Cerebral palsy is an abnormality of motor control and movement due to a non-progressive brain lesion that may occur before, during, or after birth. It is characterized by spasticity, dyskinesia, ataxia, and different clinical types depending on the limbs affected, such as diplegia, hemiplegia, or quadriplegia. Diagnosis involves identifying motor delays without loss of skills through physical examination finding hyperreflexia, abnormal movements, and abnormal infantile reflexes. Treatment includes physiotherapy, orthopedic intervention, and managing associated issues.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks the protective myelin sheath surrounding the nerves. It is a lifelong disease with no known cure. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, vision problems, and impaired coordination. The exact causes are unknown but both genetic and environmental factors are believed to play a role. Diagnosis involves ruling out other potential causes through neurological exams, MRI scans, and other tests. While there is no cure, many treatments can help manage symptoms and some patients experience little to no progression of the disease.
Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative disorder of the synovial joints characterized by progressive destruction of articular cartilage and bone changes. It is commonly caused by aging, genetics, inflammation, and asymmetric joint loading from injury or deformity. Over time, collagen within the cartilage breaks down, proteoglycans are lost, and cartilage becomes deformed. This leads to pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of function in joints like the knee and hip. X-rays can confirm osteoarthritis by showing narrowed joint spaces, bone spurs, and cysts. Treatment involves medications, exercise, weight loss, and surgeries like arthroscopy, osteotomy, or joint replacement in later stages.
Vasculitis refers to a group of diseases characterized by inflammation of blood vessels. The document defines and classifies different types of vasculitis based on vessel size. It discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations and management of vasculitis. Giant cell arteritis is provided as an example of large vessel vasculitis that predominantly affects branches of the temporal and ophthalmic arteries in older individuals, with headaches, jaw pain and risk of vision loss as key clinical features.
This document defines mental retardation as significantly sub-average intellectual function co-occurring with deficits in adaptive behaviors that manifest during development. It estimates the incidence is about 2% of the population and classifies mental retardation as mild, moderate, severe or profound based on IQ levels and independence. The etiology of mental retardation is explained, with mild cases more common in lower socioeconomic groups while moderate to severe cases have more biological causes. Various conditions associated with mental retardation at different developmental periods are also outlined.
1) Tubulo-interstitial diseases involve the nephrons and surrounding interstitium and commonly cause acute or chronic kidney injury.
2) Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is the most common cause of acute renal failure and is usually due to ischemia or nephrotoxic drugs/chemicals. It results in tubular cell death and shedding, potentially leading to obstruction and interstitial edema if not resolved.
3) Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is often drug-induced and characterized by intense inflammation surrounding tubules. Treatment involves withdrawing the causative agent and administering corticosteroids.
1. The document outlines preoperative investigations and assessments that should be performed for patients undergoing surgery based on their age, medical history, type of surgery, and other risk factors.
2. Key details include performing routine tests like urinalysis, ECG, and blood tests; obtaining consent from competent patients; explaining risks of surgery using everyday analogies; and classifying patients' physical health status according to the ASA system.
3. Factors like medical history, likelihood of complications, and seriousness of risks must be considered when determining a patient's fitness for surgery and obtaining their informed consent.
Cerebral palsy is an abnormality of motor control and movement due to a non-progressive brain lesion that may occur before, during, or after birth. It is characterized by spasticity, dyskinesia, ataxia, and different clinical types depending on the limbs affected, such as diplegia, hemiplegia, or quadriplegia. Diagnosis involves identifying motor delays without loss of skills through physical examination finding hyperreflexia, abnormal movements, and abnormal infantile reflexes. Treatment includes physiotherapy, orthopedic intervention, and managing associated issues.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks the protective myelin sheath surrounding the nerves. It is a lifelong disease with no known cure. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, vision problems, and impaired coordination. The exact causes are unknown but both genetic and environmental factors are believed to play a role. Diagnosis involves ruling out other potential causes through neurological exams, MRI scans, and other tests. While there is no cure, many treatments can help manage symptoms and some patients experience little to no progression of the disease.
Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative disorder of the synovial joints characterized by progressive destruction of articular cartilage and bone changes. It is commonly caused by aging, genetics, inflammation, and asymmetric joint loading from injury or deformity. Over time, collagen within the cartilage breaks down, proteoglycans are lost, and cartilage becomes deformed. This leads to pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of function in joints like the knee and hip. X-rays can confirm osteoarthritis by showing narrowed joint spaces, bone spurs, and cysts. Treatment involves medications, exercise, weight loss, and surgeries like arthroscopy, osteotomy, or joint replacement in later stages.
