km2
reduced, of which 720.000km2
in
Brazilian territory. They outcrop, of practically continuous form, about 56% of this area, and the
remaining are re-covered by the sediments of the Cauiá and or Bauru Formation (Cenozoic).
The Serra Geral Aquifer (Figure 8) has approximately an outcrop area of 32,000 Km², with
medium thickness of 150 meters and an extension in subsurface of 10.400 Km². Its hydrogeologic
• limited extension
• fissured
• eventual character
• free to confined
• discontinuous
• heterogeneous
• anisotropic
Its hydraulically characteristics are:
• medium transmissivity from 1 to 700 m²/d
The volcanic rocks of the Serra Geral Formation is represented by two distinct sets of rocks,
originated approximately to 130 million years, during the separation of the South American and
African continents:
a) An inferior set composed for basic rocks, of basaltic filiations, intercalated with
intertrapped sandstones.

34
b) a superior set acid spills, composed for Riodacites and Riolites of gray color.
In the intrusive phase, the volcanic rocks are called of Diabase, and when they are displayed
in surface behave as the basalts, forming the Diabase aquifer.
Normally they originate relives under the form of Cuestas, with associate peripheral
depressions. The hillsides of these mountain ranges (Cuestas), are sufficiently parted and
discontinuous, behaving as discharge area and providing the arising of many springs.
The great economic importance of the basalts provides from the recognized fertility of the
soils, base of intense farming exploration and the favorable conditionings (topographical and
geotechnical) to the implantation of hydroelectric.
Its hydrogeologic importance elapses of the relative employability of its aquifer zones. Also
they are very important structural conditionings that cause confinement of other aquifer, conditions
of underground storage and influence in the physicist-chemistry compositions of the near aquifer or
bedrocks (Figure 12).
4.2 HYDROCHEMISTRY
All the natural waters possess, in distinct degrees, a set of salts in solution (Total Dissolved
Solids =TDS), being that the groundwaters possess, in general, contents raiser than the surface
waters, due to be intimately displayed to the soluble materials presents in soils and rocks.
In areas with high pluviometric index the constant recharge of the aquifer allows a bigger
renewal of groundwaters, with consequent dilution of salts in solution.
The amount and type of salts present in the groundwater originate its hydrochemistries
varieties that are governed by the geologic structures, lithologies and for the principles of the
geochemistry and the dynamics of superficial and groundwaters. In summary, they can depend on
the following factors:
- water flow environment (hydraulically gradients, porosity and permeability).

35
Figure 12: Stratigraphic profile to aquifers recharge and confined areas - São Paulo/BRA
- Type and speed of the underground flow
- Source of recharge
- Climate of the region
- pluviometric index with recharge
- Mobility and dispersion of the elements and substances (chemistry reactivity)

36
- Type and abundance of argyle minerals, organic matter, iron hydroxide, manganese,
aluminum and other components of the bedrocks.
In diverse regional studies, it is possible to differentiate a chemical hydrostratigraphy in the
different water-bearing systems of the Paraná Basin. Great geologic, paleoambientals, structural and
tectonic differences described in previous items, are the main factors the hydrochemistry
differentiation (very heterogeneous) or the Hydrodiversity of this Hydrogeologic Province.
A chemical signature for each aquifer can be evidenced and this facilitates the distinction for
the researchers.
The simultaneous capitation of two aquifers will be able eventually to mask the
geochemistry type of waters of principal aquifer. In other areas of the Paraná Basin we can have a
different hydrochemistry behavior for this aquifer.
In general way, this basin possess, comparatively to others of the world, few and thin
evaporitic sedimentary deposits originating low background of salinity in its groundwaters. The
most important source of salts for its waters is in the proper origin of paleoambients and conditions
of digenesis.
Following the hydrochemistry characteristics of the aquifer correspondents are described to
the main mineral spring water families of the Paraná Basin:
- Tubarão Aquifer = Sodium Chloride-Sulfate, Sulphur, salinity (TDS) 1,0 to 10,0 g/l, pH
7,5 to 10,0 and great compositionaldiversity.
- Guarani Aquifer = Calcium Sodium Bicarbonate, thermal, salinity (TDS) 0.1 to 0,7 g/l,
pH 5,0 to 9,0 increasing with the confined depths, as well as chlorides.
- Serra Geral Aquifer = Sodium Bicarbonate, pH 8,0, salinity (TDS) 0,4 g/l and high
content of Silicium.
4.2.1 TUBARÃO AQUIFER (PALEOZOIC)

37
The waters are generally confined and connate, with little circulation and physics-chemistry
compositions similar to the time of its sedimentation. Thus, preserving the characteristics of the
paleoambients of small closed seas with complex salinity and inferior contents to the actual oceans
(2 to 6 g/l, against 35 g/l).
They are considered senile waters, predominating sulfates and chlorides anions, beyond
Bromides and Borates; generally of Sodium.
When proceeding from depths between 100 and 200 meters in all edge of the basin, the
waters increase their contents of salinity and sulphur, their complexity in salts and diversity in
oligoelements.
Perhaps the most distinct characteristic of these waters is pH, which is superior to 7,5;
reaching pH 10.
It is common the mixture with waters of sedimentary formations of superior levels as the
Irati Formation and other aquifer ones less expressive in outflow, but with wealth in sulphur and
organic substance.
The majority of knowledges of this aquifer had been obtained through the petroliferous
prospecting and in perforations of deep wells. Therefore, its hydrochemistry conditionings are
sufficiently special and different of the superficial waters with great circulation.
4.2.2 GUARANI AQUIFER (MESOZOIC)
They are waters generally with free circulation, common drinkability, salinity (TDS)
between 15 and 200 mg/l, pH 5 to 7, of Calcium-Sodium Bicarbonate composition, HCO3 with 80%
of anions and superior chloride contents to the sulfates.
It possesses great geochemistry influence, according to the positioning of the recharge areas
and degree of confinement exerted the spills and dikes of basaltic volcanic rock and few times for
argillaceous levels.

