The document is a comprehensive question bank for medical mechatronics, covering a range of topics including cell biology, electrochemical measurements, sensors in biomedical applications, and techniques for medical diagnostics. It outlines both two-mark and ten-mark questions across different units, emphasizing the principles, applications, and significance of various medical devices and methodologies. Key topics include medical equipment, transducers, signal conditioning, and modern diagnostic tools like smart probes.

1. Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology
An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University | Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC |Accredited by NBA (ECE, MECH, EEE, IT & CSE)
Valley Campus, Pollachi Highway, Coimbatore 641 032.| www.hicet.ac.in
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
19MT7303- MEDICAL MECHATRONICS
Question bank
UNIT-I MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS
2 MARKS
1. Describe the main components of a eukaryotic cell.
2. Explain the function of the mitochondria in a cell.
3. Define the electrode-electrolyte interface.
4. How does the electrode-electrolyte interface affect electrochemical reactions?
5. Define electrode potential.
6. Differentiate between standard electrode potential and electrode potential.
7. Explain what the resting potential is in a neuron.
8. Define and describe the process of an action potential.
9. Name and explain the function of two common electrodes used in electrochemical
measurements.
10. How does electrode material impact the accuracy of measurements?
11. Outline the purpose of an ECG.
12. What does the P wave represent in an ECG?
13. Describe the application of EEG in medical diagnostics.
14. Explain the significance of brain wave patterns in EEG.
15. What is the primary purpose of an EMG?
16. How is an EMG used to assess muscle activity?
17. Provide an overview of the components of a typical electrochemical measurement
machine.
18. Explain the role of a potentiostat in electrochemical measurements.
19. Compare and contrast amperometry and voltammetry as electrochemical
measurement techniques.
20. How does impedance spectroscopy contribute to electrochemical analysis?
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2. 10 MARKS
1. Provide a detailed description of the structure of a eukaryotic cell, highlighting the
functions of each major organelle.
2. Discuss how the structure of a cell is related to its function.
3. Explain the concept of the electrode-electrolyte interface in electrochemical systems.
Discuss the factors influencing the interface and how they impact the efficiency of
electrochemical reactions. Provide examples to illustrate your points.
4. Define electrode potential and discuss the Nernst equation.
5. Explain how standard electrode potential is determined and its significance in
predicting the direction of electrochemical reactions
6. Compare and contrast resting and action potentials in nerve cells. Discuss the ionic
mechanisms involved in the generation of each potential, including the role of ion
channels.
7. Explain the importance of maintaining membrane potential for neuronal function.
8. Provide a comprehensive overview of different types of electrodes used in
electrochemical measurements. Discuss the advantages and limitations of each type.
9. Explain how electrode materials impact the sensitivity and selectivity of
measurements.
10. Explain the principles behind an ECG and the physiological significance of each wave
(P, QRS, T). Discuss how an ECG can be used to diagnose various cardiac conditions.
Include a detailed explanation of the cardiac cycle.
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3. UNIT-II SENSORS AND TRANDUCERS IN BIO-MEDICAL
APPLICATIONS
2 marks
1. Define a transducer and explain its basic principle.
2. Differentiate between resistive, inductive, and capacitive transducers. Provide an
example of each.
3. Describe the working principle of a fiber-optic transducer and its application in
biomedical instrumentation.
4. Explain the concept of photoelectric transducers. Give an example of a photoelectric
transducer used in biomedical applications.
5. Define chemical transducers and discuss their significance in bio-sensing. Provide an
example.
6. Distinguish between active and passive transducers. Give an example of each type
used in the field of biomedical instrumentation.
7. Discuss the characteristics and features of nano sensors and their applications in
biomedical engineering.
8. Explain the importance of resistive transducers in measuring physiological
parameters. Provide one example.
9. Describe the working principle of an inductive transducer and its application in bio-
signal measurement.
10. Discuss the advantages of using capacitive transducers in biomedical devices. Provide
a specific application where capacitive transducers are employed.