Vasculitis refers to a group of diseases characterized by inflammation of blood vessels. The document defines and classifies different types of vasculitis based on vessel size. It discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations and management of vasculitis. Giant cell arteritis is provided as an example of large vessel vasculitis that predominantly affects branches of the temporal and ophthalmic arteries in older individuals, with headaches, jaw pain and risk of vision loss as key clinical features.
This document defines mental retardation as significantly sub-average intellectual function co-occurring with deficits in adaptive behaviors that manifest during development. It estimates the incidence is about 2% of the population and classifies mental retardation as mild, moderate, severe or profound based on IQ levels and independence. The etiology of mental retardation is explained, with mild cases more common in lower socioeconomic groups while moderate to severe cases have more biological causes. Various conditions associated with mental retardation at different developmental periods are also outlined.
1) Tubulo-interstitial diseases involve the nephrons and surrounding interstitium and commonly cause acute or chronic kidney injury.
2) Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is the most common cause of acute renal failure and is usually due to ischemia or nephrotoxic drugs/chemicals. It results in tubular cell death and shedding, potentially leading to obstruction and interstitial edema if not resolved.
3) Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is often drug-induced and characterized by intense inflammation surrounding tubules. Treatment involves withdrawing the causative agent and administering corticosteroids.
1. The document outlines preoperative investigations and assessments that should be performed for patients undergoing surgery based on their age, medical history, type of surgery, and other risk factors.
2. Key details include performing routine tests like urinalysis, ECG, and blood tests; obtaining consent from competent patients; explaining risks of surgery using everyday analogies; and classifying patients' physical health status according to the ASA system.
3. Factors like medical history, likelihood of complications, and seriousness of risks must be considered when determining a patient's fitness for surgery and obtaining their informed consent.
1. Paracetamol toxicity results from formation of a reactive metabolite that binds to cellular proteins, causing cell death and hepatic or renal failure. Acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione stores and is highly effective if given within 8 hours of overdose.
2. Salicylate poisoning causes respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and organ damage. Treatment involves correcting dehydration and acidosis with sodium bicarbonate. Hemodialysis is effective for removing salicylates from the body.
3. Tricyclic antidepressant overdose can cause arrhythmias, hypotension, and seizures due to sodium channel blockade. Treatment involves sodium bicarbonate to correct
1. Routine preoperative investigations include urinalysis, ECG, FBC, urea and electrolytes, blood glucose, coagulation screen, and pregnancy test for females of childbearing age.
2. Risks of medical procedures should be explained using everyday analogies and emphasizing both likelihood and seriousness of complications.
3. Informed consent requires explaining risks and benefits to allow patients to make balanced decisions about treatment. Restricted consent respects patients' refusal of certain aspects.
Erythema, telangiectases, urticaria, and Henoch–Schönlein purpura are types of skin conditions. Erythema is redness of the skin caused by increased blood flow and can be localized or diffuse. Telangiectases are permanently dilated small blood vessels that fade with pressure. Urticaria, also known as hives, are transient raised swellings of the skin that fade with pressure. Henoch–Schönlein purpura is a condition typically seen in children characterized by purpuric skin rashes. The document discusses the causes, presentations, and treatments of these various skin conditions.
Dr. Ali El-ethawi provides an overview of common bacterial skin infections. He discusses the normal skin flora and how changes can allow infections to occur. The most common bacteria that cause skin infections are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, which can result in issues like impetigo, cellulitis, and ecthyma. Rarer causes include Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Treatment involves topical or oral antibiotics based on the specific infection as well as treating any predisposing conditions.
Tracheostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an artificial opening in the trachea to allow for breathing. It can be performed as a permanent or semi-permanent procedure. Indications for tracheostomy include upper airway obstruction from trauma, foreign bodies or infections; prolonged need for ventilation over one week; and inability to cough and clear secretions. The procedure involves making a horizontal incision between the cricoid cartilage and suprasternal notch and opening the trachea to insert a tracheostomy tube. Complications can include bleeding, injury to surrounding structures, infections, tracheal stenosis and fistulas.
neurosurgery.Management of raised intracranial pressure.(dr.mazn bujan)student
This document discusses the management of raised intracranial pressure. It begins by explaining normal intracranial pressure physiology and the Monro-Kellie doctrine. Common causes of increased intracranial pressure are then outlined, including space-occupying lesions, cerebral edema, benign intracranial hypertension, and hydrocephalus. Methods for monitoring intracranial pressure like intraventricular catheters, subdural screws, and epidural sensors are also described. The document concludes by summarizing both medical and surgical approaches for managing increased intracranial pressure, such as head elevation, hypertonic solutions, hyperventilation, ventriculostomy, and craniectomy.