38
In the area of recharge and proximities possibilities of outflows exist up to 10 m³/h. In the
confinement areas the wells supply outflows that reach 80 m³/h.
The total solids near to the recharge areas varying between 15 and 100 mg/l. PH varies
between 5,0 and 6,9. Relations Na+1
>Ca+2
>Mg+2
for cations and HCO3
-1
>Cl-1
>SO4
-2
for anions
predominate.
In the confined areas, the waters are Sodium Bicarbonate, with salinity of the 650 mg/l and
alkaline pH between 8 and 9. In the deeper regions, the chloride contents increase with pH and
salinity(TDS).
4.2.3 SERRA GERAL AQUIFER
In drinkability terms, the waters of the basalts reveal a strong alkaline tendency and total
mineralization (TDS) inferior to 300mg/l. The high silica contents are emphasized (superior to 30
mg/l).
In the hillsides of the mountain, the waters of the Serra Geral Aquifer are excellent, with dry
residue rarely exceeding 50 mg/l, acid pH and Calcium Bicarbonate chemistry composition with
Ca+1
>Mg+2
>Na+2
.
Towards the north, in the plateaus region, the wells present waters with salinities that do not
exceed 200 mg/l, Sodium Bicarbonate with acid pH to alkaline one. According to Hausman (1995),
the secondary mineralization, when it occurs, seems to be associated with the different tectonic
directions and variations in the depths of the wells. I
In areas re-covered for basalt, the sodium contents are higher, pH becomes alkaline and the
TDS can reach 350 mg/l.

39
5. ECONOMIC USE OF AQUIFERS
5.1. ACTUAL USES
Because of its sustainable and whole use, the aquifer potential of Paraná Sedimentary Basin,
especially Guarani Aquifer, has a great social and economic reach, such as: industrial and domestic
public water supply, agrobusiness activities and an alternative source of energy. In many medium
size inner cities of Brazil, the public water supply entirely depends on this source. (Figure 11)
The characteristics of this water reservoir and its reloaded potential are responsible for the
important deal of development of the use of the aquifer more in Brazil and Uruguay, and less in
Paraguay and Argentina.
In Brazil, along the years, an exponential growth of water use has been noticed. Most of it
can be explained by the excellent quality of this water not only for human consumption (public
water supply can be done without special treatment) but also for industries and agricultural
production, resulting in a very favorable cost-benefit relation if comparing it with the use of
superficial treated water.
Another attribute of this water source is the natural and thermal artesian spring in several
regions as, for example, Paissandu, Salto and Artigas in Uruguay, and Fernandópolis, Presidente
Epitácio and Araçatuba in Brazil.
The Guarani Aquifer System represents, at this moment, a great and strategic reserve which
has an incipient good use. It can be used as an important and sustainable water source cooperating
to generate thermal-electric energy which can accelerate the social and economic development of
Mercosul with less financial resources as the ones generally demanded in order to build water
plants or thermal-electric plants by hydrocarbon, avoiding the resulting environmental impact.
In the south of Brazil and in Uruguay, a region with fine weather with cold winter time, the
waters from theses geothermal aquifers are destined to public water supply, as well as houses'

40
heating process, frosts prevention, dry grains, development of greenhouse and fish cultures, and
leisure centers.
The main focus of this study will be the great potential on increasing of tourism activities,
especially in inner and less developed cities where these thermal aquifer systems, rich in mineral,
can provide better results as themes of Hydrothermal.
5.2 THERMALISM AND HEALTH TOURISM GOOD USE
In the countries member of Mercosul, there are many other Thermal Springs which are not
located in Paraná Sedimentary Basin and have mineral and medicinal waters. These regions
practice Hydrothermal activities, internationally recognized, but they are not part of this study.
Exemples:
• Argentina: Cacheuta, Copahue, El Sosneado, Reyes, Crué-Epecuén, Pismanta,
Rosario de la Frontera, Puente Del Inca, Guatraché, La Laja, Larroudé, Los moldes, Pedro Luro,
Pres. Roque Saénz Peña, Punta Mongotes, Santa Teresita, Valle de los Andes, Cajon Grande, El
Azufre, Rio Hondo, Miramar, ...
• Brazil: Araxá, Caxambú, São Lourenço, Cambuquira, Lambari, Poços de Caldas,
Gravatal, Cipó, Itapicurú, Caldas Novas, Raposos, Pádua, Santo Amaro da Imperatriz, Águas de
Lindóia, Águas da Prata, Campos do Jordão, Atibaia, Serra Negra, Amparo,
• Uruguay: Costanera Sur and north with coast resorts due to Pre-cambrians cristaline
stones/rocks.
Paraná Sedimentary Bay with its extended and thick arenaceous underground deposits,
stores a giant and geochemical diversified reservoir, summarized here as a Hydromineral Province
which includes the aquifer systems of Tubarão, Guarani and Serra Geral.
Much of the knowledge about these aquifers come from deep prospecting and perforations
for Petroleum. Only in Brazil, more than 300 (three hundred) deep wells were executed; where,