10- Marks
1. Explain the working principle of resistive transducers in detail.
2. Provide examples of resistive transducers used in biomedical instrumentation.
3. Discuss the advantages and limitations of resistive transducers.
4. Describe a specific application where resistive transducers play a crucial role in
monitoring physiological parameters.
5. Detail the operating mechanism of inductive transducers.
6. Give examples of inductive transducers employed in biomedical applications.
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4. 7. Discuss the sensitivity and frequency response characteristics of inductive
transducers.
8. Explore how inductive transducers contribute to the field of bio-signal measurements.
9. Elaborate on the working principles of capacitive transducers.
10. Highlight specific applications of capacitive transducers in biomedical
instrumentation.
11. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of capacitive transducers.
12. Discuss the impact of capacitance-based sensors in the development of advanced
healthcare devices.
13. Describe the fundamental concepts behind fiber-optic transducers.
14. Provide examples of biomedical applications where fiber-optic transducers are
utilized.
15. Discuss the unique features and benefits of fiber-optic sensors in medical sensing.
UNIT-III CONDITIONING, RECORDING AND DISPLAY OF BIOSIGNALS
2 MARKS
1. Define input isolation in the context of electronic instrumentation.
2. Name one common method used for achieving input isolation.
3. Explain the primary function of a DC amplifier.
4. Name one application where DC amplifiers are commonly used.
5. Briefly describe the operation of a charge amplifier.
6. State one advantage of using a charge amplifier in sensor applications.
7. Define the role of a power amplifier in an electronic system.
8. Name one characteristic feature of power amplifiers.
9. Explain the purpose of a differential amplifier.
10. Name one advantage of using a differential amplifier in signal processing.
11. Define feedback in the context of electronic circuits.
12. Explain how feedback contributes to the stability of amplifiers.
13. What is the basic function of an operational amplifier (op-amp)?
14. State one key characteristic of an ideal operational amplifier.
15. Describe the application of an electrometer amplifier.
16. Explain the sensitivity requirement in an electrometer amplifier.
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5. 17. Define a carrier amplifier.
10- Marks
1. Explain the concept of input isolation in electronic instrumentation.
2. Discuss the significance of input isolation in preventing interference and ensuring
accurate signal measurement.
3. Provide examples of situations where input isolation is crucial.
4. Evaluate different methods employed for achieving input isolation, highlighting their
advantages and limitations.
5. Elaborate on the role of DC amplifiers in sensor signal conditioning.
6. Discuss the challenges associated with amplifying DC signals and how DC amplifiers
address these challenges.
7. Provide a detailed example of a sensor application where a DC amplifier is essential.
8. Analyze the key characteristics that make DC amplifiers suitable for specific sensing
tasks.
9. Describe the working principle of a charge amplifier and its applications.
10. Explain how charge amplifiers are used for processing signals from piezoelectric
sensors.
11. Discuss the advantages and limitations of charge amplifiers in comparison to voltage
amplifiers.
12. Explore advancements in charge amplifier technology and their impact on sensor
applications.
13. Define power amplifiers and explain their key characteristics.
14. Discuss the various applications of power amplifiers in electronic systems.
15. Explore the efficiency and linearity considerations in power amplifier design.
UNIT-IV MEDICAL SUPPORT
2 MARKS
1. What is the basic principle of blood pressure measurement using the ultrasonic
method?
2. Name one advantage and one limitation of using ultrasonic techniques for blood
pressure monitoring.
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6. 3. Define plethysmography and mention one application in medical diagnostics.
4. Differentiate between impedance plethysmography and photoplethysmography
briefly.
5. Briefly explain how an electromagnetic flow meter measures blood flow.
6. State one advantage of using electromagnetic flow meters in comparison to other
blood flow measurement methods.
7. What is the dilution method, and how is it utilized to measure cardiac output?
8. Name one substance commonly used in dilution methods for cardiac output
measurement.