Wilson disease is an inherited disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the body's tissues. It primarily affects the liver and brain. Symptoms can include liver disease, neurological or psychiatric issues. It is caused by a genetic defect that prevents the body from properly processing copper. Diagnosis involves tests of copper levels in blood and urine as well as occasionally a liver biopsy. Treatment aims to reduce copper intake and use chelating agents like penicillamine to remove excess copper from the body. With proper treatment, prognosis is good though neurological symptoms may persist in some cases.
The document discusses diseases of the cornea, including its anatomy and functions. It describes various types of corneal inflammation and ulcers, their causes, symptoms, signs, and treatments. Specifically, it covers ulcerative keratitis, hypopyon ulcer, herpes simplex keratitis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, and keratitis in rheumatoid arthritis. For each condition, it provides details on pathogenesis, clinical features, and medical and surgical management approaches.
This document provides an overview of chronic otitis media, including its definition, classification, clinical features, treatment, and epidemiology. It is divided into chronic nonspecific otitis media and chronic specific otitis media. Chronic suppurative otitis media is further classified as tubotympanic disease or atticoantral disease, with the latter including cholesteatoma, granulation tissue, or cholesterol granuloma involvement. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgery for refractory cases, and tympanoplasty to repair perforations and reconstruct hearing.
Bullous diseases involve the formation of blisters or vesicles in the epidermis or dermis. There are several types of bullous disorders of immunological origin where autoantibodies damage skin molecules. Pemphigus is an autoimmune disease where antibodies form against desmoglein proteins, causing blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. Pemphigoid also involves autoantibodies targeting basement membrane zone proteins, resulting in tense subepidermal blisters mainly affecting the elderly. Dermatitis herpetiformis is associated with celiac disease and granular IgA deposits in the skin, causing extremely itchy grouped vesicles.
The document discusses diseases of the nail. It begins by describing nail anatomy including the nail matrix, nail bed, hyponychium, and nail folds. It then discusses examination of nail conditions including history, symptoms, medical history, and lab/imaging workup. Specific nail signs caused by various conditions are defined such as Beau's lines, clubbing, and onychomycosis. Common infectious causes of nail disorders including fungal, bacterial, and viral infections are outlined.
This document discusses child development from birth through adolescence. It covers the major areas of development - gross motor, fine motor, language, social/emotional - and provides typical milestones for various age groups like sitting up alone by 6 months and walking by 12-15 months. The document also mentions tools for assessing development like the Denver Developmental Screening Test and discusses prolonged development during school age and the biological, psychological, and social changes of adolescence.
This document discusses the vectorial approach to electrocardiography (ECG) interpretation. It explains that the vectorial approach views the standard ECG as representing three-dimensional vector forces over time, whereas a standard ECG shows only magnitude. By combining data from different ECG leads, one can derive information about the direction of forces. It also discusses how to interpret information about the frontal plane from limb leads and the horizontal plane from precordial leads, including the orientation and meaning of waves in each lead. Finally, it notes that ECGs differ between infants/children and adults due to anatomical differences, with infants typically showing right ventricular dominance.
The document discusses several vaccines including BCG, DTP, polio, Hib, MMR, rotavirus, varicella, hepatitis A, and pneumococcal. It provides information on the nature of the vaccines, indications for use, efficacy, administration schedule and route, storage requirements, adverse reactions and contraindications. Specific details are given for dosage, intervals between doses, age for administration and booster schedules for many of the vaccines.
The document contains medical terminology related to gynecology and obstetrics procedures, diagnoses, and conditions. Terms include descriptions of stages of labor, perineal injuries, reproductive anatomy, cysts, cancers, pregnancies, fertility treatments, versions, syndromes, and more. The document provides a list of brief medical terms and descriptions related to women's health and childbirth.
1) The document provides immunization recommendations for children and teens from birth through 18 years of age. It outlines the recommended vaccines, dosing schedules, catch-up schedules, and contraindications.