41
several times, many mineral and thermal water springs were found, even though with high artificial
geysers. A common and famous quotation of the petroleum prospectors is " ...however, it was
found only water."
Due to specific geo-structural characteristics of this Hydromineral province, as well as for
the water mixture in the wells which crosses many horizontal aquifers, the waters physical and
chemical composition are diversified and with rare complexity.
The historical good use of the waters in recreational, resorts and hydro-therapy activities are
observed. More than 55 (fifty-five) cities with practice and information of these activities were
localized in the region pointed out. Many of them reach the status of Hydromineral
Ranches/Hotels/Resorts or Thermal waters Stations with governmental recognition and financial
aid. In these regions of greater Thermalism development, the water temperature are higher,
probably because of its facility of application of all stages of balneotherpyconcepts of " tepidarium
and caldarium, besides the frigidarium".
In Uruguay, the potential is not restrict to the inner cities therefore these aquifers goes to the
coast, the most important area of the country. It is believed that this area integrated to Argentinean
and Brazilian coastal zone can be soon the most powerful corridor of Thermalism in South
America. However, there is a lack of planning and preservation politics.
It is observed that the therapeutic historical use done by the local population is the same as it
is recommended by the main international mineral spring waters (crenologic) classifications found
at Paraná Sedimentary Basin.
However, because of its dimensions and potential, it is considered that the nowadays
information are insufficient and badly distributed. Fewer scientific researches were finished. Most
of them were done on the 50s and 60s, time of the development of the main Hydromineral
Resorts/Ranches with luxurious and fine infrastructure.
Another issue related to the Thermalism activity is on the water bottling of Guarani Aquifer
as mineral or potable; due to its microbiological purity, slightness, low levels of salt, and pleasant

42
palate. This is so because of bicarbonates, sulfur and sodium carbonates presence which turns the
flavor a little bitter taste with different sweet and salty nuances.
5.3. OBSERVED HYDRODIVERSITY
It presents the observed Hydrodiversity as a variety and heterogeneity of hydrochemical
aspects and crenologic classifications.
Table 3 shows the results of trying to complement the bibliography information, compiled
so far, with data of 55 wells or springs of regions where it is known that the practice of Thermalism
activities and Health Tourism / Wellness tourism activities exist even in a precarious way.
The same regions were numbered and plotted in a South America map (Figure 13) and in a
geological map of Brazil (Figure 14).
The hydrological information was supplied by the people responsible for each place and
most of the physical and chemical analyses of Brazil were done by CPRM (Mineral Resources
Research Company). The crenologic classifications were based on the Federal Code of Mineral
Waters of Brazil – 1945. (Table 4)
A variety of uses in recreational, hydroterapies and balneoterapies activities was the same
with the popular therapeutic or cure uses, many times coincident to observed with the international
crenologic recommendations (Cuba-CENTERVISA e França- Décret n°89-369 du 6 juin 1989).
They are connected with the ones described by the people responsible for the Springs sources.

43
# Locality
Est/
Country
Ph T (°C)
TDS
(mg/l)
Outlet
(l/h)
Classification
Deep
(m)
$
1 Jataí GO 45 abundante hiperthermal sulphur 2.700 art. 4
2
Cachoeira
Dourada
GO 7,8 39 7780 210000
alkaline, hiperthermal, bicarbonate,
chloride-sulfate, Fluoride, Litium
470 art. 3
3 Patrocínio MG 9 27,8
alkaline, carbonate, sulfate and
sulphur
4
4 Jales SP 6 62 Oligo 700000 acid, hiperthermal 4
5 Fernandópolis SP 8,3 58,7 135 450000 hiperthermal - naturaly potable 1473 art. 4
6
São José do Rio
Preto
SP 9,8 44 248
alkaline, hiperthermal, sodium
bicarbonate and fluoride
Profundo 2
7 Olímpia SP 47 350000 hiperthermal 2460 4
8 Ibirá SP 9,9 23,4 312 4170
alkaline sulphur, carbonate, fluoride,
vanadium and iron
307 5
9 Pitangueiras SP 8,5 42 137 230000 alkaline, hiperthermal 696 1
10 Araçatuba SP 8,6 48 279 416650
bicarbonate, fluoride
4
11 Lins SP 9,8 39 325 500000
bicarbonate
4
12
Presidente
Epitácio
SP 9,8 70 664 1000000
bicarbonate
1718 art. 4
13
Presidente
Prudente
SP 8,52 40 660 60
chloride-sulfate, fluoride
1600 art. 5
14
Paraguaçu
Paulista
SP 6,68 52 40 100000
hiperthermal - naturaly potable
3600 4
15 Piratininga SP 7,9 39,5 10700
alkaline hiperthermal, bicarbonate,
alkaline earth metals, boron and iron
1600 art. 4
16
Águas de São
Pedro
SP 9,1 32,3 1930 12500
alkaline, sulphur, bicarbonate,
chloride-sulfate
6
17
Águas de Santa
Bárbara
SP 7,55 27,3 137 29170
oligoelements, radon
3
18 Bofete SP bicarbonate, sulfate 1
19 Guarei SP 19,2
sulphur chloride-sulfate, litium and
manganese
1

