Foe whatever the physical virtues of maleness, longeivity is not among them. Every year, almost 1,00,000 men are dying prematurely compared to 66,000 women. Women live longer than men
High blood pressure is one of the most common problem faced by people today.Though it is found to be more common in the elderly but these days even other age groups are found to be a victim of this problem.High BP can be controlled to some extent by selecting the right diet which can ultimately minimize your medicine intake and give you a healthy lifestyle.
Testicular cancer for public awareness by Dr RubzDr. Rubz
A presentation prepared for Charity Dinner with Fun Charity. All the profits of the event will go to FReHA (a NGO which supports women's and reproductive health.)
Cancer of Breast - easy ppt for Nursing Students
Definition
Risk factors
Clinical manifestations
Assessment & diagnostic findings
Management
Surgery
Breast cancer rehabilitation
High blood pressure is one of the most common problem faced by people today.Though it is found to be more common in the elderly but these days even other age groups are found to be a victim of this problem.High BP can be controlled to some extent by selecting the right diet which can ultimately minimize your medicine intake and give you a healthy lifestyle.
Testicular cancer for public awareness by Dr RubzDr. Rubz
A presentation prepared for Charity Dinner with Fun Charity. All the profits of the event will go to FReHA (a NGO which supports women's and reproductive health.)
Cancer of Breast - easy ppt for Nursing Students
Definition
Risk factors
Clinical manifestations
Assessment & diagnostic findings
Management
Surgery
Breast cancer rehabilitation
Child marriage is a curse for our society. This presentation will give you an idea of child marriage, scenario of child marriage in Bangladesh and in the world, causes of child marriage and how we can prevent child marriage including some cases.
Cancer that
forms in the tissue lining the uterus (the small, hollow, pear-shaped
organ in a woman's pelvis in which a fetus develops). Most endometrial
cancers are adenocarcinomas (cancers that begin in cells that make and
release mucus and other fluids).
NCI
early detection helps ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Child marriage is a curse for our society. This presentation will give you an idea of child marriage, scenario of child marriage in Bangladesh and in the world, causes of child marriage and how we can prevent child marriage including some cases.
Cancer that
forms in the tissue lining the uterus (the small, hollow, pear-shaped
organ in a woman's pelvis in which a fetus develops). Most endometrial
cancers are adenocarcinomas (cancers that begin in cells that make and
release mucus and other fluids).
NCI
early detection helps ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Cancer Awareness - Kaplan University Dept. of Public Healthsmtibor
Cancer awareness, including general definitions, detection, prevention, treatment, and risk factors. Emphasis on skin and prostate cancers and at-risk populations.
More people die annually from medication errors than from workplace injuries. An error in the prescribing, dispensing, administration of a drug irrespective of whether such errors lead to adverse consequences or not. In India, Medication Error is just a TERM and its significance is undervalued and remains unreported. Reported incidence of this iatrogenic disease related to medication error- tip of the iceberg. medication error can be visualized with the SWISS CHEESE MODEL OF SYSTEM accidents
Medication errors are described under prescription errors, transcription errors, administration errors. Based on the causes of errors the NCC MERP Index is formulated to categorize medication errors from Category A- I. Appropriate monitoring, good team communication, knowledgeable staff, RCA and policy on check of medication errors can reduce its incidence and make patient more safe.
Most people have been accustomed to believe that "Size Matters”. Men experience stress if they feel they fall short of average size. Men tend to conceptualize that they will be more attractive to their counterpart (partner) (or perceived to be more manly/masculine) if they possess a larger penile size. However, this is largely untrue.
It is essential to keep in mind that there is no “normal” when it comes to size of penis. Too small or too large penis occupy only 1% of the population while rest lie at average size. Concern about the penile size can be of major stress and may proceed to have sexual dysfunction in men who tend to think that they have small penis. The major dilemma is that many men perceive that the "average penis" is actually larger than what they actually possess. Various research studies reveal that female counterparts inclined to prefer penises of average size as compared to a large penis.
Once a male completes his puberty, the penis size is more or less "set." According to a research study conducted in 2014 on more than 15,000 men published in The British Journal of Urology, the average size of flaccid penis is 3.61 inches long and 3.67 inches in circumference, while the average size of erect penis coming in at 5.17 inches long and 4.59 inches in circumference.