2) Key recommended vaccines include hepatitis B, DTaP, polio, influenza, varicella, MMR, and Hib. The schedules provide the ages for routine administration, number of doses, minimum intervals between doses, and other guidance.
3) The document also lists contraindications and precautions for each vaccine, such as previous allergic reactions, immunosuppression, or moderate to severe acute illness. It aims to help healthcare providers appropriately immunize children and teens on time.
The document outlines an assessment examination for OBGYN consisting of 7 rooms evaluating various skills. Room 1 involves taking a history from a pregnant patient with vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. Room 2 examines skills and findings from examining a patient after a normal vaginal delivery. Room 3 involves multiple choice questions about uterine sounds, speculums, oxytocin, curettes, and hysterosalpingograms. Room 4 presents an emergency preeclampsia case to diagnose, manage, and plan a delivery for. Room 5 involves analyzing a partogram to diagnose failure to progress labor and determine management. Room 6 presents an emergency ectopic pregnancy case to diagnose and manage. Room 7 involves identifying indications for various clinical presentations and procedures from
The document outlines an assessment examination for pediatrics consisting of 11 rooms. In each room, students will demonstrate skills in history taking, physical examinations including respiratory, abdominal, and cardiovascular, interpret various tests and x-rays, diagnose conditions like iron-deficiency anemia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, diaphragmatic hernia and recurrent aphthous ulcers. Students will also assess developmental age, recommend catch-up vaccinations, and identify clinical tools like pulse oximetry, intravenous fluids, and nebulizers along with their uses.
This document summarizes information on several drugs used to treat gynecological conditions. It describes the components, mechanisms of action, usages, dosages and side effects of drugs like Mirena (intrauterine device), Yasmin (oral contraceptive), Primolut (progesterone), Depo Provera (contraceptive injection), and drugs used for fertility treatments, menstrual disorders, pre-eclampsia and postpartum hemorrhage.
This document provides information on hysterosalpingography (HSG) procedures, including equipment used, indications, contraindications, timing, normal findings, and various abnormal findings. It lists conditions that can be evaluated with HSG such as infertility, congenital uterine anomalies, recurrent miscarriage, abnormal bleeding, and uterine masses. Potential risks including pain, bleeding, infection, and allergic reaction are noted. Images demonstrate normal uterine anatomy and various uterine anomalies detectable on HSG.
This document summarizes antepartum hemorrhage (APH), defined as bleeding in the third trimester between 24 weeks of pregnancy until delivery. Placenta previa, where the placenta covers all or part of the cervical os, is a major cause of APH, accounting for 30% of cases. Ultrasound is used to diagnose and grade placenta previa. Management depends on gestational age and bleeding severity, and may involve bed rest, blood transfusions, or caesarean section which is usually required for complete placenta previa. Complications of placenta previa include preterm birth, malpresentation, postpartum hemorrhage, and in rare cases
This document provides information on ectopic pregnancy, including:
1. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes.
2. Risk factors include STIs, IUD use, infertility history, smoking, and assisted reproduction.
3. Symptoms can include abdominal/pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, and in severe cases, hypovolemic shock from rupture. Diagnosis involves ultrasound and beta-hCG levels.
4. Treatment options are expectant management, surgery (laparoscopy or laparotomy), or medical management with methotrexate depending on factors like size and symptoms. The goal is to preserve
1. Paracetamol toxicity results from formation of a reactive metabolite that binds to cellular proteins, causing cell death and hepatic or renal failure. Acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione stores and is highly effective if given within 8 hours of overdose.
2. Salicylate poisoning causes respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and organ damage. Treatment involves correcting dehydration and acidosis with sodium bicarbonate. Hemodialysis is effective for removing salicylates from the body.
3. Tricyclic antidepressant overdose can cause arrhythmias, hypotension, and seizures due to sodium channel blockade. Treatment involves sodium bicarbonate to correct
1. Routine preoperative investigations include urinalysis, ECG, FBC, urea and electrolytes, blood glucose, coagulation screen, and pregnancy test for females of childbearing age.
2. Risks of medical procedures should be explained using everyday analogies and emphasizing both likelihood and seriousness of complications.
3. Informed consent requires explaining risks and benefits to allow patients to make balanced decisions about treatment. Restricted consent respects patients' refusal of certain aspects.