44
# Locality
Est/
Country
Ph T (°C)
TDS
(mg/l)
Outlet
(l/h)
Classification
Dee
p
(m)
$
20 Bandeirantes PR 9,3 32 15000
alkaline, sulphur, sodium bicarbonate,
chloride-sulfate
102 2
21
Cornélio
Procópio
PR 32,4 500000
sulphur, bicarbonate, calcium and
magnesium
4
22 Arapoti PR sulphur, bicarbonate 1
23 Maringá PR 8,9 54 Media 100000
chloride-sulfate, fluoride
1190 4
24 Iretama PR 9,1 42 395 10200
alkaline, hiperthermal, sulphur, bicarbonate,
fluoride
4
25 Guarapuava PR 9,14 29 733 2500 alkaline. hipothermal, sodium, alkali metals 4
26 Mallet PR 18 Oligo 350 sulphur 4
27 Verê PR 36,5
alkaline, mesothermal, sodium bicarbonate,
iron
3
28 Coronel Vivida PR 34,7 mesothermal, sulphur, bicarbonate 2
29 Chopinzinho PR 38 isothermal. sulphur, bicarbonate 1
30 Palmas PR 9 3580 alkaline, sulphur, sodium bicarbonate 1
31 Palmitos SC 8,2 38 1300
isothermal, sulphur, bicarbonate, chloride-
sulfate, fluoride, bromide, iodine, aluminum
3
32 São Carlos SC 8,51 31 545 1250 sulphur, chloride-sulfate 80 4
33 Chapecó SC 36 702
alkaline, isothermalsulphur, sodium
bicarbonate, chloride-sulfate
3
34 Piratuba SC 38,6 29170
hiperthermal, hipotonic, sulphur, sodium
bicarbonate, chloride-sulfate
2271 3
35 Tubarão SC 7,9 32 515 54250 alkaline, hipothermal, sodium bicarbonate 6
36 Vicente Dutra RS 31 2680 sulphur 2
37 Iraí RS 36 1300 17375
mesothermal, bicarbonate, chloride-sulfate,
radon
4
38
Marcelinho
Ramos
RS 38
hiperthermal, sulphur
4
39 Catuíbe RS 250
oligoelements, bicarbonate, chloride-sulfate,
alkaline earth metals
2

45
# Locality
Est/
Country
Ph T (°C)
TDS
(mg/l)
Outlet
(l/h)
Classification
Dee
p
(m)
$
40 Ijuí RS Fria 4170 bicarbonate, chloride-sulfate 3
41 Chajai ARG 7,8 38 658
mesothermal, sodium bicarbonate, clhoride,
boron, arsenium, iron, manganese,
aluminum
5
42 Maria Grande ARG 7,9 47 99000
hiperthermal, sodium bicarbonate, chloride-
sulfate, calcium, magnesium, potassium
1180 6
43 Federación ARG 7,2 43 670 450000
chloride-sulfate, calcium, potassium,
silicium
1260 4
44 Concordia ARG 7,9 46 300 400000
alkaline, hiperthermal, sodium bicarbonate,
fluoride, iron, calcium, magnesium, radon
1200 4
45 Villa Elisa ARG 7,7 41 14500
hiperthermal, sodium chloride-sulfate,
fluoride, iron, calcium, magnesium
1036 4
46 Colón ARG 900
mesothermal, sodium bicarbonate,
phosphate, potassium
900 4
47
Conception del
Uruguay
ARG 11000 720 3
48 Gualeguaychú ARG 17000 2
49 La Paz ARG 42 85000
hiperthermal, chloride-sulfate, calcium,
magnesium, strontium
1500 5
50 Arapey URU 41 860000 thermal 1300 6
51 Dayman URU 46 310000 iodine, iron, calcium, magnesium 2000 7
52 Salto Grande URU 37 thermal 5
53 Sanicanor URU 45 1107 3
54 Guaviyú URU 8,9 40 600
alkaline, mesothermal, sodium and mist
bicarbonate, sulfate
5
55 Almirón URU 34 2000 3
Source: Medicina hidrológica: moderna terapêutica das águas minerais e estâncias de Cura (Mourão, 1992), www.termasworld.come www.termasalud.com.
TDS = Total Dissolved Solids
art. = natural artesian
Table 3: Principal Mercosul - Parana Sedimentary Basin localities with mineral spring waters

46
Figure 13: Plotation map of principal mineral spring waters in to Parana Sedimentary Basin.

47
Figure 14: Localization and classification of principal brazilian mineral spring waters in Parana Sedimentary Basin.

48
Source = Mineral Waters brazilian Code, 1945
Red = Dermatologic uses.
Green = Nervous System uses (to SPAs).
Table 4: Mineral Spring Waters (crenologic) classifications and health uses- Parana Sedimentary
Basin Aquifers - MERCOSUL
Water
Classification Health indications
Fluoride tostrengthen bones and teeth health
Radon/Radium
fights kidney stones and e bihomes; to better digestion; to calm,
laxative, filter fat excess of the blood
Borate development and metabolism of the bones, teeth, and brain
Sodium
Chloride
alleviate irritated skins; obesity, stomatitis, diarrhea
Sulphur
to rheumatism, skin illnesses - dermatitis, arthritis and general
inflammations
Bromide
sedatives and tranquilizes, fight the insomnia, nervousness,
emotional disequilibria, epilepsy and hysteria
Sodium Sulfate to stomatitis, hepatic problems, constipation womb, colitis
Sodium
Bicarbonate
stomach illnesses, as gastro duodenum stomatitis and ulcers,
hepatitis and diabetes
Alkaline diminish the stomach acidity and good skin moisturizer
Sulfate anti-inflammatory and antitoxic actuation
Lithium tranquilizes, treatment of insanities and dependences drugs
Oligoelements &
Radon
moisturize skin, good cleanser and to personal hygiene,
dieresis, detoxify the body and liver, uric acid, inflammations of the
urine ways, allergies and hard work stress. Fatigue