It’s interesting to know that, even though the official averages are revealed, it doesn’t mean a man’s penis will be of exactly same size at every moment in his life. While most men would rather be a bit above average than below, there’s nothing wrong with having a penis below the average size – it is an average after all, so 50% of men will. Having a larger penis may not always be a good thing. In fact, a 2015 study found that, among 75 women surveyed, one of every 15 had left a relationship because their partner's penis size was "too large”
Women perceive penis size much differently than men do. What men think is small, she probably perceives as average, and what he consider average, she probably thinks is pretty big. That’s because unlike men, she doesn’t experience any penis size related anxiety.
Moreover a women’s vagina is only around 3 or 4 inches, which may expand to 4 or 5 when a woman is aroused. Too big size could be discomfort and painful. A larger penis poses similar risks in MSM who have anal sex, including an increased risk of HIV.
In a study of heterosexual people published in the British Journal of Urology International, 85% of women were satisfied with the size of their partner’s penis, while 45% of men thought that their own penis was too small. It is important to remember there is no “normal” when it comes to penis size. Remember that penis shouldn’t control one’s life, and hopefully, some of the researches prove that a below-average penis is not the end of the world and larger size doesn’t bring all the sexual pleasures. But if you’re truly unsatisfied, there are safe and effective ways to increase the size of your penis – its not end of the world
Constipation is the symptom and is associated with primary & Secondary causes. Constipation is defined as occurrence of >3 episodes of bowel movements. the Rome III criteria defines the objective classification and bristol stool chart helps in assessing the type of stools passed. Management of constipation deals with early assess, treating the cause, adjuvant management, Pharmacological Management (laxatives, suppositories & enemas) and following constipation prevention bundle.
High prevalence of hypertension in older persons (nearly one of two subjects aged >60 years). It is a significant and often asymptomatic chronic disease. HTN is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among aged. Hypertension in older adults is generally defined by SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg over two clinic visits (systolodiastolic HTN)
Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH): SBP of ≥140 with a DBP of <90 mm Hg.
The recognition and treatment of HTN should be a priority among elderly. Controlled, RCTs have shown that treatment of hypertension decreases the incidence of complications in older adults.
The COVID-19 infection is a double challenge for people with diabetes. Diabetes has been reported to be a risk factor for the severity of the disease. Much attention has been focused on people with diabetes because of poor prognosis in those with the infection. Initial reports were mainly on people with type 2 diabetes, although recent surveys have shown that individuals with type 1 diabetes are also at risk of severe COVID-19. The reason for worse prognosis in diabetes- multifactorial (syndromic nature of diabetes). Age, sex, ethnicity,comorbidities such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease, obesity, and a pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulative state all contribute to the risk of worse outcomes. Glucose-lowering agents and anti-viral treatments can modulate the risk
Introduction and pathophysiology of hypertension in elderly. Differences among hypertension in adults and elderly in terms of symptoms, treatment consideration. Issues and Challenges among elderly patients. Stroke among Elderly population. Issues and challenges in stroke elderly population.
Communication with ICU patients: Knowing their needsPrabhjot Saini
Need and barriers in Communication among ICU patients who are aphasic. Consequences of failed communication. Discussion on various methods and assistive devices to communicate. Discussion on the development & usability of a self structured communication chart as method of easy communication with ICU patients on ventilators.
Lifestyle modifications in Diabetes mellitusPrabhjot Saini
Lifestyle choices in Diabetes mellitus patients, current factors, Dietary modifications, exercises, alcohol and smoking cessation, stress management and personal and foot care required to manage diabetes and blood sugar levels
Brain Death concepts, Its changes and life after brain death, is the body still alive?? what are the determinants of brain death and who can declare it, bio ethical dimensions of nursing care in BD
Evidence Based Nursing Practice: Current Scenario & eay forwardPrabhjot Saini
Explains about Research practice gap, present scenario, research utilization, constraints & barriers for research utilization, how to find evidences for EBP and strategiesto do it
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
1. DR. PRABHJOT SAINI
R N R M M S N P H D
PROFESSOR & HEAD
MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING DEPT.
DMCH COLLEGE OF NURSING
LUDHIANA
Men die more with cancers
than women
2. Fact of life
It is a fact of life that men enjoy certain physical
advantages over women.
On average, men are stronger, taller and faster.
But none of these attributes seem to matter over
the long haul
3. Reality check
For whatever the physical virtues of maleness, longevity
is not among them.
Every year, almost 100,000 men are dying prematurely
compared to about 66,000 women (according to figures from the
charity Men’s Health Forum)
Women live longer
than men.