Erythema, telangiectases, urticaria, and Henoch–Schönlein purpura are types of skin conditions. Erythema is redness of the skin caused by increased blood flow and can be localized or diffuse. Telangiectases are permanently dilated small blood vessels that fade with pressure. Urticaria, also known as hives, are transient raised swellings of the skin that fade with pressure. Henoch–Schönlein purpura is a condition typically seen in children characterized by purpuric skin rashes. The document discusses the causes, presentations, and treatments of these various skin conditions.
Dr. Ali El-ethawi provides an overview of common bacterial skin infections. He discusses the normal skin flora and how changes can allow infections to occur. The most common bacteria that cause skin infections are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, which can result in issues like impetigo, cellulitis, and ecthyma. Rarer causes include Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Treatment involves topical or oral antibiotics based on the specific infection as well as treating any predisposing conditions.
Tracheostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an artificial opening in the trachea to allow for breathing. It can be performed as a permanent or semi-permanent procedure. Indications for tracheostomy include upper airway obstruction from trauma, foreign bodies or infections; prolonged need for ventilation over one week; and inability to cough and clear secretions. The procedure involves making a horizontal incision between the cricoid cartilage and suprasternal notch and opening the trachea to insert a tracheostomy tube. Complications can include bleeding, injury to surrounding structures, infections, tracheal stenosis and fistulas.
neurosurgery.Management of raised intracranial pressure.(dr.mazn bujan)student
This document discusses the management of raised intracranial pressure. It begins by explaining normal intracranial pressure physiology and the Monro-Kellie doctrine. Common causes of increased intracranial pressure are then outlined, including space-occupying lesions, cerebral edema, benign intracranial hypertension, and hydrocephalus. Methods for monitoring intracranial pressure like intraventricular catheters, subdural screws, and epidural sensors are also described. The document concludes by summarizing both medical and surgical approaches for managing increased intracranial pressure, such as head elevation, hypertonic solutions, hyperventilation, ventriculostomy, and craniectomy.
Wilson disease is an inherited disorder that causes copper to accumulate in the body's tissues. It primarily affects the liver and brain. Symptoms can include liver disease, neurological or psychiatric issues. It is caused by a genetic defect that prevents the body from properly processing copper. Diagnosis involves tests of copper levels in blood and urine as well as occasionally a liver biopsy. Treatment aims to reduce copper intake and use chelating agents like penicillamine to remove excess copper from the body. With proper treatment, prognosis is good though neurological symptoms may persist in some cases.
The document discusses diseases of the cornea, including its anatomy and functions. It describes various types of corneal inflammation and ulcers, their causes, symptoms, signs, and treatments. Specifically, it covers ulcerative keratitis, hypopyon ulcer, herpes simplex keratitis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, and keratitis in rheumatoid arthritis. For each condition, it provides details on pathogenesis, clinical features, and medical and surgical management approaches.
This document provides an overview of chronic otitis media, including its definition, classification, clinical features, treatment, and epidemiology. It is divided into chronic nonspecific otitis media and chronic specific otitis media. Chronic suppurative otitis media is further classified as tubotympanic disease or atticoantral disease, with the latter including cholesteatoma, granulation tissue, or cholesterol granuloma involvement. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgery for refractory cases, and tympanoplasty to repair perforations and reconstruct hearing.
Bullous diseases involve the formation of blisters or vesicles in the epidermis or dermis. There are several types of bullous disorders of immunological origin where autoantibodies damage skin molecules. Pemphigus is an autoimmune disease where antibodies form against desmoglein proteins, causing blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. Pemphigoid also involves autoantibodies targeting basement membrane zone proteins, resulting in tense subepidermal blisters mainly affecting the elderly. Dermatitis herpetiformis is associated with celiac disease and granular IgA deposits in the skin, causing extremely itchy grouped vesicles.
The document discusses diseases of the nail. It begins by describing nail anatomy including the nail matrix, nail bed, hyponychium, and nail folds. It then discusses examination of nail conditions including history, symptoms, medical history, and lab/imaging workup. Specific nail signs caused by various conditions are defined such as Beau's lines, clubbing, and onychomycosis. Common infectious causes of nail disorders including fungal, bacterial, and viral infections are outlined.
This document discusses child development from birth through adolescence. It covers the major areas of development - gross motor, fine motor, language, social/emotional - and provides typical milestones for various age groups like sitting up alone by 6 months and walking by 12-15 months. The document also mentions tools for assessing development like the Denver Developmental Screening Test and discusses prolonged development during school age and the biological, psychological, and social changes of adolescence.