9. What does vector cardiography assess in the cardiovascular system?
10. Provide one clinical application where vector cardiography is beneficial.
11. Name two essential components of a heart-lung machine.
12. Briefly explain the function of a heart-lung machine during cardiac surgery.
13. Define artificial ventilation and mention one mode of ventilation.
14. Name one critical parameter monitored by artificial ventilators.
15. Describe one safety feature commonly found in modern anesthetic machines.
16. Explain why precision and control are crucial in administering anesthesia.
17. What is the primary purpose of a cardiac pacemaker?
18. Differentiate between a single-chamber and a dual-chamber pacemaker briefly.
19. Briefly explain the working principle of a DC defibrillator.
20. Name one measure taken to ensure patient safety during defibrillation procedures.
10 MARKS:
1. Explain the ultrasonic method of blood pressure measurement in detail.
2. Discuss the advantages and limitations of using ultrasonic techniques for blood
pressure monitoring.
3. Compare ultrasonic blood pressure measurement with traditional methods.
4. Explore the applications and potential advancements in ultrasonic blood pressure
measurement technologies.
5. Define plethysmography and describe how it is used to measure blood volume
changes.
6. Discuss the different types of plethysmography techniques and their applications.
7. Explain the principles behind impedance plethysmography and
photoplethysmography.
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7. 8. Evaluate the reliability and challenges associated with plethysmography in clinical
settings.
9. Explain the working principle of electromagnetic flow meters in measuring blood
flow.
10. Discuss the advantages and limitations of electromagnetic flow meters for blood flow
measurement.
11. Compare electromagnetic flow meters with other blood flow measurement techniques.
12. Explore specific clinical scenarios where electromagnetic flow meters are particularly
useful.
13. Describe the dilution method used for measuring cardiac output.
14. Discuss the different substances employed in dilution methods and their
characteristics.
15. Evaluate the accuracy and reliability of cardiac output measurements using dilution
techniques.
UNIT-V MEDICAL CASE STUDIES IN MECHATRONICS
2 MARKS
1. Explain the basic principle of operation of a smart probe for detecting kidney stones.
2. Name one advantage of using smart probes in comparison to traditional methods for
kidney stone detection.
3. Describe the key features of a smart probe designed for breast cancer detection.
4. Explain how a smart probe can contribute to early diagnosis and treatment of breast
cancer.
5. Discuss the potential benefits of using a smart probe for the detection of ankle sprains.
6. Name one specific parameter that a smart probe might measure in the context of ankle
sprain detection.
7. Define an active prosthetic knee and its role in prosthetic technology.
8. Explain how an active prosthetic knee differs from traditional passive prosthetic
knees.
9. Briefly describe the components of a smart system designed for cardiovascular plaque
detection.
10. Discuss one advantage of using a smart system for detecting cardiovascular plaques
over conventional methods.
11. Name one type of sensor commonly integrated into smart probes for kidney stone
detection.
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8. 12. Explain how sensor integration enhances the accuracy of kidney stone detection.
13. Discuss one recent technological advancement in smart probes for breast cancer
detection.
14. Explain how this advancement improves the capabilities of breast cancer detection
devices.
PART-B
1. Explain the working principle of a smart probe designed for detecting kidney stones.
2. Discuss the specific technologies and sensors integrated into the smart probe.
3. Evaluate the advantages of using smart probes in comparison to traditional methods
for kidney stone detection.
4. Explore potential challenges and considerations in the development and
implementation of smart probes for this purpose.
5. Provide a detailed overview of the design and functionality of a smart probe for breast
cancer detection.
6. Discuss how the smart probe aids in early diagnosis and monitoring of breast cancer.
7. Examine the role of advanced imaging techniques or sensors integrated into the probe.
8. Evaluate the potential impact of smart probes on breast cancer screening and
treatment outcomes.
9. Describe the key features and technologies incorporated in a smart probe designed for
ankle sprain detection.
10. Discuss the biomechanical aspects considered in the development of the probe.
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