4. Reality check
Women outlive men, sometimes by a margin of as much
as 10 years.
In the U.S., life expectancy at birth is about 79 years for
women and about 72 years for men.
7. SCENARIO
Globally, 4.6 million men die of cancer every year - 126 per
100,000.
As compared to 3.5 million women die of cancer each year- 82
in every 100,000.
Nearly all common cancers show elevated incidence rates in
men compared with women.
8. Excess incidence and mortality in men can be explained
by men’s great exposure to known risk factors: e.g.
smoking, alcohol.
This male excess may result from a general biological
predisposition.
Men have poorer survival than women.
9. Global scenario
There is a higher mortality and incidence rates for cancers
among men in developed and developing countries.
Cancers in men are more likely to cause death (80,000
male deaths compared with 73,000 female deaths).
Overall, cancer causes 28% of male deaths and 23% of
female deaths.
12. Incidence of cancer in men
Prostate, lung and colo-rectal cancers account for roughly half
of all cancers in men.
Incidence of prostate cancer has increased dramatically in
recent years.
Incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer & oral cancers
have always been higher in men because of higher smoking
rates among men in earlier decades.
Colo-rectal cancer shows a substantially elevated risk in men.
14. Mortality Rates
Men are 50% more likely to die from cancer than women-
According to new global statistics.
Men’s lifetime risk of developing a non sex-specific cancer is
35% compared with women’s risk of 25%.
The gender gap is even wider (sex-specific forms of the disease
such as prostate, testicular and ovarian cancer are excluded),
with men 67% more likely to die.
15. If lung cancer is removed from the calculation, the excess
mortality rate in men actually rises by 0.5%.
Working aged men under 65 have a 58% greater chance of
dying than women of the same age.
Death from oesophageal cancer is four times more common in
men in the under 65 age group.
16.
17. Cancer Death Rates
Top five biggest disparities in cancer death rates were for the
following types of cancer :
Cancer of the lip: 5.51 men died for every one woman
Cancer of the larynx: 5.37 men died for every one woman
Cancer of the hypopharynx: 4.47 men died for every one woman
Cancer of the esophagus: 4.08 men died for every one woman
Cancer of the bladder: 3.36 men died for every one woman
A study published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention
19. Key facts on men’s health
Life expectancy for men are lower than women.
Men tend to smoke more than women
Men tend to drink more than women
Men don’t seek medical help as often as women
Some men define themselves by their work, which can add
to stress
21. Sex ratio
Sex ratio in India 2016 shows :
1000 males are born for every 944 females
But still the numbers of men are preferentially whittled
down thereafter.
22. Reduce survival rates of Men
Survival rate for boys is lower because of spontaneous
abortions, stillbirths and miscarriages of male fetuses.
More boys than girls die in infancy.
Mortality rates for males exceed those for females, so
that by age 25, women are in the majority.
26. Biological Explanation
Female sex hormones may be protective against some
cancers
Men may be more susceptible to oxidative damage to
body cells
Women derive protection from their more vigorous
immune system
27. Toxic Testosterone
Experts suspect that gender differences in mortality patterns
may be influenced at least in part by sex hormones:
Testosterone: it puts men at risk biologically as well as
behaviorally. It increases blood levels LDL, and decreases levels
of HDL, putting men at greater risk of obesity related cancers
Estrogen acts as antioxidant, it neutralizes certain oxygen
radicals, that have been implicated in causing cancer.
28. Survival of the Fittest
Females tend to live longer than males in all species.
It seems that a species' life span is roughly correlated
with the length of time that its young remain
dependent on adults.
e.g.
Female macaques live 8 years longer than males
Female sperm whales outlive their
male counterparts by an average of 30 years.
29. Historical Advantage
Women have more chronic nonfatal conditions--such as
arthritis, osteoporosis and autoimmune disorder.
Men having more fatal conditions, such as heart disease and
cancer.
Women live with their
diseases while
Men die from them……
30. Ferromagnetic Cancer Theory
Intracellular molecules (FeO;Fe2O3;Fe3O4) are the main
'creators' of ferromagnetic nanoparticles.
These nanoparticles create invisible local magnetic fields.
When DNA or chromosomes come close to this region of space,
they feel a pull or a push from the magnetic nanoparticle.
DNA and chromosomes get defects and disruptions.
This Magnetism causes cancer.
31.
32. Iron load
Iron is essential to most life forms and to normal human
physiology.