49
The “$” column of the same tables indicate the different levels of economic good use
related to the Thermalism, which are based as the following:
1 Hydromineral natural occurrence only - with analysis - rustic and popular use
2 Public bath - fountain - with mineral spring water (crenologic) classification
3 Historical indications of therapeutic purposes (empirical) - balneological indications -
tourism information - geological characterization- pool.
4 Recreational clubs - Health tourism as a transitory aspect - Hydrotherapy, good
infrstructure - Hydromineral ranch/station recognition - local population
consciousness - parks and other attractive tourismplaces - ecotourism.
5 Scientific studies of weather and Crenology - Spas and cooking, bacteriological
exams - modern resorts based on wellness medicinal properties (crenotherapies) and
sanitary fail - specialization of stations = initial study of water medical qualities.
6 Hydromineral Ranch/Resort with hotel /SPA, "five stars" (high standard hotel), and
production of Thermal cosmetic products - compiled information of equipments and
services offered to the Thermalism.
7 Thermal Hospital specialized in Hydrologic Medicine - thermal Center or Thermal
Complex with Thermal treatment done daily - Crenologic Doctor
5.4 CLIMATISM (WEATHER ISSUES)
Taking the weather into consideration as a factor of significant influence to the Thermalism
and crenotherapy practice, it is possible to identify, generally, two specific kinds of
weather(climate) and relief of the region.
Mild temperate climate in the plateaus of medium elevationand subtropical climate of hight
elevation.

50
The highest relief (1.200 meters) are located next to the Basalt Cuesta that come around
almost all sedimentary basin, close to the limit of Tubarão and Guarani Aquifer.
The highest temperatures (annual average of 25º C) with the lowest seasonal variation are in
the north portion, right at São Paulo State (Brazil). In the south, the climate becomes colder at
winter time with temperatures below 0ºC. And at summer time, the climate is a bit milder.
The relief influence is more important in the characterization of aquifers exploitation
conditions through the wells. Effectively, the free aquifers water levels become deep to extremely
deep considering the high plateaus and range domain, while they can be sub outcrop in the
depressed zones of the relief. The confined aquifers represent the artesian spring on the
hypsometers domain located less than 500 meters, on average.
5.5 DATA INTERPRETATION
Observing Table 3, Figures 13 and 14, it is possible to conclude that most of the places
where Health Tourism / Wellness and Thermalism activities happen, the Hydrominral Spring
sources come from deep wells (over 300 meters) and high outlet flow (over 50 m3/h), presenting
natural artesian spring or even very high flood, like artificial geysers.
Fewer places with such characteristics are found only on Tubarão Aquifer (Localities =
16,17,18,19,22,25,26 e 36). Most of the places have levels of economic good use related to the
Thermalism = 3. And few of them exceed level=4, especially in Brazil, which the lack of
investments is evidnced.
In relation to the physical and chemical properties in general:
ü pH always over 8.0 ( reaching highs of world expression over 9.5)
ü Common high temperature, specially with deep over 300 meters, being deeper in the
central region of Paraná Basin and where the Basalt confinements happen.

51
ü salinity or residues at 180 °C.(TDS) always over 300 mg/l with highs of 17.000 at
99.000 mg/l. An average of 2,4 g/l (15 times lower than the sea water = 35 g/l and
more diversified than just NaCl).
ü compositional similarities evidenced.
ü simultaneous presence of the main anions with the following classification:
carbonates, bicarbonates, chloride, sulfate, sulphur, fluoride and bromide.
ü chloride-sulfate and sodium bicarbonates predominance.
ü Na+1
, Cl-1
e SO4
-2
world highlighted levels.
ü Oligoelements diversity, highlighted levels in = Li, B, Cu, V and Mn.
ü Frequent presence of sulfurous gas and the complex sulphur salts composition
(sulphureous waters), international outstanding standard levels. It is possible to
observe its origin by the old sulphur-reducing showing a non-volcanic origin. They
present higher levels of sulphur when they reach Irati and Itararé Formation.
ü Less meaningful radioactivity, however when observed the spontaneous outflow or
natural artesian spring, the horroradioactivity became interesting.
ü Great microbiological parameters.
ü Alkalinity and bicarbonates potentially developed some sulphurs crenotherapies.
A full range of the classifications with crenotherapeutic indications related to Dermatology
(in red in the crenologic classification table), as well as in elements considerate calming elements
(in green in the crenologic classification table).
This way, the rich Hydrodiversity of these wells are evidenced especially because they have
waters coming from three main aquifer systems described in this research: Tubarão, Guarani and
Serra Geral.

52
6. RELATIONS WITH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The governments of Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentine with the aid from World
Bank and Organization of the American State (OAS), have demanded to promote the development
of a project GEF (Global Environment Facility) in order to accomplish the Aquifer Guarani
utilization with sustainable development criterion.
Perhaps this be one of the last regions of the world with this abundance very diversified
natural reserves, with natural potential low advantage and attractive internal market to the
development of activities related to health tourism (wellness) and Thermalism. Because its
population is numerous, their elevated socio-economic indices and satisfactory infrastructure,
moderate climates and by the intense European colonization (which owns tradition in this sector).
Considering the bases of the World Manifest of Thermalism (1975), perhaps this be one of
the development best options to if accomplish the goals of the XXI Agenda to the region.
These waters must be valorized to the best preservation of these aquifers, true lain of
precious waters, through smaller impacts and larger popular understanding. It considers raw
materials for the increase of the tourist activities, which admittedly improve the income levels,
culture and life quality (welfare state); generating more jobs and with larger specialization for
monetary unit lunge.
For so much considers necessary, the next actions:
• increase of the knowledges of waters, their reserves and applications recreation,
balneotherapyand hydrotherapy;
• increase in the knowledge multidisciplinary level;
• environmental education addressed to the water, groundwater and tourist thematic;
• larger divulgation of the information;
• joint rising of all natural, historical and cultural patrimonies;
• regional inventory for the tourism;

