Cognitive Psychology

1. MEMORY: PART 1
IE 415: ERGONOMICS 2

2. Upon completion of this module the students will
be able to understand and describe:
 Define Memory
 Describe:
• Operations of Memory
• Tasked Use for Measuring Memory
• Models of memory
Learning Objectives:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpVcOHBUWJY

3.  Definition
MEMORY
Memory is the means by which we retain and draw on our
past experiences to use that information in the present
(Tulving, 2000b; Tulving & Craik, 2000).
As a process, memory refers to the dynamic mechanisms
associated with storing, retaining, and retrieving
information about past experience (Bjorklund, Schneider,
& Hernández Blasi, 2003; Crowder, 1976).
Specifically, cognitive psychologists have identified three
common operations of memory: encoding, storage, and
retrieval (Baddeley, 2002; Brebion, 2007; Brown & Craik,
2000).

4.  Memory in Human Information Processing Model
MEMORY

5. MEMORY
Memory also plays an important role. This has major implications in ergonomics
– particularly in display design. The information displayed to an operator must be
designed to be perceived in an appropriate way for the task. This requires that
the task requirements be analyzed early in the design stage and that the skills
and knowledge of the operator be taken into account.

6. MEMORY
 Short-term memory (STM) can be likened to a temporary store (or buffer) in
which small amounts of information are briefly retained while a particular
mental or physical operation is carried out.
 STM contains symbols related to current processing but has
limited storage capacity.
 STM storage limitations can cause errors
 STM is sometimes referred to as working memory.
 Long Term Memory contains symbolic structures built up through learning in
which new data can be embedded.
 General knowledge of the world and of life events is stored in LTM.
 We may sometimes be unable to retrieve this information but can be
reminded of it by others, evidence that LTM storage is more or less
permanent.
 LTM is associative in nature: new data can be represented in the context
of past behavior, but this takes time.

7.  Definition
MEMORY
Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire,
store, retain, and later retrieve information. There are
three major processes involved in memory:
1. encoding,
2. storage, and
3. retrieval.
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=memory+encoding
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VvcSzmWIGU

8.  Each operation represents a stage in
memory processing.
MEMORY
 In encoding, you transform sensory data into a form of
mental representation.
 In storage, you keep encoded information in memory.
 In retrieval, you pull out or use information stored in
memory.

9.  Tasks Used for Measuring Memory
MEMORY
The tasks described fall into two major categories:
1. Recall versus recognition memory. You produce a fact, a word,
or other item from memory. Fill-in-the-blank and most essay tests
require that you recall items from memory.
2. Implicit versus explicit memory. You select or otherwise identify
an item as being one that you have been exposed to previously.

10.  Tasks Used for Measuring Memory
MEMORY