On the other hand, excess amounts (deposits) of iron can result
in toxicity and cancer.
Iron is a well-known carcinogen and may favor tumor growth.
Women (2.4gm) are relatively iron-deficient compared to men
(3.6gm) - - because of menstrual bleeding and pregnancies.
Men are at higher risk of getting cancer.
33. Chromosomal differences
The sex-determining chromosomes (X chromosome) can carry
genetic mutations
Women: have two X chromosomes, an abnormal gene on one X
chromosomes can be replaced by the normal gene on the other
and thereby avoid the expression of disease.
Men: have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, and so they
cannot rely on an alternative chromosome if a gene on one of the
sex chromosomes is defective, thereby compromising body's
ability to repair the mutations.
Researchers at Stanford University reported the discovery on the X chromosome of a gene
critical to DNA repair, 1985
34. Immunologic difference
The female immune system is known to produce a more
vigorous response to “biological insult” than the male
immune system.
Women have greater resistance to certain infections and
have higher incidence of autoimmune diseases.
Some research suggests that stronger immuno-
surveillance affords some protection against cancer
35. Role of antioxidants
A poor diet is a risk factor for some cancers
Men tend to exhibit more oxidative damage to cells than
women.
The environmental effect of oxidation-causing agents is greater
in men than in women.
38. Classification of cancers
(as per the attributable factors)
The two classes are :
Germline cancers
those that are attributable to inherited factors)
Somatic cancers
those whose causes are acquired during the lifespan
39. Germline cancers
Various genetic mutations can be passed down through
families making family Risk of developing cancer.
The association between some specific cancer risks and
the known “vulnerability” of the XY (male) chromosome.
Cancer cells may replicate more quickly in men.
40. Cancers associated with Germline
Prostate cancer is associated with Y-chromosomal changes.
Inherited risk causes CHEK2 mutation, doubling the risk of
prostate cancer & quadruples with family history of the disease.
Standardised incidence ratios for testicular cancer suggest a
familial association (risk increased 3.8-fold when a father had
testicular cancer and 7.6-fold when a brother had the disease).
41. Somatic cancers
It is believed that around 37% of cancers can be attributed to a
group of specific lifestyle and environmental risk factors:
Smoking
Alcohol use
Low fruit and vegetable intake
Overweight and obesity
Physical inactivity
Urban air pollution
42.
43. Smoking & Cancer
Smoking is known to contribute to the risk of around 16 different
cancers, with lung cancer of course.
Men smoke more than women in all age groups.
29% - 38% of cancer deaths linked to smoking in men, as
compared to 2% - 10% in women.
44. Alcohol & Cancer
10% of cancers diagnosed in men are thought to be associated
with alcohol, compared with 3% in women.
Alcohol consumption is thought to stimulate angiogenesis,
unhelpfully increasing blood supply to existing cancers.
Men more likely to drink at all times to hazardous levels & binge
drink
45. Alcohol & Cancer
Men likely to drink alcohol daily (18% of men & 9% of women).
Boys start drinking at an earlier age.
Younger men in the lower socio-economic groups are the
heaviest drinkers.
46. Men & Diet
Men tend to have a less healthy diet overall
Men show a much lower interest in nutrition.
Men are less likely to eat the recommended five portions
of fruit and vegetables daily.
47. Men & Obesity
Overweight men are less concerned about excess weight.
Ten percent of all deaths are believed to be associated with
obesity.
Several cancers risks are known to be exacerbated by obesity –
including kidney cancer, cancer of the gall bladder, pancreatic
cancer and prostate cancer.
48. Men cancer & Obesity
Men are more likely than women to gain fat around their
abdomen.
Abdominal fat secrets “fat toxins” e.g. leptin- associated with
increased cancer risk (prostate cancer).
49. Men & Physical Inactivity
Both excess and too little exercise are associated with increased
risk of cancer.
The numbers of men in sedentary occupations has grown very
significantly in recent decades.
Younger men are more attracted towards 6 pack Abs and heavy
exercises….posing them to cancer risk.
50. Why men are at risk ??
Men’s approach to food is often “pleasure-oriented”
“Bigness” with large body frame is associated with more
dominant notions of masculinity
Increasing numbers of men have sedentary occupations.
Levels of physical activity in men declines with age.
‘Eating & Gyming’ is the rule for younger men (masculin nature)
51. Occupational exposure
Men are much more likely than women to come into
contact with a wide variety of potentially hazardous
chemicals and materials (carcinogens).