53
• agglutination in Hydrothermal circuits;
• preferences to the SPAs Sectors and Pharmacosmetics (due to the favorable natural
physicist-chemical compositions to these sectors) and
• strategic planning for investments in the sector.
It is necessary to avoid that these aquifer be contaminated by polluters sources, mostly for
agrotoxics, of which Atrazine is one of the most probable. This contamination will be able to
penetrate by the areas where it outcrop, which are in the edges of the Basin Sedimentary of Paraná
and coincides with São Paulo's important green belt, Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Parana (PR) and
Rio Grande do Sul (RS) States.
Although of this possibility to be remote due to these sandy rocks act like true natural filters,
there are other more serious risks to these waters and to what’s it should alert. For example, the
great number of wells executed very nearby, with intense pumping and inadequate technology, in
certain regions. Profound wells are also observed, mostly petroliferous, abandoned and opened by
several decades. Especially in Brazil the inspection needs to be more rigorous.

54
7. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
Mercosul is an economic reality of continental dimensions: a total area of more than 11
million ofkm2
; a market of 200 million of inhabitants; a GIP accumulated of more than1 trillion of
dollars, indicating that it is between the four larger economies of the world, after the NAFTA,
European Union and Japan.
This region is one of the main reserves of natural and energetic resources, still little explored
of the planet. Among these potentials is the development of the health tourism (wellness) and
Thermalism about mineral spring waters Province of the Parana Basin Sedimentary, could originate
the Mercosul`s Circuit Hydrothermal. Thus adding, plus one important touristy theme, beyond
diverse other natural attract ivies of international prominence that this region possess, serving also
for all its extension of the waterway (hidrovia) Tietê-Paraná. (Figure 15)
Figure 15: Tourstic boat - Tiete-Parana Waterway

55
So that occurs it is necessary investments in infrastructure and to attract businessmen of the
host sector and thematic to Thermalism, tourism or health, besides the increment and disclosure of
the knowledges of this sector and of Hydrodiversity attached to the populations of the locations
with such natural endowments.
The moment is also opportune for the development of these activities, because this
"emerging" region owns rulers of socialist tendency therefore with larger political concern to
increase the preventive considered, natural and/or complementary medicines; and decrease the great
public deficits related Social Service.
It considers that the elevated Hydrodiversity of aquifer of this basin sedimentary, especially
of the Tubarão, is not homogeneous in all its extension. Although of this diversity include the most
mineral spring water classifications (Crenology), including the radioactivity; it suggests to search its
regional zonings to obtain the wished waters.
Also it is suggested to know their tectonic structures or paleoambients, that can generate
traps to obtain more mineralized or hot wells and, in smaller depths; for example, in the edges of the
Parana Sedimentary Basin, where the aquifer is only the Tubarão, being possible to reach elevated
saline levels more easily.
Finally, this work is illustrating with photos, publicities and pages of the InterNet (links)
relative the quoted main places.
Besides there are several other places that own the same potential, however they were not
collected information and/or their level of thermal economic utilization are incipient. Example:
Basavilbaso and Lendro N. Alem (ARG); Treze Tílias, Caibi, Quilombo and Saudades (Santa
Catarina/BRA); Candói and Dr. Camargo (Paraná/BRA) and Anhembi, Charqueada, Piracicaba
(Figure 16), Rio Claro and Tupã (São Paulo/BRA).

56
Figure 16: 500 meters deep well, with natural artesian Mineral Spring Water, 40 years old
abandon (Piracicaba/SP/BRA)

57
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TODD, D. K. (1959) – Hidrologia das Águas Subterrâneas. Editora Edgard Blucher Ltda. São
Paulo/BRA. 319 p.
VELENZUELA, M. A. (1968) – Compêncdio de Hidrologia Médica. Editorial Científico Médica.
Barcelona/ESP. 317 p.
ZALÁN, P.V.; WOLFF, S.; CONCEIÇÃO, J.C. de.; ASTOLFI, M.A.M.; VIEIRA, I.S.; APPI,
V.T.; ZANOTTO, O.A. (1987) - Tectônica e sedimentação da Bacia do Paraná. In:
Simpósio Sul-Brasileiro Geologia, III, Curitiba, 1987. v.1, p 441-473.
ZIMBRES, E. (2002) – A Descrição do Aquífero Guarani. DoGAF - Universidade Estadual do Rio
de Janeiro/BRA. 82 p.
http://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/saopaulo/turismo/int_estanc_hidro.htm
http://www.seade.gov.br
http://www.barrabonitasp.com.br/