This document discusses the vectorial approach to electrocardiography (ECG) interpretation. It explains that the vectorial approach views the standard ECG as representing three-dimensional vector forces over time, whereas a standard ECG shows only magnitude. By combining data from different ECG leads, one can derive information about the direction of forces. It also discusses how to interpret information about the frontal plane from limb leads and the horizontal plane from precordial leads, including the orientation and meaning of waves in each lead. Finally, it notes that ECGs differ between infants/children and adults due to anatomical differences, with infants typically showing right ventricular dominance.
The document discusses several vaccines including BCG, DTP, polio, Hib, MMR, rotavirus, varicella, hepatitis A, and pneumococcal. It provides information on the nature of the vaccines, indications for use, efficacy, administration schedule and route, storage requirements, adverse reactions and contraindications. Specific details are given for dosage, intervals between doses, age for administration and booster schedules for many of the vaccines.
The document contains medical terminology related to gynecology and obstetrics procedures, diagnoses, and conditions. Terms include descriptions of stages of labor, perineal injuries, reproductive anatomy, cysts, cancers, pregnancies, fertility treatments, versions, syndromes, and more. The document provides a list of brief medical terms and descriptions related to women's health and childbirth.
1) The document provides immunization recommendations for children and teens from birth through 18 years of age. It outlines the recommended vaccines, dosing schedules, catch-up schedules, and contraindications.
2) Key recommended vaccines include hepatitis B, DTaP, polio, influenza, varicella, MMR, and Hib. The schedules provide the ages for routine administration, number of doses, minimum intervals between doses, and other guidance.
3) The document also lists contraindications and precautions for each vaccine, such as previous allergic reactions, immunosuppression, or moderate to severe acute illness. It aims to help healthcare providers appropriately immunize children and teens on time.
The document outlines an assessment examination for OBGYN consisting of 7 rooms evaluating various skills. Room 1 involves taking a history from a pregnant patient with vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. Room 2 examines skills and findings from examining a patient after a normal vaginal delivery. Room 3 involves multiple choice questions about uterine sounds, speculums, oxytocin, curettes, and hysterosalpingograms. Room 4 presents an emergency preeclampsia case to diagnose, manage, and plan a delivery for. Room 5 involves analyzing a partogram to diagnose failure to progress labor and determine management. Room 6 presents an emergency ectopic pregnancy case to diagnose and manage. Room 7 involves identifying indications for various clinical presentations and procedures from
The document outlines an assessment examination for pediatrics consisting of 11 rooms. In each room, students will demonstrate skills in history taking, physical examinations including respiratory, abdominal, and cardiovascular, interpret various tests and x-rays, diagnose conditions like iron-deficiency anemia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, diaphragmatic hernia and recurrent aphthous ulcers. Students will also assess developmental age, recommend catch-up vaccinations, and identify clinical tools like pulse oximetry, intravenous fluids, and nebulizers along with their uses.
This document summarizes information on several drugs used to treat gynecological conditions. It describes the components, mechanisms of action, usages, dosages and side effects of drugs like Mirena (intrauterine device), Yasmin (oral contraceptive), Primolut (progesterone), Depo Provera (contraceptive injection), and drugs used for fertility treatments, menstrual disorders, pre-eclampsia and postpartum hemorrhage.
This document provides information on hysterosalpingography (HSG) procedures, including equipment used, indications, contraindications, timing, normal findings, and various abnormal findings. It lists conditions that can be evaluated with HSG such as infertility, congenital uterine anomalies, recurrent miscarriage, abnormal bleeding, and uterine masses. Potential risks including pain, bleeding, infection, and allergic reaction are noted. Images demonstrate normal uterine anatomy and various uterine anomalies detectable on HSG.
This document summarizes antepartum hemorrhage (APH), defined as bleeding in the third trimester between 24 weeks of pregnancy until delivery. Placenta previa, where the placenta covers all or part of the cervical os, is a major cause of APH, accounting for 30% of cases. Ultrasound is used to diagnose and grade placenta previa. Management depends on gestational age and bleeding severity, and may involve bed rest, blood transfusions, or caesarean section which is usually required for complete placenta previa. Complications of placenta previa include preterm birth, malpresentation, postpartum hemorrhage, and in rare cases
This document provides information on ectopic pregnancy, including:
1. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes.