52. Men & Immunity
Women are known to have both stronger humoral
immune systems than men and stronger cellular immune
systems.
This means they have a more vigorous antibody reaction
and greater resistance to viral and parasitic infections.
53. Men & Age
Men are likely to develop and die from particular
cancers at younger ages than women.
Colo-rectal cancer: men die 5 – 10 years earlier than
women.
55. Treatment seeking behaviour
Men are more likely than women to delay seeking help
Men exhibit negative attitudes towards disease prevention
interventions than women
Cancer screening is much less established for men than for
women.
Fear of a positive result put men off
Men do not take up screening .
56. Factors for delay in men
Lack of
symptom
recognition
Belief that
symptoms
will go
away
Help-seeking
as un-
masculine
Fear of loss
of sexuality
post
treatment
58. Factors for late diagnosis among men
NAEDI’s has pointed towards three factors for late
diagnosis of cancer among men:
Low public awareness
Late presentation
Symptoms are vague or masked
59. Factors for late diagnosis among men
Threat : They do not believe their symptoms to be severe
enough to matter
Barriers : personal circumstances e.g. the patient can’t
afford the time off work) and patient’s perception that he
or she will be seen as wasting the doctor’s time.
Cues to action: Cues to action may come from friends
and relatives or from the media or from health promotion
messages.
60. Do men & women with similar
cancers receive similar treatment ???
61. Cancer treatment options among sexes
Men are significantly more likely to receive all three
aggressive forms of treatment for cancer.
Oesophageal cancer: More women are treated by
radiotherapy; more men by chemotherapy
Stomach cancer: More men are treated by both radiotherapy
and chemotherapy
Rectal cancer: More men than women are treated surgically
Lung cancer: older patients men are more likely to be treated
surgically. Men are more likely to receive radiotherapy at all
ages.
63. Survival among men
Studies in Europe have shown a general pattern of poorer
survival for men.
Five year survival for melanoma and lung cancer was
similar for men and women .
Five year survival for other three cancers was
significantly lower in men: 44% lower for colorectal
cancer; 27% for bladder cancer and 44% for stomach
cancer.
64. Additional factors for survival
In addition to male sex, a number of other factors was
associated with poorer survival :
being older (especially being over 75)
being single, divorced, widowed or separated
being a smoker
presenting disease at a later stage
Tumour site
histological classification
Men still have poorer survival rates than women.
66. Signs of Hope
Screening policies for men should be made mandatory
DRE & PSA annually for men >50Years
Begin screening at age of >45 years (with first degree relative
having cancer diagnosed at young age)
Develop male-specific interventions to tackle poorer lifestyle.
Concentrate particularly on men of lower socio economic status
67. Signs of Hope
Develop male- specific symptom awareness campaigns.
The National Curriculum should include education – particularly
targeted at boys – about how to take maintain good health and
how to use health services effectively.
Try out approaches that are effective among men e.g. workplace
interventions or phone/email consultation.
68. We need more and better researches :
To reduce the percentage of cancers that currently have no
known cause.
To quantify the proportion of the gender difference that can
currently be explained by known cases.
To better understand how to develop public health
interventions that are effective with men.
69. Summary
Men develop and die from virtually all cancers
Men delay seeking help.
Higher incidence among men depend upon a complex mix of
biological, social and environmental factors.
Higher incidence may vary from one type of cancer to another.
Cancer prevention programmes and campaigns are less effective
with men than women
The knowledge base of men regarding various aspects of cancer
is poorer
Men and women with the same cancer may sometimes be
offered or choose different treatment options leading to
differences in outcomes.
A rate ratio takes the lower rate as a baseline (in this case, usually female incidence and mortality) and then expresses the higher number as an excess proportion over that baseline.
Chromothripsis is the phenomenon by which tens to hundreds of chromosomal rearrangements occur in a one-off cellular crisis (during a single cellular catastrophe). The stamp of chromothripsis can be seen in at least 2-3% of all cancers, across many subtypes, and is present in 25% of bone cancers.
CHEK2 is the official symbol for the human gene Checkpoint kinase 2. CHEK2 is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 22. CHEK2 is tumor suppressor gene that encodes the protein CHK2, a serine threonine kinase. CHK2 operates in an intricate network of proteins to elicit DNA repair, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Mutations to the CHEK2 gene have been linked to a wide range of cancers including breast cancer.[2]
This is the phase at which screening of men who may have cancer but who show no symptoms, is of most value.