63
http://www.karentravel.com.ar/
http://www.interpatagonia.com/menetue
http://www.termasdeportugal.pt/
http://www.aquamania.net/
http://www.acquaminerale.net/
http://www.segemar.gov.br
http://www.mineralwaters.org
http://www.fontesecachoeiras.ubbi.com.br/pagina2.html
http://www.superagua.com.br/
http://www.termasworld.com
http://www.termasalud.com
http://www.thermes.org
http://www.aguasefontes.ubbi.com.br/
http://www.turismodesaude.ubbi.com.br
http://www.termasdobrasil.com.br
http://www.petrobras.com.br
http://www.termalismo.net
http://www.igm.pt/estatisticas/aguas/termal.htm
http://www.trinitysprings.com/
http://www.spawebs.com/
http://www.medlineplus.com
http://www.bottledwaterweb.com/
http://europa.eu.int/water/water-bathing/
http://www.acquaminerale.net
http://www.eurothermes.com/
http://www.thermes-de-france.com/

64
http://www.hydro-net.com/
http://www.auvergne-thermale.tm.fr/
http://home.t-online.de/home/mineralwasserkruege/
http://www.mercosul.gov.br/
http://www.emedicine.com/
http://www.health-get.com/
http://www.naturesalternatives.com/minerals/

66
# : 1 Locality : Jataí, GO - BRA
Obs: PETROBRAS wells– thermal and flood waters
Site: http://www.portalcentrooeste.com.br/
http://www.jatai.go.gov.br/
# : 2 Locality : Cachoeira Dourada, GO - BRA
Obs: Thermal, flood, Sulphur and Salt waters
Site: http://feriadao.cidadeinternet.com.br/cidade.php3?cid=2355
http://www.agetur.go.gov.br/municipios/cachoeira.htm
http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/port/divpol/centro/go/atermais/apresent.htm

67
# : 3 Locality : Patrocínio, MG - BRA
Obs: Many surface springs - Sulphur
Site: http://www.patrocinio.mg.gov.br/
http://www.turminas.mg.gov.br/estancias hidrominerais.html
# : 4 Locality : Jales, SP - BRA
Obs: rare acid pH
Site: http://www.evora.tur.br/mabu.htm

68
# : 5 Locality : Fernandópolis, SP - BRA
Obs: Public supply – flood, thermal ( 62 oC) – acid pH and oligoelements (just Guarani
Aquifer)
Site: http://www.fernandopolis.sp.gov.br
http://www.aguaviva.tur.br/
# : 6 Locality : São José do Rio Preto, SP -
BRA
Obs: Jardim Urano well – pH 10.0 and thermal (44 oC)
Site: http://www.riopreto.sp.gov.br/

69
# : 7 Locality : Olímpia, SP - BRA
Obs:
Site: http://www.olimpia.sp.gov.br
http://www.termas.com.br/thermas.asp
# : 8 Locality : Ibirá, SP - BRA
Obs: 5 springs = Carlos Gomes, Nova e Seixas - pH 10.1 - Vanadium presence
Site: www.ibira.sp.gov.br
http://www.aguasdeibira.com.br/

70
# : 9 Locality : Pitangueiras, SP - BRA
Obs:
Site: http://www.pitangueiras.sp.gov.br
www.pitansite.com.br
# : 10 Locality : Araçatuba, SP - BRA
Obs: Flood well = hight 75 metros (artificial geiser) – Noroeste Thermal Center
Site: http://www.aracatuba.sp.gov.br/

71
# : 11 Locality : Lins, SP - BRA
Obs: Fátima Spring
Site: http://www.lins.sp.gov.br
http://www.atlanticahotels.com.br
http://www.conquistaturismo.com.br/
http://www.banstur.com.br/
# : 12 Locality : Presidente Epitácio, SP - BRA
Obs: Flood well = hight 140 meters (artificial gêiser highest world) and more brazilian
Hiperthermal (70 oC.) – Epitácio Thermal Center
Site: http://www.portalepitacio.com.br
http://www.thermasepitacio.com.br/

72
# : 13 Locality : Presidente Prudente, SP - BRA
Obs: Flood and thermal well (40 oC) – Prudente Thermal Center
Site: http://www.presidenteprudente.sp.gov.br
http://www.prudensite.com.br/
http://www.maisprudente.com.br/
# : 14 Locality : Paraguaçú Paulista, SP - BRA
Obs: Flood and Thermal well (52 oC)
Site: http://www.estanciaparaguacu.sp.gov.br/
http://www.citybrazil.com.br/
http://www.folhadaestancia.com.br/

73
# : 15 Locality : Piratininga, SP - BRA
Obs: Saltest thermal water from Brazil
Site: http://www.piratininga.sp.gov.br
http://www.thermasdepiratininga.com.br/
http://www.nippobrasil.com.br/
# : 16 Locality : Águas de São Pedro, SP - BRA
Obs: world second Sulphur grade and first with Sulphur Alkaline water – just from Tubarão
Aquifer - Springs = Juventude, Gioconda e Almeida Salles
Site: http://aguasdesaopedro.sp.gov.br/termas.html
http://www.aguasdesaopedro.com
http://www.portaldeaguas.com.br

74
# : 17 Locality : Águas de Santa Bárbara, SP - BRA
Obs:
Site:
http://www.aguasdesantabarbara.com.br
http://www.banstur.com.br/
# : 18 Locality : Bofete,SP - BRA
Obs: Eugênio Camargo petroleum well
Site: http://www.achetudoeregiao.com.br/SP/bofete.htm

75
# : 19 Locality : Guareí, SP - BRA
Obs: Monte Cristo and Oswaldo Cruz surface springs
Site:
# : 20 Locality : Bandeirantes, PR - BRA
Obs: São Domingos Spring and more 10 poços wells –Yara Thermal Center - closed
Site: http://www.pr.gov.br/prtur/turismo_tipo_saude.shtml