2. Risk factors include STIs, IUD use, infertility history, smoking, and assisted reproduction.
3. Symptoms can include abdominal/pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, and in severe cases, hypovolemic shock from rupture. Diagnosis involves ultrasound and beta-hCG levels.
4. Treatment options are expectant management, surgery (laparoscopy or laparotomy), or medical management with methotrexate depending on factors like size and symptoms. The goal is to preserve
This document defines gestational trophoblastic disease and describes the pathological classification and genetic features of complete and partial hydatidiform moles. It also discusses the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and follow up of molar pregnancies. The main treatment is surgical evacuation, followed by careful monitoring of hCG levels to detect persistent trophoblastic tissue which may develop into invasive mole or choriocarcinoma in about 10% of cases. Close follow up for years after evacuation is important to identify and treat malignant cases early through chemotherapy.
Menstrual disorders are common reasons for women to see their doctor. They include menorrhagia (excessive bleeding), dysmenorrhea (painful periods), and amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea (absent or infrequent periods). Menorrhagia is defined as blood loss over 80ml and affects around 5% of women annually. It can be caused by pelvic issues, systemic diseases, or dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, using medications like NSAIDs or hormonal drugs, or pursuing surgical options like endometrial ablation or hysterectomy if medications fail. A thorough history, examination, and testing are required to diagnose the cause and properly manage menorrhagia.
Oxygen therapy is indicated for patients with low blood oxygen levels and is commonly provided after surgery. Supplemental oxygen can be administered through a nasal cannula, which provides oxygen through prongs in the nose and is comfortable for patients. The amount of oxygen received depends on factors like flow rate and breathing. A flow of 6L/min provides about 44% inhaled oxygen. Different types of face masks provide varying oxygen concentrations depending on their design and flow rates, such as whether they include reservoirs or valves. Air-entrainment masks use the Venturi effect to mix oxygen and room air for stable oxygen levels.
meidicine. first seizure.(dr.muhamad tahir)student
This document discusses the management of a first seizure. It defines seizures and classifies them as generalized or partial. Common causes of first seizures include idiopathic, infections, tumors, and strokes. Management involves documenting the seizure history, examining the patient, checking glucose and other basic labs, observing the patient, and providing advice about seizure precautions and follow up. Recurrence is common within 6 months, especially for symptomatic causes or those with abnormal EEGs or family history of epilepsy.
1. The document discusses various levels of impaired consciousness ranging from confusion to coma and defines them. It also describes the anatomy of the reticular activating system and two patterns of coma - diffuse cerebral injury or focal brainstem injury.
2. Specific causes of diffuse cerebral injury or focal brainstem injury that can lead to coma are provided. Evaluation of a comatose patient involves assessing level of consciousness, brainstem reflexes, and determining if focal neurological signs are present.
3. Management may involve giving thiamine, dextrose, naloxone and flumazenil in cases of diffuse injury without a known cause. For focal injuries, neuroimaging is important to identify structural
Chronic renal failure refers to the irreversible deterioration of renal function over years. It initially presents as biochemical abnormalities and eventually leads to uraemic symptoms as the excretory, metabolic and endocrine functions of the kidneys fail. Common causes include diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. Management involves identifying and treating the underlying disease, slowing progression, managing complications, and renal replacement therapy for end-stage disease.
This document discusses geriatric medicine and the aging population. It notes that the elderly population is growing significantly both in developed and developing countries. Physiological changes that occur with aging can impact multiple body systems and lead to atypical disease presentation and an increased risk of adverse drug reactions. A comprehensive geriatric assessment considers medical, psychological, functional, social and environmental factors when evaluating elderly patients.
Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a clinical syndrome characterized by muscle pain and stiffness affecting the neck, shoulders, and hips that is associated with an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate. It predominantly affects those over age 50 and women are more commonly affected than men. Treatment involves corticosteroids which provide rapid relief of symptoms for most patients. Tapering of steroids over 12-18 months is usually needed.
This document provides guidance on the general approach to triage, resuscitation, clinical assessment, investigations, and management of poisoning patients. It notes that poisoning is a major cause of death in young adults and hospital admissions. The most frequent causes are intentional overdose and accidental poisoning in children and elderly. It outlines steps for initial stabilization including vital signs, identifying toxins, decontamination, resuscitation, and use of antidotes when available. Long-term management focuses on supportive care, treatment of complications, and psychiatric evaluation for intentional overdoses.