76
# : 21 Locality : Cornélio Procópio, PR - BRA
Obs: Aquativa Thermal Center
Site: http://www.aguativa.com.br/
# : 22 Locality : Arapoti, PR - BRA
Obs: Lambedor mineral bottled water - closed
Site:

77
# : 23 Locality : Maringá, PR - BRA
Obs: Maringá Thermal Center
Site: http://www.pr.gov.br/turismo/turismo_mun_maringa.shtml - www.maringá.pr.gov.br
http://www.aldeiadasaguas.com.br/
http://www.alohapark.com.br/ - http://www.tropicalwaterpark.com.br
# : 24 Locality : Iretama, PR - BRA
Obs: Formoso I, II and Pneu Springs – Jurema Thermal Center
Site: http://www.termasdejurema.com.br

78
# : 25 Locality : Guarapuava, PR - BRA
Obs: Jacu Spring – Blue water tonality
Site:
# : 26 Locality : Mallet, PR - BRA
Obs: Dorizon Spring
Site: http://www.dorizzon.com.br

79
# : 27 Locality : Verê, PR - BRA
Obs:
Site: http://www.aguasdovere.com.br
# : 28 Locality : Coronel Vivida, PR - BRA
Obs: Santa Rosa mineral bottled water - closed
Site:

80
# : 29 Locality : Chopinzinho, PR - BRA
Obs:
Site:
# : 30 Locality : Palmas, PR - BRA
Obs: Mangueirinhas, Vigor and Barra do Iratim Springs
Site: http://www.pr.gov.br/turismo/

81
# : 31 Locality : Palmitos, SC - BRA
Obs: 3 well Springs
Site: http://www.santacatarinaturismo.com.br
http://www.tonijochem.com.br/estancias_santacatarina.htm
http://www.ilharedonda.com.br/
# : 32 Locality : São Carlos, SC - BRA
Obs: Santa Rita, Santa Inês, Santa Bárbara and Águas de Chapecó Springs = Águas de Prata
Balneological Center
http://www.sc.gov.br/portalturismo/

82
# : 33 Locality : Chapecó, SC - BRA
Obs:
Site: http://www.sc.gov.br/portalturismo/
http://www.santacatarinaturismo.com.br
# : 34 Locality : Piratuba,SC - BRA
Obs:
http://www.familyville.com/earth/Piratuba/tabanet/

83
# : 35 Locality : Tubarão, SC - BRA
Obs: São Pedro, Santo Antonio, da Guarda and Urussanga Balneological Thermal Centers.
Paraná Sedimentary Basin limit - surface thermal springs with radon and oligoelements waters
http://www.grupogravatal.com.br
http://www.hoteltermasdaguarda.com.br/
# : 36 Locality : Vicente Dutra, RS - BRA
Obs:
Site: www.turismo.rs.gov.br

84
# : 37 Locality : Iraí, RS - BRA
Obs: Oswaldo Cruz Balneological Center
Site: http://www.hotelirai.com.br/
http://www.uri.br/
# : 38 Locality : Marcelino Ramos, RS - BRA
Obs:
Site: http://www.marcelinoramos.rs.cnm.org.br/
http://www.turismo.rs.gov.br/
http://www.marcelinoramos.rs.cnm.org.br/

85
# : 39 Locality : Catuípe, RS - BRA
Obs: 2 Springs
Site:
# : 40 Locality : Ijuí, RS - BRA
Obs: Ijuí Spring and Thermal Center
Site: http://www.hotelfonteijui.com.br/

86
# : 41 Locality : Chajarí, / ARG
Obs:
Site: http://www.termasdeentrerios.com/chajari/propiedades.htm
# : 42 Locality : Maria Grande / ARG
Obs: Saltest Mercosul water (99.000 mg/l)
Site: http://www.termasdeentrerios.com/
http://www.turismoentrerios.com/termasmariagrande/

87
# : 43 Locality : Federación - ARG
Obs:
Site: http://www.termasdeentrerios.com/federacion/propiedades.htm
# : 44 Locality : Concórdia / ARG
Obs:
Site: http://www.termasdeentrerios.com/concordia/propiedades.htm

88
# : 45 Locality : Villa Elisa / ARG
Obs:
Site: http://www.termasdeentrerios.com/villaelisa/propiedades.htm
# : 46 Locality : Colón / ARG
Obs:
Site: http://www.termasdeentrerios.com/colon/propiedades.htm

89
# : 47 Locality : Concepción Del Uruguay / ARG
Obs:
Site: http://www.rs.ejercito.mil.ar/
# : 48 Locality : Gualeguaychú / ARG
Obs:
Site: http://www.gualeguaychuturismo.com

90
# : 49 Locality : La Paz / ARG
Obs:
Site: http://www.termasdeentrerios.com/lapaz/propiedades.htm
# : 50 Locality : Arapey / URU
Obs:
Site: http://www.termasdeluruguay.com/index.htm

91
# : 51 Locality : Dayman / URU
Obs: Thermal Complex Center with Crenologist Doctor present
Site: http://www.termasdeluruguay.com/
# : 51b Locality : Dayman – Los Naranjos / URU
Obs:
Site:

92
# : 52 Locality : Salto Grande / URU
Obs:
# : 53 Locality : San Nicanor / URU
Obs:

93
# : 54 Locality : Guaviyú / URU
Obs: Municipal and Villagio Guaviyú well Springs
http://www.villaggioguaviyu.com
http://www.turismo.gub.uy/
# : 55 Locality : Almirón / URU
Obs:
Site:

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MERCOSUL HYDRODIVERSITY Fabio T Lazzerini 2005.pdf